Woohoo (Christina Aguilera song)

Last updated
Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg
"Woohoo" (2010)
A 30-second sample of "Woohoo".
Problems playing this file? See media help.

"Woohoo" was written by Aguilera, Maraj, Claude Kelly, Ester Dean and Polow da Don. [1] The song is an electro, R&B and dancehall track. [2] [3] Aguilera's vocals are distorted in parts. [3] [4] "Woohoo" contains a sample from the Hungarian song "Add már uram az esőt", originally sung by the Hungarian singer Kati Kovács in 1972. [5] The song's chorus has been described as "shouty" and "sing-song". [6] Rob Harvilla of The Village Voice noted that the song sounded like a mix of "Milkshake" and "Lip Gloss" with "electro synths". [7] The song is about oral sex, [8] and has been called a "humorous ode to cunnilingus" by music critic Alim Kheraj. [9]

Critical reception

"Woohoo" received mixed to positive reviews from critics; most of them commended Aguilera's vocals and Minaj's appearance. However, others were not impressed with the song's sexual nature. Sara D. Anderson of AOL Music said the "provocative, dancehall track nicely fuses Aguilera's powerful voice with Minaj's MC tactics". [10] Benjamin Boles of Now Magazine called the track the top track on Bionic, commenting that Minaj's cameo "rescues" the song. [11] Alexis Petridis of The Guardian said, "If you're going to do a five-minute song about cunnilingus, it's a good idea to enlist foul-mouthed rapper Nicki Minaj, whose bug-eyed contribution lends the proceedings an air of gripping abandon." [12] Chris Ryan of MTV Buzzworthy called the song "sexually explicit, funky club pop", saying "In Nicki Minaj, Aguilera has found the perfect partner for her erotic-pop adventures". He also called the song a "dirtier cousin of Rihanna's 'Rude Boy' or 'Hollaback Girl'", and commended Minaj's verse. [6]

Cast Of Pitch Perfect 3 -YouTube Night of Awesome (cropped).jpg
Nicki Minaj - Live Femme Fatale 9.jpg
Ester Dean (left) and Nicki Minaj (right) co-wrote the song. Minaj featured on the song; her verse was critically acclaimed.

Becky Bain of Idolator said the song's "catchiness" was "miles ahead" of "Not Myself Tonight", also compared it to "Hollaback Girl". [13] Bain also said, "If there's one person who can match Christina Aguilera's naughtiness, it's Nicki Minaj, so these two pretty much make a perfect pair for this type of song." [13] Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic said the track had an "incessant title loop piercing like a dental drill" and said it "doesn't work as temptation". He also commented "her crassness is no longer alienating as it was on Stripped ". [14] Michael Cragg of musicOMH also compared the song to dental work, commenting that the song, "which is about oral sex but is about as sexy as going to the dentist." [8] Genevieve Koski of The A.V. Club called the song "already-passé electro trash." [2] In his retrospective commentary on the album Bionic, Billboard's Glenn Rowley called "Woohoo" a "raunchy banger", [15] and Mike Wass of Idolator shared a similar sentiment: "'Woohoo' is arguably the most iconic bop ever recorded about female genitalia". [16] According to the Gay Times writer Daniel Megarry, Nicki Minaj's verse in the song "happens to be" one of the very best efforts of her career. [17]

Retrospective commentary

Attitude opined that the song is "not subtle, but it is fun". [9] Entertainment-related website Tan's Topic called "Woohoo" a "classic sexual Christina track with a 'Dirrty' dancehall vibe and plenty of naughty lyrics", as well as the "'Candyman' of the 21st century". [18] The Tab's Harrison Brocklehurst ranked "Woohoo" among Aguilera's greatest singles and labelled it as "bratty pop perfection". He further noted that the song is "a weird, hand-clappy masterpiece that’s aged marvellously". [19] On a similar, top-40 list for the Idolator "Woohoo" was ranked at number thirty-one; Mike Wass noted that the song "should have been a number one hit". [20]

Chart performance

In its first week of release, "Woohoo" debuted at 46 on the Canadian Hot 100, and 79 on the Billboard Hot 100. [21] The song became Aguilera's 15th straight single to hit both charts, keeping her streak of having all of her singles chart on the Billboard Hot 100. [22] The song fell off both charts the following week. [21] However, due to increased digital sales after her performance at the 2010 MTV Movie Awards and the release of Bionic, the song re-entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number 99. [21] The song also charted at number 148 on the UK Singles Chart after the release of Bionic. [23] In June 2010, "Woohoo" entered the Gaon Digital Chart in South Korea at number twenty-seven. [24]

Promotion and live performances

Originally, "Woohoo" was meant to be released as the second single from Bionic in the United Kingdom, but — as Official Charts Company reported — these plans were ultimately cancelled. [25] There were plans to shoot a music video for the song but those were scrapped. Stevie Boi was set to direct the video before it was cancelled. [26] Aguilera sang a portion of the song, alongside "Bionic" and "Not Myself Tonight", at the 2010 MTV Movie Awards. [27] During "Woohoo", the last of the set, Aguilera and her backup dancers removed their leather capes and revealing painted red hearts on their groins, ending with Aguilera's LED heart glowing. [28] James Montgomery of MTV News referred to the song as a "seriously sexy dance number." [29] Montgomery described the performance's ending, stating, "Not to be outdone, Aguilera ended things by standing tall at center stage, the camera zooming in on her midsection, which now bore a beating heart of its own." [29]

Most critics were not impressed with the medley, comparing it to Aguilera's identity during the Bionic era. [30] [31] Tamar Anitai, also of MTV Buzzworthy summarized the performance saying it "was all about her "I-I'm-still-a-diva" vocals, frenzied stage show, and adult-only innuendo...And then this happened." [27] She went on to comment also sarcastically, "This is so just Christina Aguilera's way of saying she loves you! And that the diminutive diva still has a sense of humor....It's like a little knowing wink that assures you that when she's not changing diapers and doing mommy stuff, Mamaguilera's hanging out at dance party sex dungeons and wailing from the bottom of her light-up hoo-ha. She is definitely not the same girl who once bopped around on the Disney Channel in a Scrunchie." [27]

The song was later included in the setlist for Aguilera's Vegas residency Christina Aguilera: The Xperience and her 2018 Liberation Tour. In September 2021, the singer performed "Woohoo" during the LadyLand Festival in New York. [32]

Credits and personnel

Source [1]

Charts

"Woohoo"
Single by Christina Aguilera featuring Nicki Minaj
from the album Bionic
ReleasedMay 25, 2010 (2010-05-25)
RecordedNo Excuses (Los Angeles), The Red Lips Room (Beverly Hills)
Genre
Length5:29
Label RCA
Songwriter(s)
Producer(s)
Christina Aguilera singles chronology
"Not Myself Tonight"
(2010)		"Woohoo"
(2010)		"You Lost Me"
(2010)
Nicki Minaj singles chronology
"Massive Attack"
(2010)		"Woohoo"
(2010)		"Your Love"
(2010)

Release history

RegionDateFormat(s)Label(s)Ref.
United StatesMay 25, 2010 Rhythmic contemporary RCA [40]
BelgiumMay 28, 2010 Digital download Sony Music [41]
Brazil [42]
Norway [43]
Portugal [44]
Spain [45]
Sweden [46]
United StatesRCA [47]

Related Research Articles

Jamal Fincher Jones, known professionally as Polow da Don, is an American record producer and rapper from Atlanta, Georgia. He began his career as a recording artist in the late 1990s, leaving college to pursue a career with the short-lived hip hop group Jim Crow. They signed with Epic Records in 1999 and released two albums—Crow's Nest (1999) and Right Quick (2001)—before being dropped from the label.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">I'm Out</span> 2013 single by Ciara featuring Nicki Minaj

"I'm Out" is a song recorded by American recording artist Ciara, for her eponymously titled fifth studio album (2013), featuring guest vocals from Trinidadian-American rapper Nicki Minaj. It was written by Ciara, Minaj and Rock City brothers, Timothy and Theron Thomas. Rock City and The Co-Captains provided production. "I'm Out" made its premiere on May 22, 2013, on Ciara's official SoundCloud account and was serviced to urban radio in the United States on June 3, 2013, as the second single from Ciara through Epic Records. Lyrically, it incorporates themes of breakups and making an ex-boyfriend regret leaving.

<i>Bionic</i> (Christina Aguilera album) 2010 studio album by Christina Aguilera

Bionic is the sixth studio album by American singer Christina Aguilera. It was released on June 4, 2010, by RCA Records. Inspired by Aguilera's taste for electronic music, Bionic is characterized as an electropop, futurepop and R&B record. The first half consists of electronic songs incorporating synthesizers and electronic beats, while the second half displays a balladic production. The album's main themes include sex and feminism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lil Freak</span> 2010 single by Usher featuring Nicki Minaj

"Lil Freak" is a song by American singer Usher, taken from his sixth studio album, Raymond v. Raymond. Featuring guest vocals by Trinidadian rapper Nicki Minaj, the song was written by her, Usher, Ester Dean, Blac Elvis and Polow da Don, the latter two producing the track. Its hook is based on a manipulated sample of American soul musician Stevie Wonder's 1973 hit, "Living for the City". "Lil Freak" was released as the second single from the album in the United States and Canada on March 2, 2010.

"Bionic" is a song recorded by American singer Christina Aguilera, taken from her sixth studio album of the same name (2010). The song was written by Aguilera, Kalenna Harper, John Hill and Switch, while production was done by the latter two. "Bionic" is an electronic number and has garnered comparisons to works by artists including Santigold and Janet Jackson.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Massive Attack (song)</span> 2010 single by Nicki Minaj

"Massive Attack" is the debut single by Trinidadian rapper Nicki Minaj, featuring Sean Garrett. It was released on April 13, 2010 by Young Money, Cash Money and Universal Motown. It was produced by Garrett and Alex da Kid, who wrote the song together with Minaj. It was initially intended to be the lead single from Minaj's debut studio album, Pink Friday, but the song was dropped from the album due to the single's underwhelming commercial performance. The song was a distinct change in Minaj's previous work on mixtapes and features and received mixed reviews from critics, who commended its lyrical content and distinctiveness but criticized that it did not fit her "Barbie" persona well. An accompanying music video which features a helicopter chase, and militaristic jungle and desert scenes, was positively received.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Not Myself Tonight</span> 2010 single by Christina Aguilera

"Not Myself Tonight" is a song by American singer Christina Aguilera for her sixth studio album Bionic (2010). It was released by RCA Records as the lead single from the album on April 2, 2010. Produced by Jamal Jones a.k.a. Polow da Don and co-written in collaboration with Greg Curtis, Ester Dean and Jason Perry, "Not Myself Tonight" is an electropop, electro-R&B and dance-pop song, which explores Aguilera's adoption of different personas on the dance floor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Your Love (Nicki Minaj song)</span> 2010 song by Nicki Minaj

"Your Love" is a song by rapper Nicki Minaj. It was released on June 1, 2010 by Young Money, Cash Money, and Universal Motown as the lead single from her debut studio album, Pink Friday (2010). It replaced the previously-released "Massive Attack" featuring Sean Garrett as the lead single of the album, after its underwhelming commercial performance a month earlier. A remix featuring British singer Jay Sean was released on August 2, 2010.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bottoms Up (Trey Songz song)</span> 2010 single by Trey Songz featuring Nicki Minaj

"Bottoms Up" is a song by American singer Trey Songz. It was produced by Kane Beatz and features rapper Nicki Minaj. The song serves as the lead single from his fourth studio album, Passion, Pain & Pleasure. It is his most successful single to date, peaking at number 6 on the Billboard Hot 100.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Letting Go (Dutty Love)</span> 2010 single by Sean Kingston featuring Nicki Minaj

"Letting Go (Dutty Love)" is a song by American recording artist Sean Kingston. It was produced by Stargate, and features rapper Nicki Minaj. The song was originally released as the second single from Kingston's third studio album, Back 2 Life, but was taken off for unknown reasons. As of December 2014, the song has sold 1.1 million copies in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">You Lost Me</span> 2010 single by Christina Aguilera

"You Lost Me" is a song by American recording artist Christina Aguilera from her sixth studio album Bionic (2010). It was written by Aguilera, Sia, and producer Samuel Dixon. "You Lost Me" was released on June 25, 2010 by RCA Records as the third single from Bionic. The track is a down-tempo ballad that talks about an unfaithful man, who has left Aguilera's world "infected".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">I Hate Boys</span> 2010 single by Christina Aguilera

"I Hate Boys" is a song recorded by American recording artist Christina Aguilera for her sixth studio album, Bionic (2010). The song was written by Aguilera, Ester Dean, William Tyler, Bill Wellings, J. J. Hunter and Jamal Jones, who also handled the production of the track. "I Hate Boys" is a glam rock, pop rock and electropop song, containing elements of urban pop and synth-pop. Lyrically, it is a hate-driven song about ridiculing all boys.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Right Thru Me</span> 2010 single by Nicki Minaj

"Right Thru Me" is a song by rapper Nicki Minaj. It was released on September 24, 2010 by Young Money, Cash Money, and Universal Motown as the second single from her debut studio album, Pink Friday (2010). The song was released as a digital download on September 24, 2010, before being serviced to urban and rhythmic radio on October 5, and then mainstream radio on November 2, 2010. The song charted on the US Billboard Hot 100, Australia, France and the United Kingdom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Roman's Revenge</span> 2010 song by Nicki Minaj

"Roman's Revenge" is a song by Trinidadian-born rapper Nicki Minaj featuring American rapper Eminem, performing as their respective alter egos Roman Zolanski and Slim Shady. Taken from her debut studio album Pink Friday (2010), written alongside producer Swizz Beatz. It was released exclusively on October 30, 2010 through the United States iTunes Store, as a promotional release preceding the album's release.

"Show Me How You Burlesque" is a song recorded by American singer Christina Aguilera for the accompanying soundtrack album to the film Burlesque (2010), which stars Aguilera. It was written by Aguilera, C. "Tricky" Stewart and Claude Kelly and was produced by Stewart. The song was released for digital download onto iTunes Store in 2010. Before being released, a demo version of the track, entitled "Spotlight" was leaked online.

"Elastic Love" is a song recorded by American recording artist Christina Aguilera, taken from her sixth studio album, Bionic (2010). The song was written by Aguilera, M.I.A., John Hill and Switch, while production was handled by the latter two. Originally, "Elastic Love" was recorded by M.I.A., but later it was given to Aguilera. However, M.I.A. was disappointed when Aguilera didn't want to do her "trademark warbling" in the studio. "Elastic Love" is an electro and electropop song with strong elements from 1980s new wave music. Lyrically, Aguilera compares her love to office supplies, from paperclips to rubber-bands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bed of Lies</span> 2014 single by Nicki Minaj featuring Skylar Grey

"Bed of Lies" is a song by rapper Nicki Minaj, taken from her third studio album, The Pinkprint (2014). The song was first premiered at the 2014 MTV EMAs in Glasgow, Scotland and was later released on November 16, 2014, by Young Money Entertainment, Cash Money Records and Republic Records as the fourth single from the album. The track features American singer-songwriter Skylar Grey on the chorus plus additional vocals on the verses as well as piano playing and was written by the latter along with Minaj. "Bed of Lies" features a restrained keyboard and lyrics that touch upon themes of "heartfelt litany of grievances" about an ex-lover.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Check It Out (will.i.am and Nicki Minaj song)</span> 2010 single by will.i.am and Nicki Minaj

"Check It Out" is a song performed by American rapper will.i.am and Trinidadian rapper Nicki Minaj. The hip hop and electropop song, written by will.i.am and Minaj, samples the 1979 hit single "Video Killed the Radio Star" by the Buggles. After release, it debuted on the US Billboard Hot 100 at No. 78 and on the Canadian Hot 100 at No. 48. It appears on Minaj's first album, Pink Friday, though it was not released to promote the album. The special remix released in the UK features the British recording artist Cheryl Cole. The song peaked at No. 24 on the Billboard Hot 100. By December 2013, it has sold 780,000 digital downloads.

References

  1. 1 2 Bionic (booklet). RCA Records. 2010.{{cite AV media notes}}: Unknown parameter |people= ignored (help)
  2. 1 2 Koski, Genevieve (15 June 2010). "Bionic". The A.V. Club . Retrieved 2010-06-19.
  3. 1 2 "Music — Album Review — Christina Aguilera: 'Bionic'". Digital Spy. Hearst Corporation. 2010-06-07. Retrieved 2010-09-18.
  4. ↑ Kot, Greg (2010-06-07). "Album review: Christina Aguilera, 'Bionic'". Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
  5. ↑ Levine, Nick (2010-05-26). "Aguilera reveals 'Bionic' production credits". Digital Spy. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
  6. 1 2 Ryan, Chris (2010-05-12). "Song You Need To Know: Christina Aguilera, Featuring Nicki Minaj, 'Woohoo". MTV Buzzworthy. Viacom. Archived from the original on May 13, 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
  7. ↑ "On Christina Aguilera's "Woohoo," Featuring A Particularly Agitated Nicki Minaj". The Village Voice . 2010-05-10. Archived from the original on 2010-05-21. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
  8. 1 2 Cragg, Michael. "Christina Aguilera — Bionic". musicOMH . Archived from the original on October 9, 2012. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
  9. 1 2 Kheraj, Alim (2022-01-28). "Shoulda Been Huge: Christina Aguilera's 'Bionic'". Attitude . Stream Publishing Limited. Archived from the original on 2022-01-28. Retrieved 2022-01-28.
  10. ↑ Anderson, Sara D. (2010-05-12). "Christina Aguilera, 'Woohoo' Feat. Nicki Minaj – New Song". AOL Radio. AOL . Retrieved 2010-05-18.
  11. ↑ Boles, Benjamin. "Now Magazine // Music // Christina Aguilera". Now Magazine . Retrieved 2010-06-19.[ permanent dead link ]
  12. ↑ Petridis, Alexis (2010-06-03). "Christina Aguilera: Bi-On-Ic". The Guardian . London: Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 2010-06-19.
  13. 1 2 Bain, Becky (2010-05-10). "Christina Aguilera And Nicki Minaj Seek Aural Pleasure With New Track "Woo Hoo"". Idolator. Buzz Media. Archived from the original on July 13, 2012. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
  14. ↑ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "AllMusic ((( Bionic > Overview )))". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
  15. ↑ Rowley, Glenn (June 8, 2020). "Christina Aguilera's 'Bionic' Celebrates Its 10th Anniversary & 'Little Dreamer' Is Now Available to Stream". Billboard . Archived from the original on June 8, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
  16. ↑ Wass, Mike (June 8, 2020). "10 Years Of Christina Aguilera's 'Bionic'". Idolator . Hive Media. Archived from the original on June 9, 2020. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
  17. ↑ Megarry, Daniel (June 4, 2020). "10 years on, Christina Aguilera's Bionic proves it really was ahead of its time". Gay Times . Gay Times Ltd. Archived from the original on June 9, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
  18. ↑ "My Top 10 favourite tracks from Christina Aguilera's 'Bionic' album". Tan's Topic. June 4, 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-08-11. Retrieved August 11, 2021.
  19. ↑ Brocklehurst, Harrison (March 23, 2022). "The 20 greatest Christina Aguilera singles of all time, ranked from worst to best". The Tab . Tab Media Ltd. Archived from the original on March 25, 2022.
  20. ↑ Wass, Mike (December 18, 2020). "Christina Aguilera's 40 Best Songs". Idolator . Retrieved August 22, 2023.[ permanent dead link ]
  21. 1 2 3 "Woohoo- Chrisina Aguilera". Billboard . Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
  22. ↑ "Christina Aguilera Album & Song Chart History". Billboard . Nielsen Business Media, Inc.
  23. ↑ "Chart Log UK: New Entries Update". The Official Charts Company . Zobbel. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
  24. 1 2 "South Korea Gaon International Chart (Week: July 6, 2010 to July 12, 2010)". Gaon Chart. July 12, 2010. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved May 25, 2013.
  25. ↑ "Cancelled! Singles that were scrapped at the last minute". Official Charts Company. October 11, 2017. Archived from the original on January 12, 2018. Retrieved July 13, 2024.
  26. ↑ "Woohoo – Christina Aguilera – Last.fm". ViacomCBS. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved June 5, 2020.
  27. 1 2 3 Anitai, Tamar (2010-06-08). "Watch Christina Aguilera Perform 'Bionic,' 'Not Myself Tonight' And 'Woohoo' At The 2010 MTV Movie Awards". MTV Buzzworthy. MTV Networks. Archived from the original on June 10, 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
  28. ↑ Ganz, Caryn. "Aguilera and Perry Invade MTV Movie Awards". Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on June 10, 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-22.
  29. 1 2 Montgomery, James (2010-06-07). "Christina Aguilera Gets Steamy At 2010 MTV Movie Awards". MTV News. MTV Networks (Viacom). Archived from the original on June 10, 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-22.
  30. ↑ Wieselman, Jarett (2010-06-07). "Christina Aguilera flops on stage and off". The New York Post . Archived from the original on 2012-10-19. Retrieved 2010-06-22.
  31. ↑ Roberts, Soraya (2010-06-07). "Christina Aguilera wears glowing LED heart on her groin during MTV Movie Awards 2010 performance". The New York Daily News . Retrieved 2010-06-22.
  32. ↑ "Christina Aguilera Concert Setlist at LadyLand Festival 2021". Setlist.fm. Archived from the original on November 19, 2021. Retrieved December 14, 2021.
  33. ↑ "Christina Aguilera Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard.
  34. ↑ "Canadian Digital Song Sales Chart – Billboard – The week of June 5, 2010". Billboard . Archived from the original on July 19, 2020. Retrieved December 14, 2021.
  35. ↑ "MTV Deutsche Black Charts". MTV Germany . MTV Networks. Archived from the original on February 26, 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
  36. ↑ "Christina Aguilera: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company.
  37. ↑ "Christina Aguilera Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
  38. ↑ "Dance/Electronic Digital Songs for Christina Aguilera". Billboard . Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
  39. ↑ "DEUTSCHE BLACK CHART − JAHRESCHARTS 2010". Deutsche Black Charts. Archived from the original on July 16, 2016. Retrieved June 5, 2020.
  40. ↑ "Airplay Archive". FMQB . Archived from the original on 2009-09-01. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
  41. ↑ "Woohoo (feat. Nicki Minaj) – Single by Christina Aguilera". iTunes . Apple Inc. 2010-05-18. Retrieved 2011-01-26.
  42. ↑ "Christina Aguilera — Woohoo (feat. Nicki Minaj)". Apple Inc. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
  43. ↑ "Christina Aguilera — Woohoo (feat. Nicki Minaj". Apple Inc. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
  44. ↑ "Christina Aguilera — Woohoo (feat. Nicki Minaj)". Apple Inc. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
  45. ↑ "Christina Aguilera — Woohoo (feat. Nicki Minaj)". Apple Inc. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
  46. ↑ "Christina Aguilera — Woohoo (feat. Nicki Minaj)". Apple Inc. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
  47. ↑ "Woohoo – Single". iTunes Store. Apple Inc. Archived from the original on 2014-09-25.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.