White-eared puffbird

White-eared puffbird
White-eared puffbird at Extrema, Minas Gerais State, Brazil
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) [1]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Piciformes
Family:	Bucconidae
Genus:	Nystalus
Species:	N. chacuru
Binomial name
Nystalus chacuru (Vieillot, 1816)

White-eared Puffbird at Jacutinga, Minas Gerais, Brazil

The white-eared puffbird (Nystalus chacuru) is a species of bird in the Bucconidae family, the puffbirds. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Peru, where it inhabits tropical and subtropical dry forests, subtropical and tropical moist forests, gallery forests, tropical savanna, and heavily degraded former forest.

Description

Like some other puffbirds, the white-eared puffbird is a round, plump bird with a very narrow tail. The head is relatively large, with a dark brown barred crown, and an orange, black-tipped bill. ^[2] The sit-and-wait feeding strategy, for insects or opportunistic prey, may explain this body shape.

The bird has a medium-brown back and wings, with dark rufous speckles and bars; white and black flecked on the breast. The upper breast is white, extending to a narrow-to-medium white collar around the neck. ^[3] There is a distinctive, medium-sized white ear patch, which gives the species its common name, and that is surrounded by a dark ear patch. It has a medium-sized tail in dark brown and slightly graduated, with narrow, widely spaced buffy bars, and a pale tip. It measures about 21–22 cm (8.3–8.7 in) in length and weighs between 48–64 g. ^{[3] [4]}

Distribution

The white-eared puffbird can be found from eastern Peru and central Brazil south to Paraguay, Bolivia and northeastern Argentina. ^[3]

In south-eastern Brazil, it is centered on the Cerrado region, and on the southeast Atlantic coast from northern Bahia state south to the Paraná – Santa Catarina state borders. It covers much of the eastern and northern Pantanal, and southern areas of the Caatinga.

The north and west parts of its range include the upstream headwaters of some Amazon Basin river systems, encompassing nearly all of northern Bolivia, the Madeira River's many headwater tributaries, and the extreme headwaters of the Tapajós River. East of the Tapajós, the range expands into the Cerrado, the upper half of the Xingu River drainage, and the entire drainage system of the Araguaia- Tocantins River (the eastward system, generally considered part of the Amazon Basin).

In Peru, the species is rare but local, found on the very western border region of Bolivia and in some localities in north-central Peru. In this region, it favors the dry forests and scrub found in parts of the Valleys of Mantaro, ^[5] Apurimac and Urubamba at altitudes between 1000 and 2200 m. It was also recorded in the Mayo Valley. ^[6]

Another second locale is mid-river on the downstream Madeira River in southern Amazon Basin Amazonas state.

Diet

The white-eared puffbird feeds on arthropods, and small vertebrates, such as lizards, ^[7] amphibians (including poisonous frogs) ^[8] and even small marsupials, commonly taken from the ground. ^[9] Its diet appears to be opportunistic. ^[3] Invertebrate prey includes social wasps (Vespidae), ^[10] beetles, homopterans, lepidopterans and other large insects caught in mid-air, often along streams, but also non-volant animals such as insect larvae, millipedes, centipedes, scorpions, and even velvet worms and crabs. ^[3]

Subspecies

Two subspecies are recognized: ^[3]

• Nystalus chacuru uncirostris - found in eastern Peru, northeastern Bolivia and adjacent Brazil.
• Nystalus chacuru chacuru - found in northeastern, eastern and southern Brazil, eastern Paraguay and northeastern Argentina (Misiones).

References

1. BirdLife International (2016). "Nystalus chacuru". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T22682264A92937922. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22682264A92937922.en . Retrieved 13 November 2021.
2. Mata, Jorge Rodriguez; Erize, Francisco; Rumboll, Maurice (2006). Aves de Sudamerica: Guia de Campo Collins (in Spanish). Letemendia. ISBN   978-9872173296.
3. Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Collar, Nigel; Kirwan, Guy M. (4 March 2020). "White-eared Puffbird (Nystalus chacuru)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D. A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). Birds of the World. Ithaca, NY. doi:10.2173/bow.whepuf1.01. S2CID   241553205.
4. van Perlo, Ber (2009). A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil. Oxford University Press. p. 547. ISBN   978-0-19-974565-4.
5. Torres, Miriam; Cuyos-Palacios, Margot; Hernández, Flor (June 2019). "Nuevos registros de aves en el valle del río Mantaro, Huancavelica - Perú". Ecología Aplicada (in Spanish). 18 (1): 67–76. doi: 10.21704/rea.v18i1.1308 . ISSN   1726-2216.
6. Schulenberg, Thomas S.; Stotz, Douglas F.; Lane, Daniel F.; O'Neill, John P.; III, Theodore A. Parker (2010). Birds of Peru: Revised and Updated Edition. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 266. ISBN   978-1-4008-3449-5.
7. Gurgel, Getulio de Assis; Quintas Filho, Sergei Studart (2013). Registro oportunístico de Nystalus Chacuru (Piciformes: Bucconidae) predando Ameivula ocellifera (Squamata: Sauria: Teiidae). Heringeriana (Report) (in Portuguese). Vol. 7. pp. 177–178. ISSN   2359-165X.
8. Gomes, F. B. R. (2009). "Perigoso, mas gostoso: registro da predação de duas espécies de "sapos-verdadeiros" por aves". Atualidades Ornitológicas (in Brazilian Portuguese). 151: 8–9. ISSN   0104-2386.
9. Crozariol, M.A.; Gomes, F. B. R. (2010). "Insetívoro ou oportunista? A dieta do João-bobo, Nystalus chacuru (Galbuliformes: Bucconidae)". Atualidades Ornitológicas (in Brazilian Portuguese). 154: 4–5. ISSN   0104-2386.
10. Raw, A. (1997). "Avian predation on individual Neotropical social wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) outside their nests". Orn. Neotropical. 8 (1): 89–92.

External links

• White-eared Puffbird videos on the Internet Bird Collection
• White-eared Puffbird photo gallery VIREO Photo-High Res--(Close-up)
• Photo-High Res; Article chandra.as.utexas.edu–"Birds of Brazil"