Zanzibar independence movement

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Zanzibari independence is a political ambition of some political parties, advocacy groups, and individuals of Zanzibar, a semi-autonomous region territory within Tanzania, to become an independent sovereign state.

Contents

Background

Sultanate of Zanzibar

The Portuguese arrived in East Africa in 1498, where they found a series of independent towns on the coast, with Muslim Arabic-speaking elites. While the Portuguese travelers describe them as 'black' they made a clear distinction between the Muslim and non-Muslim populations. [1] Their relations with these leaders were mostly hostile, but during the sixteenth century they firmly established their power, and ruled with the aid of tributary sultans. The Portuguese presence was relatively limited, leaving administration in the hands of preexisting local leaders and power structures. This system lasted until 1631, when the Sultan of Mombasa massacred the Portuguese inhabitants. For the remainder of their rule, the Portuguese appointed European governors. The strangling of trade and diminished local power led the Swahili elites in Mombasa and Zanzibar to invite Omani aristocrats to assist them in driving the Europeans out. [2] : page: 9 

In 1698, Zanzibar came under the influence of the Sultanate of Oman. [3] There was a brief revolt against Omani rule in 1784. Local elites invited Omani merchant princes to settle on Zanzibar in the first half of the nineteenth century, preferring them to the Portuguese. Many locals today continue to emphasize that indigenous Zanzibaris had invited Seyyid Said, the first Busaidi sultan, to their island,[ citation needed ] claiming a patron-client relationship with powerful families was a strategy used by many Swahili coast towns since at least the fifteenth century. [4]

British protectorate

Control of Zanzibar eventually came into the hands of the British Empire; part of the political impetus for this was the 19th century movement for the abolition of the slave trade. Zanzibar was the centre of the Arab slave trade, and in 1822, the British consul in Muscat put pressure on Sultan Said to end the slave trade. Said came under increasing pressure from the British to abolish slavery, and in 1842 the British government told the Zanzibari ruler it wished to abolish the slave trade to Arabia, Oman, Persia, and the Red Sea. [5]

In 1890 Zanzibar became a protectorate (not a colony) of Britain. This status meant it continued to be under the sovereignty of the Sultan of Zanzibar.

Zanzibar revolution and merger with Tanganyika

On 10 December 1963, [6] the Protectorate that had existed over Zanzibar since 1890 was terminated by the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom did not grant Zanzibar independence, as such, because the UK had never had sovereignty over Zanzibar. Rather, by the Zanzibar Act 1963 of the United Kingdom, the UK ended the Protectorate and made provision for full self-government in Zanzibar as an independent country within the Commonwealth. Upon the Protectorate being abolished, Zanzibar became a constitutional monarchy under the Sultan. [7]

However, just a month later, on 12 January 1964 Sultan Jamshid bin Abdullah was deposed during the Zanzibar Revolution. [8] The Sultan fled into exile, and the Sultanate was replaced by the People's Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba, a socialist government led by the Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP). Over 20,000 people were killed and refugees, especially Arabs and Indians, escaped the island as a consequence of the revolution. [9]

In April 1964, the republic merged with mainland Tanganyika. The newly-created United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar was soon renamed, blending the two names, as the United Republic of Tanzania, within which Zanzibar remains a semi-autonomous region.

Demographic and cultural differences

Ethnicity

The people of Zanzibar are of diverse ethnic origins. [10] The first permanent residents of Zanzibar seem to have been the ancestors of the Bantu Hadimu and Tumbatu, who began arriving from the African Great Lakes mainland around AD 1000. They belonged to various mainland ethnic groups and on Zanzibar, generally lived in small villages. They did not coalesce to form larger political units.

During Zanzibar's brief period of independence in the early 1960s, the major political cleavage was between the Shirazi (Zanzibar Africans), who made up approximately 56% of the population, and the Zanzibar Arabs, who made up approximately 17%. [11] [12] Today, Zanzibar is inhabited mostly by ethnic Swahili, a Bantu population of sub-Saharan Africans. [13] There are also a number of Arabs, as well as some ethnic Persian and Indian people. [14]

Religion

Zanzibar Religions (2010 est.)
Islam
 
98.9%
Christianity
 
0.6%
Indigenous
 
0.5%
Source: CIA World Factbook. [15]

Unlike mainland Tanzania, Zanzibar's population is almost entirely Muslim, with a small Christian minority containing around 22 000 Christians. [15] Other religious groups that are represented include Hindus, Jains and Sikhs. [16]

Languages

Zanzibaris speak Swahili (Kiswahili), a Bantu language that is extensively spoken in the African Great Lakes region and indeed most of Tanzania where it is the de facto national and official language. However unlike the mainland, many local residents also speak Arabic, French and/or Italian, [17] with Arabic a recognised minority language.

Cuisine

Given the multi-cultural background of the island, Zanzibari cuisine is very distinct, with a mixture of various culinary traditions, including Bantu, Arab, Portuguese, Indian, British and even Chinese cuisine.

Governance

Relationship with the mainland

As a semi-autonomous part of Tanzania, Zanzibar has its own government, known as the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar. It is made up of the Revolutionary Council and House of Representatives. The House of Representatives has a similar composition to the National Assembly of Tanzania. Fifty members are elected directly from constituencies to serve five-year terms; 10 members are appointed by the President of Zanzibar; 15 special seats are for women members of political parties that have representation in the House of Representatives; six members serve ex officio , including all regional commissioners and the attorney general. [18] Five of these 81 members are then elected to represent Zanzibar in the National Assembly. [19]

Unguja has three administrative regions: Zanzibar Central/South, Zanzibar North and Zanzibar Urban/West. Pemba has two: Pemba North and Pemba South. [20]

Concerning the independence and sovereignty of Zanzibar, Tanzania Prime Minister Mizengo Pinda said on 3 July 2008 that there was "nothing like the sovereignty of Zanzibar in the Union Government unless the Constitution is changed in future". Zanzibar House of Representatives members from both the ruling party, Chama Cha Mapinduzi, and the opposition party, Civic United Front, disagreed and stood firmly in recognizing Zanzibar as a fully autonomous state. [21]

Zanzibari Politics

Zanzibar has a government of national unity, with the president of Zanzibar being Hussein Mwinyi, since 3 November 2020. There are many political parties in Zanzibar, but the most popular parties are the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) and the Civic United Front (CUF). Since the early 1990s, the politics of the archipelago have been marked by repeated clashes between these two parties.[ citation needed ]

Contested elections in October 2000 led to a massacre on 27 January 2001 when, according to Human Rights Watch, the army and police shot into crowds of protestors, killing at least 35 and wounding more than 600. Those forces, accompanied by ruling party officials and militias, also went on a house-to-house rampage, indiscriminately arresting, beating, and sexually abusing residents. Approximately 2,000 temporarily fled to Kenya. [22]

Violence erupted again after another contested election on 31 October 2005, with the CUF claiming that its rightful victory had been stolen from it. Nine people were killed. [23] [24]

Following 2005, negotiations between the two parties aiming at the long-term resolution of the tensions and a power-sharing accord took place, but they suffered repeated setbacks. The most notable of these took place in April 2008, when the CUF walked away from the negotiating table following a CCM call for a referendum to approve of what had been presented as a done deal on the power-sharing agreement. [25]

In November 2009, the then-president of Zanzibar, Amani Abeid Karume, met with CUF secretary-general Seif Sharif Hamad at the State House to discuss how to save Zanzibar from future political turmoil and to end the animosity between them. [26] This move was welcomed by many, including the United States. [27] It was the first time since the multi-party system was introduced in Zanzibar that the CUF agreed to recognize Karume as the legitimate president of Zanzibar. [26]

A proposal to amend Zanzibar's constitution to allow rival parties to form governments of national unity was adopted by 66.2 percent of voters on 31 July 2010. [28]

The autonomous status of Zanzibar is viewed as comparable to Hong Kong as suggested by some scholars, and being recognized as the "African Hong Kong". [29]

Sport

Football is the most popular sport in Zanzibar, overseen by the Zanzibar Football Association., [30] which is separate from Zanzibar is an associate member of the Confederation of African Football (CAF), but not of FIFA. This means that the Zanzibar national football team is not eligible to enter national CAF competitions, such as the African Nations Cup, but Zanzibar's Football Clubs get representation at the CAF Confederation Cup and the CAF Champions League.

The national team participates in non-FIFA Football tournaments such as the FIFI Wild Cup, and the ELF Cup. Because Zanzibar is not a member of FIFA, their team is not eligible for the FIFA World Cup.

The Zanzibar Football Association also has a Premier League for the top clubs, which was created in 1981, again, separate from the Tanzanian Premier League.

Media

The media in Zanzibar come under a different set of regulations to their counterparts in mainland Tanzania. [31]

Causes

Various reasons have been given for the on-going secessionist movement, including historical independence, [32] socio-economic disparity, cultural differences [33] and ethnic tensions between Arab islanders and black African mainlanders. [34] [35] It has also been noted that radical islamist groups support independence [36] capitalising on the political turbulence related to electoral issues. [37]

Organisations

Pro-independence political groups

Anti-independence political groups

Related Research Articles

The African Great Lakes nation of Tanzania dates formally from 1964, when it was formed out of the union of the much larger mainland territory of Tanganyika and the coastal archipelago of Zanzibar. The former was a colony and part of German East Africa from the 1880s to 1919’s when, under the League of Nations, it became a British mandate. It served as a British military outpost during World War II, providing financial help, munitions, and soldiers. In 1947, Tanganyika became a United Nations Trust Territory under British administration, a status it kept until its independence in 1961. The island of Zanzibar thrived as a trading hub, successively controlled by the Portuguese, the Sultanate of Oman, and then as a British protectorate by the end of the nineteenth century.

The politics of Tanzania takes place in a framework of a unitary presidential democratic republic, whereby the President of Tanzania is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament. The party system is dominated by the Chama Cha Mapinduzi. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zanzibar</span> Autonomous part of Tanzania

Zanzibar is an insular semi-autonomous province which united with Tanganyika in 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanzania. It is an archipelago in the Indian Ocean, 25–50 km (16–31 mi) off the coast of the African mainland, and consists of many small islands and two large ones: Unguja and Pemba Island. The capital is Zanzibar City, located on the island of Unguja. Its historic centre, Stone Town, is a World Heritage Site.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stone Town</span> Town in Zanzibar, Tanzania

Stonetown of Zanzibar, also known as Mji Mkongwe, is the old part of Zanzibar City, the main city of Zanzibar, in Tanzania. The newer portion of the city is known as Ng'ambo, Swahili for 'the other side'. Stone Town is located on the western coast of Unguja, the main island of the Zanzibar Archipelago. Former capital of the Zanzibar Sultanate, and flourishing centre of the spice trade as well as the slave trade in the 19th century, it retained its importance as the main city of Zanzibar during the period of the British protectorate. When Tanganyika and Zanzibar joined each other to form the United Republic of Tanzania, Zanzibar kept a semi-autonomous status, with Stone Town as its local government seat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Civic United Front</span> Political party in Tanzania

The Civic United Front is a liberal party in Tanzania. Although nationally based, most of the CUF's support comes from the Zanzibar islands of Unguja and Pemba. The party is a member of Liberal International.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Afro-Shirazi Party</span> Political party in Tanzania

The Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP) was a Marxist-Leninist, African nationalist Zanzibari political party formed between the mostly Shirazi Shiraz Party and the mostly African Afro Party.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abeid Karume</span> Tanzanian politician

Abeid Amani Karume was the first President of Zanzibar. He obtained this title as a result of a revolution which led to the deposing of Sir Jamshid bin Abdullah, the last reigning Sultan of Zanzibar, in January 1964. Three months later, the United Republic of Tanzania was founded, and Karume became the first Vice President of the United Republic with Julius Nyerere of Tanganyika as president of the new country. He was the father of Zanzibar's former president, Amani Abeid Karume.

Popobawa, also Popo Bawa, is the name of an evil spirit or shetani, which is believed by residents of Zanzibar to have first appeared on the Tanzanian island of Pemba. In 1995, it was the focus of a major outbreak of mass hysteria or panic which spread from Pemba to Unguja, the main island of the Zanzibar Archipelago, and across to Dar es Salaam and other urban centres on the East African coast.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Seif Sharif Hamad</span> First Vice President of Zanzibar (1943–2021)

Seif Sharif Hamad was a Tanzanian politician who served as the First Vice President of Zanzibar and as Party Chairman of ACT Wazalendo. He was the secretary-general of the opposition Civic United Front (CUF) party and First Vice President of Zanzibar until 18 March 2019 when he announced his resignation from CUF and joined Alliance for Change and Transparency. He was given an ACT Wazalendo card number One, and he also won the party nomination for the 2020 presidential candidate for Zanzibar.

General elections were held in Tanzania on 14 December 2005. Originally scheduled for 30 October, the elections were postponed due to the death of CHADEMA vice-presidential candidate Jumbe Mohamed Jumbe. The elections were the third since the country returned to multi-party rule in 1992. Incumbent President Benjamin Mkapa stepped down after two consecutive terms in accordance with the constitution. Elections for the Presidency of Zanzibar and its House of Representatives took place on 30 October, as scheduled.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amani Abeid Karume</span> 6th President of Zanzibar (2000-2010)

Amani Abeid Karume is a Tanzanian politician, the former president of Zanzibar. He held the office from 8 November 2000 to 3 November 2010. He is the son of Zanzibar's first president, Abeid Karume, and a member of the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) party.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zanzibar Revolution</span> 1964 overthrow of the Sultan of Zanzibar

The Zanzibar Revolution occurred in January 1964 and led to the overthrow of the Sultan of Zanzibar and his mainly Arab government by the island's majority Black African population.

John Gideon Okello was a Ugandan revolutionary and the leader of the Zanzibar Revolution in 1964. This revolution overthrew Sultan Jamshid bin Abdullah and led to the proclamation of Zanzibar as a republic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sultanate of Zanzibar</span> 1856–1964 monarchy in the Indian Ocean

The Sultanate of Zanzibar, also known as the Zanzibar Sultanate, was a Muslim state controlled by the Sultan of Zanzibar, in place between 1856 and 1964. The Sultanate's territories varied over time, and after a period of decline, the state had sovereignty over only the Zanzibar Archipelago and a 16-kilometre-wide (10 mi) strip along the Kenyan coast, with the interior of Kenya constituting the British Kenya Colony and the coastal strip administered as a de facto part of that colony.

The trade unions of Tanzania have a total membership of approximately 370,000. 350,000 of these belong to the Trade Union Congress of Tanzania, another 15,000 to the Zanzibar Trade Union Congress, and 2,400 are members of the Tanzania Fishing Crew and Allied Workers’ Union.

People have lived in Zanzibar for 20,000 years. History properly starts when the islands became a base for traders voyaging between the African Great Lakes, the Somali Peninsula, the Arabian peninsula, Iran, and the Indian subcontinent. Unguja offered a protected and defensible harbor, so although the archipelago had few products of value, Omanis and Yemenis settled in what became Zanzibar City as a convenient point from which to trade with towns on the Swahili Coast. They established garrisons on the islands and built the first mosques in the African Great Lakes Region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">People's Republic of Zanzibar</span> Republic in the Indian Ocean (January–April, 1964)

The People's Republic of Zanzibar was a short-lived African state founded in 1964, consisting of the islands of the Zanzibar Archipelago. It existed for less than a year before it merged with Tanganyika to create the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, which would be renamed to Tanzania in October of that year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tanzanian nationality law</span> History and regulations of Tanzanian citizenship

Tanzanian nationality law is regulated by the Constitution of Tanzania, as amended; the Tanzania Citizenship Act, and its revisions; and various international agreements to which the country is a signatory. These laws determine who is, or is eligible to be, a national of Tanzania. The legal means to acquire nationality, formal legal membership in a nation, differ from the domestic relationship of rights and obligations between a national and the nation, known as citizenship. Nationality describes the relationship of an individual to the state under international law, whereas citizenship is the domestic relationship of an individual within the nation. Commonwealth countries, including Tanzania, often use the terms nationality and citizenship as synonyms, despite recognising their legal distinction and the fact that they are regulated by different governmental administrative bodies. For much of Tanzania's history racist policy curtailed domestic rights and nationality. Tanzanian nationality is typically obtained under the principle of jus soli, i.e. by birth in the territory, or jus sanguinis, i.e. by birth in Tanzania or abroad to parents with Tanzanian nationality. It can be granted to persons with an affiliation to the country, or to a permanent resident who has lived in the country for a given period of time through naturalisation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zanzibari cuisine</span> Culinary traditions of Zanzibar

Zanzibari cuisine reflects several heterogeneous influences, as a consequence of the multi-cultural and multi-ethnic nature of Zanzibar's and Swahili heritage. It is a mixture of various culinary traditions, including Bantu, Arab, Portuguese, Indian, British and even Chinese cuisine.

References

  1. ↑ Prestholdt, Jeremy. "Portuguese Conceptual Categories and the “Other” Encounter on the Swahili Coast." Journal of Asian American Studies, Volume 36, Issue 4, 390.
  2. ↑ Sir Charles Eliot, K.C.M.G., The East Africa Protectorate, London: Edward Arnold, 1905, digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 (PDF format).
  3. ↑ N. S. Kharusi, "The ethnic label Zinjibari: Politics and language choice implications among Swahili speakers in Oman", Ethnicities, 12(3) 335–353, 2012.
  4. ↑ Meier, Prita. "Swahili Port Cities: The Architecture of Elsewhere." (Bloomington Indiana: Indiana University press, 2016) Pg. 103.
  5. ↑ Chris McIntyre, Susan McIntyre (2013), "Zanzibar", Bradt Travel Guides, p.13.
  6. ↑ Zanzibar Act 1963 of the United Kingdom - Note that the title of this Act was not the Zanzibar Independence Act because the UK was not conferring independence as it did not have sovereignty; it was ending the Protectorate over that territory and providing for its fully responsible government
  7. ↑ United States Department of State 1975 , p. 986
  8. ↑ Ayany 1970 , p. 122
  9. ↑ "The forgotten genocide of the Zanzibar revolution - Speak Magazine". Speak Magazine. Retrieved 2016-01-04.
  10. ↑ "Zanzibar People and Culture". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
  11. ↑ GROWup - Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform. "Ethnicity in Zanzibar". ETH Zurich. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
  12. ↑ Sheriff, Abdul (2001). "Race and Class in the Politics of Zanzibar". Africa Spectrum. 36 (3): 301–318. JSTOR   40174901.
  13. ↑ "People and Culture – Zanzibar Travel Guide". Zanzibar-travel-guide.com. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
  14. ↑ Tanzania (08/09) . U.S. Department of State.
  15. 1 2 "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
  16. ↑ Keshodkar, Akbar (2010-03-29). "Marriage as the Means to Preserve 'Asian-ness': The Post-Revolutionary Experience of the Asians of Zanzibar". Journal of Asian and African Studies. 45 (2): 226–240. doi:10.1177/0021909609357418. ISSN   0021-9096. S2CID   143909800.
  17. ↑ Chris McIntyre and Susan McIntyre, "Zanzibar, Pemba, and Mafia", Bradt Travel Guide, 2009, p. 36.
  18. ↑ "Composition". The House of Representatives - Zanzibar. Retrieved 23 October 2012.[ permanent dead link ]
  19. ↑ Composition, Parliament of Tanzania Archived 21 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ↑ "Tanzania Regions". www.statoids.com. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
  21. ↑ "Zanzibar: Premier under fire on Zanzibar status". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. 10 July 2008. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  22. ↑ "Tanzania: Zanzibar Election Massacres Documented". Human Rights Watch. 10 April 2002. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
  23. ↑ "Nine killed in Zanzibar election violence", Seattle Times, reported by Chris Tomlinson, The Associated Press, 1 November 2005 Archived 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  24. ↑ "Zimbabwe Farm Evictions 2000". karelprinsloo karel prinsloo.
  25. ↑ "Tanzanian Affairs » ZANZIBAR – A BIG DISAPPOINTMENT". www.tzaffairs.org. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
  26. 1 2 "Karume: No elections next year in Zanzibar if…", Zanzibar Institute for Research and Public Policy, reported by Salma Said, reprinted from an original article in The Citizen, 19 November 2009
  27. ↑ "Welcome to VPP Zanzibar, Tanzania". United States Virtual Presence Post. U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 3 February 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
  28. ↑ "Zanzibar: 2010 Constitutional referendum results" Archived 5 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine , Electoral Institute for the Sustainability of Democracy in Africa, updated August 2010.
  29. ↑ Simon Shen, One country, two systems: Zanaibar, Ming Pao Weekly, Sep 2016.
  30. ↑ "?". 8 September 2009. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
  31. ↑ "Zanzibar profile". BBC News. 14 May 2018.
  32. ↑ "Zanzibar's Past, Tanzania's Future: From the 1964 Revolution to the 2015 Elections". 15 October 2015.
  33. ↑ "Zanzibar: Spices, slaves and the spirit of independence | Food | al Jazeera". Archived from the original on 2020-02-22. Retrieved 2020-02-22.
  34. ↑ "Zanzibar Long Divided by Arab‐African Rivalry". The New York Times. 13 January 1964.
  35. ↑ "Why hostilities between Tanganyika and Zanzibar still challenge Tanzanian unity".
  36. ↑ "Trouble in paradise as radical Islam grows in Zanzibar" . Independent.co.uk . 30 October 2012. Archived from the original on 2022-05-07.
  37. ↑ "Zanzibar's Political Crisis: A Timeline". 24 June 2019.
  38. ↑ John Ndembwike (2009). Tanzania: Profile of a Nation. New Africa Press. pp. 119–. ISBN   978-9987-9308-1-4.
  39. ↑ "Civic United Front at Liberal International". Liberal International.
  40. ↑ "Zanzibar Islamists burn churches, riot - police | Reuters". reuters.com. Archived from the original on 2013-03-03. Retrieved 2014-05-31.

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