Pentium D

Pentium D
	Logo as of 2006
General information
Launched	May 25, 2005;18 years ago
Discontinued	July 13, 2010;13 years ago
Marketed by	Intel
Designed by	Intel
Common manufacturer(s)	Intel;
CPUID code	0F47h (Smithfield); 0F65h (Presler)
Product code	Smithfield: 80551; Presler: 80553
Performance
Max. CPU clock rate	2.66 GHz to 3.73 GHz
FSB speeds	533 MT/s to 1066 MT/s
Cache
L1 cache	32 KB (16 KB (8 KB instructions + 8 KB data) x 2)
L2 cache	2 - 4 MB
Architecture and classification
Application	Dual-core desktop
Technology node	90 nm to 65 nm
Microarchitecture	NetBurst
Instruction set	x86-64
Instructions	MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3
Extensions	EIST, VT-x ;
Physical specifications
Transistors	Smithfield: 176 million; Presler: 376 million;
Cores	2 (2×1);
Socket(s)	LGA 775 (Socket T);
Products, models, variants
Core name(s)	Smithfield; Presler;
History
Predecessor(s)	Pentium 4 ; Pentium 4 HT
Successor(s)	Core 2 (2006); Pentium Dual-Core (2007)
Support status
	Unsupported

Last updated April 14, 2024

Pentium D^[2] is a range of desktop 64-bit x86-64 processors based on the NetBurst microarchitecture, which is the dual-core variant of the Pentium 4 manufactured by Intel. Each CPU comprised two cores. The brand's first processor, codenamed Smithfield and manufactured on the 90 nm process, was released on May 25, 2005, followed by the 65 nm Presler nine months later.^[3] The core implementation on the 90 nm "Smithfield" and later 65 nm "Presler" are designed differently but are functionally the same. The 90 nm "Smithfield" contains a single die, with two adjoined but functionally separate CPU cores cut from the same wafer. The later 65 nm "Presler" utilized a multi-chip module package, where two discrete dies each containing a single core reside on the CPU substrate. Neither the 90nm "Smithfield" nor the 65 nm "Presler" were capable of direct core to core communication, relying instead on the northbridge link to send information between the 2 cores.

By 2004, the NetBurst processors reached a clock speed barrier at 3.8 GHz due to a thermal (and power) limit exemplified by the Presler's 130 watt thermal design power ^[4] (a higher TDP requires additional cooling that can be prohibitively noisy or expensive). The future belonged to more energy efficient and slower clocked dual-core CPUs on a single die instead of two.^[5] However, the Pentium D did not offer significant upgrades in design,^[6] still resulting in relatively high power consumption.^[4]

The final shipment date of the dual die Presler chips was August 8, 2008,^[7] which marked the end of the Pentium D brand and also the NetBurst microarchitecture. The Pentium D line was removed from the official price lists on July 13, 2010.

Pentium D/Extreme Edition

The dual-core CPU is capable of running multi-threaded applications typical in transcoding of audio and video, compressing, photo and video editing and rendering, and ray-tracing. Single-threaded applications, including most older games, do not benefit much from a second core compared to an equally clocked single-core CPU. Nevertheless, the dual-core CPU is useful to run both the client and server processes of a game without noticeable lag in either thread, as each instance could be running on a different core. Furthermore, multi-threaded games benefit from dual-core CPUs.

In 2008, many business applications were not optimized for multiple cores. They ran at similar speed when not multitasking on the Pentium D or older Pentium 4 branded CPUs at the same clock speed.^{[ citation needed ]} However, in multitasking environments such as BSD, Linux, Microsoft Windows operating systems, other processes are often running at the same time; if they require significant CPU time, each core of the Pentium D branded processor can handle different programs, improving overall processing speed over its single-core Pentium 4 counterpart.

Intel Pentium D processor family
Original logo	2006 logo	Desktop
Original logo	2006 logo	Code-named	Node	Date released
		Smithfield Presler	90 nm 65 nm	May 2005 Jan 2006
		Smithfield XE Presler XE	90 nm 65 nm	May 2005 Jan 2006
List of Intel Pentium D processors

Smithfield

In April 2005, Intel's biggest rival, AMD, had x86 dual-core processors intended for workstations and servers on the market, and was poised to launch a comparable product intended for desktop computers. As a response, Intel developed Smithfield, the first x86 dual-core processor intended for desktop computers, beating AMD's Athlon 64 X2 by a few weeks. Intel first launched Smithfield on April 16, 2005 in the form of the 3.2 GHz Hyper-threading enabled Pentium Extreme Edition 840. On May 26, 2005, Intel launched the mainstream Pentium D branded processor lineup with initial clock speeds of 2.8, 3.0, and 3.2 GHz with model numbers of 820, 830, and 840 respectively. In March 2006, Intel launched the last Smithfield processor, the entry-level Pentium D 805, clocked at 2.66 GHz with a 533 MT/s bus. The relatively cheap 805 was found to be highly overclockable; 3.5 GHz was often possible with good air cooling. Running it at over 4 GHz was possible with water cooling, and at this speed the 805 outperformed the top-of-the-line processors (May 2006) from both major CPU manufacturers (the AMD Athlon 64 FX-60 and Intel Pentium Extreme Edition 965) in many benchmarks including power consumption.^[8]

The 805 and 820 models had a 95 watt TDP. All other models were rated at 130 watt.

All Smithfield processors were made of two 90 nm Prescott cores, next to each other on a single die with 1 MB of Level 2 (L2) cache per core. Hyper-threading was disabled in all Pentium D 8xx-series Smithfields with the exception of the Pentium Extreme Edition 840. Smithfield did not support Intel VT-x—Intel's x86 virtualization (formerly Vanderpool).

All Pentium D processors supported Intel 64 (formerly EM64T), XD Bit, and were manufactured for the LGA 775 form factor. The only motherboards guaranteed to work with the Pentium D (and Extreme Edition) branded CPUs were those based on the 945-, 955-, 965- and 975-series Intel chipsets, as well as the nForce 4 SLI Intel Edition and ATI Radeon Xpress. The Pentium D 820 did not work with the nForce 4 SLI Intel Edition chipset due to some power design issues, though they were rectified in the X16 version. The 915- and 925-series chipsets did not work at all with the Smithfields, as they did not support more than one core (to prevent manufacturers making a cheap dual CPU motherboard capable of supporting Xeon CPU's, as had happened with the 875P chipset). The 865- and 875-series chipsets supported multiprocessing. Motherboards with them might be Pentium D compatible with an updated BIOS.

A week after its launch, Intel officially denied a report^[9] in Computerworld Today Australia that the Pentium D branded CPUs included "secret" digital rights management features in their hardware that could be utilized by Microsoft Windows and other operating systems, but was not publicly disclosed. While Intel admitted that there were some DRM technologies in the 945- and 955-series chipsets, it stated that the extent of the technologies was exaggerated, and that the technologies in question had been present in Intel's chipsets since the 875P.

Smithfield XE

The Pentium Extreme Edition (PXE) was introduced at the Spring 2005 Intel Developers Forum, not to be confused with the "Pentium 4 Extreme Edition" (an earlier, single-core processor occupying the same niche). The processor was based on the dual-core Pentium D branded Smithfield, but with Hyper-threading enabled, thus any operating system saw four logical processors. It also had an unlocked multiplier to allow for easier overclocking. It was initially released as Intel Pentium Extreme Edition 840 at 3.20 GHz, in early 2005, at a price point of $999.99 (OEM price) or $1,200 (retail). The only chipsets that worked with the Extreme Edition 840 were Intel's 955X, NVIDIA's nForce4 SLI Intel Edition, and ATi Radeon Xpress 200. Using a Pentium Extreme Edition branded CPU with an Intel 945-series chipset will disable Hyper-threading.

Presler

The last generation of Pentium D branded processors was Presler released on January 16, 2006, identified by the product code 80553, and made of two 65 nm-process cores found also in Pentium 4 branded Cedar Mill CPUs. Presler introduced the 'multi-chip module, or MCM, which consisted of two single-core dies placed next to each other on the same substrate package. This allowed Intel to produce these processors at a reduced production cost as a result of higher yields. Presler was supported by the same chipsets as Smithfield. It was produced using 65 nm technology similar to Yonah. Presler communicated with the system using an 800 MT/s FSB, and its two cores communicated also using the FSB, just as in Smithfield. Presler also included Intel VT-x (formerly Vanderpool) – although this was limited to the 9x0 models, and not in the 9x5 models– Intel 64, XD bit, and Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology (EIST). Presler was released in the first quarter of 2006 with a 2×2 MB Level 2 cache. Its models included 915, 920, 925, 930, 935, 940, 945, 950 and 960 (with a respective 2.8, 2.8, 3.0, 3,0, 3.2, 3.2, 3.4, 3.4, and 3.6 GHz clock frequency).

All steppings of Presler models 915, 920, 925, 930, and 935, as well as the C1, D0 steppings of 940, 945 featured a 95 watt TDP. All other models (i.e. certain models with 3.2 GHz or faster clock frequencies) were rated at 130 watt — a 37% increase in power consumption.^[10]

[*] The first batch of Presler processors (revision B1) had the EIST feature turned off by a microcode update because of stability issues. That affected only its power consumption, when idle, and thermal dissipation. Chips with working EIST started shipping in Q2 2006. They had a different S-Spec number which can be found in Intel errata documentation.

Presler XE

The Pentium Extreme Edition based on the dual-core Pentium D branded Presler was introduced as the 955 model, at 3.46 GHz, and used a 1066 MT/s FSB compared to the 800 MT/s in the non-Extreme edition. A second version, the 965 at 3.73 GHz followed in March 2006. Both CPUs also feature Hyper-Threading Technology and an unlocked multiplier. Overclockers have been able to overclock the core to 4.26 GHz using air cooling simply by raising the unlocked CPU multiplier.

The 'Presler Extreme Edition' was intended to only be combined with the Intel 975X chipset, it could also work with the 955X chipset, though this combination was not supported by Intel. The i975X featured the ICH7R southbridge and supported all LGA 775 (Socket T) Pentium 4, Pentium D, and Pentium Extreme Edition branded processors.

Successor

The Pentium D brand was merged with the Pentium 4 brand and succeeded on July 27, 2006, by the Core 2 branded line of processors with the Core microarchitecture released as dual- and quad-core processors branded Duo, Quad, and Extreme.

Implementation

In a single-processor scenario, the CPU-to-northbridge link is point-to-point and the only real requirement is that it is fast enough to keep the CPU fed with data from memory.

When assessing the Pentium D, it is important to note that it is essentially two CPUs in the same package and that it will face the same bus contention issues as a pair of Xeons prior to the Dual Independent Bus architecture introduced with the Dual-Core Dempsey Xeons. To use a crude analogy one could say that instead of using a single cable between CPU and north bridge, one must use a Y-splitter. Leaving aside advanced issues such as cache coherency, each core can only use half of the 800 MT/s FSB bandwidth when under heavy load.

Comparison to Athlon 64 X2

The competing AMD Athlon 64 X2, although running at lower clock rates and lacking hyper-threading, had some significant advantages over the Pentium D, such as an integrated memory controller, a high-speed HyperTransport bus, a shorter pipeline (12 stages compared to the Pentium D's 31), and better floating point performance,^[11] more than offsetting the difference in raw clock speed. Also, while the Athlon 64 X2 inherited mature multi-core control logic from the multi-core Opteron, the Pentium D was seemingly rushed to production and essentially consisted of two CPUs in the same package. Indeed, shortly after the launch of the mainstream Pentium D branded processors (26 May 2005) and the Athlon 64 X2 (31 May 2005), a consensus arose that AMD's implementation of multi-core was superior to that of the Pentium D.^[12]^[13] As a result of this and other factors, AMD surpassed Intel in desktop PC sales at US retail stores for a period of time, although Intel retained overall market leadership because of its exclusive relationships with direct sellers such as Dell.^[14]

Comparison to Pentium Dual-Core

In 2007, Intel released a new line of desktop processors under the brand Pentium Dual Core, using the Core microarchitecture (which was based upon the Pentium M architecture, which was itself based upon the Pentium III Tualatin). The newer Pentium Dual-Core processors give off considerably less heat (65 watt max) than the Pentium D (95 or 130 watt max). They also run at lower clock rates, only have up to 2 MB L2 Cache memory while the Pentium D has up to 2×2 MB, and they lack Hyper-threading.

The Pentium Dual-Core has a wider execution unit (four issues wide compared to the Pentium D's three) and its 14 stages-long pipeline is less than half the length of the Pentium D's, allowing it to outperform the Pentium D in most applications despite having lower clock speeds and less L2 cache memory.

Related Research Articles

Athlon is the brand name applied to a series of x86-compatible microprocessors designed and manufactured by AMD. The original Athlon was the first seventh-generation x86 processor and the first desktop processor to reach speeds of one gigahertz (GHz). It made its debut as AMD's high-end processor brand on June 23, 1999. Over the years AMD has used the Athlon name with the 64-bit Athlon 64 architecture, the Athlon II, and Accelerated Processing Unit (APU) chips targeting the Socket AM1 desktop SoC architecture, and Socket AM4 Zen microarchitecture. The modern Zen-based Athlon with a Radeon Graphics processor was introduced in 2019 as AMD's highest-performance entry-level processor.

Celeron is a discontinued series of low-end IA-32 and x86-64 computer microprocessor models targeted at low-cost personal computers, manufactured by Intel. The first Celeron-branded CPU was introduced on April 15, 1998, and was based on the Pentium II.

HyperTransport (HT), formerly known as Lightning Data Transport, is a technology for interconnection of computer processors. It is a bidirectional serial/parallel high-bandwidth, low-latency point-to-point link that was introduced on April 2, 2001. The HyperTransport Consortium is in charge of promoting and developing HyperTransport technology.

Pentium 4 is a series of single-core CPUs for desktops, laptops and entry-level servers manufactured by Intel. The processors were shipped from November 20, 2000 until August 8, 2008. It was removed from the official price lists starting in 2010, being replaced by Pentium Dual-Core.

The Pentium III brand refers to Intel's 32-bit x86 desktop and mobile CPUs based on the sixth-generation P6 microarchitecture introduced on February 28, 1999. The brand's initial processors were very similar to the earlier Pentium II-branded processors. The most notable differences were the addition of the Streaming SIMD Extensions (SSE) instruction set, and the introduction of a controversial serial number embedded in the chip during manufacturing. The Pentium III is also a single-core processor.

The Athlon 64 is a ninth-generation, AMD64-architecture microprocessor produced by Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), released on September 23, 2003. It is the third processor to bear the name Athlon, and the immediate successor to the Athlon XP. The Athlon 64 was the second processor to implement the AMD64 architecture and the first 64-bit processor targeted at the average consumer. Variants of the Athlon 64 have been produced for Socket 754, Socket 939, Socket 940, and Socket AM2. It was AMD's primary consumer CPU, and primarily competed with Intel's Pentium 4, especially the Prescott and Cedar Mill core revisions.

Tejas was a code name for Intel's microprocessor, which was to be a successor to the latest Pentium 4 with the Prescott core and was sometimes referred to as Pentium V. Jayhawk was a code name for its Xeon counterpart. The cancellation of the processors in May 2004 underscored Intel's historical transition of its focus on single-core processors to multi-core processors.

Xeon is a brand of x86 microprocessors designed, manufactured, and marketed by Intel, targeted at the non-consumer workstation, server, and embedded markets. It was introduced in June 1998. Xeon processors are based on the same architecture as regular desktop-grade CPUs, but have advanced features such as support for error correction code (ECC) memory, higher core counts, more PCI Express lanes, support for larger amounts of RAM, larger cache memory and extra provision for enterprise-grade reliability, availability and serviceability (RAS) features responsible for handling hardware exceptions through the Machine Check Architecture (MCA). They are often capable of safely continuing execution where a normal processor cannot due to these extra RAS features, depending on the type and severity of the machine-check exception (MCE). Some also support multi-socket systems with two, four, or eight sockets through use of the Ultra Path Interconnect (UPI) bus, which replaced the older QuickPath Interconnect (QPI) bus.

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Pentium is a discontinued series of x86 architecture-compatible microprocessors produced by Intel. The original Pentium was first released on March 22, 1993. The name "Pentium" is originally derived from the Greek word pente (πεντε), meaning "five", a reference to the prior numeric naming convention of Intel's 80x86 processors (8086–80486), with the Latin ending -ium since the processor would otherwise have been named 80586 using that convention.

AMD Turion is the brand name AMD applies to its x86-64 low-power consumption (mobile) processors codenamed K8L. The Turion 64 and Turion 64 X2/Ultra processors compete with Intel's mobile processors, initially the Pentium M and the Intel Core and Intel Core 2 processors.

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Intel Core is a line of multi-core central processing units (CPUs) for midrange, embedded, workstation, high-end and enthusiast computer markets marketed by Intel Corporation. These processors displaced the existing mid- to high-end Pentium processors at the time of their introduction, moving the Pentium to the entry level. Identical or more capable versions of Core processors are also sold as Xeon processors for the server and workstation markets.

References

↑ "Product Change Notification, 107779 - 00" (PDF). Intel. 2007.
↑ "The Pentium D: Intel's Dual Core Silver Bullet Previewed". Tom's Hardware. 5 April 2005. Retrieved 2007-07-08.
↑ "The 65 nm Pentium D 900's Coming Out Party: Test Setup". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved 2007-07-04.
1 2 "The 65 nm Pentium D 900's Coming Out Party: Thermal Design Power Overview". Tom's Hardware. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
↑ "Intel Moves From Dual Core To Double Core: 65 nm Intel Double Core Preslers Forward". Tom's Hardware. 10 October 2005. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
↑ "The 65 nm Pentium D 900's Coming Out Party: The 65 nm NetBurst". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
↑ "Intel intros 3.0 GHz quad-core Xeon, drops Pentiums". TG Daily. Archived from the original on 2007-09-26. Retrieved 2007-08-14.
↑ "A 4.1 GHz Dual Core at $130 - Can it be True?". 10 May 2006. Retrieved 2007-07-30.
↑ "Intel quietly ships Pentium D with DRM". Computer World Australia. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
↑ "The 65 nm Pentium D 900's Coming Out Party: Thermal Design Power Overview". Tom's Hardware. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved 2007-07-04.
↑ See Wikipedia article on X87 Performance
↑ Brown, Rich (2005-11-23). "CNET Prizefight: AMD vs. Intel dual-core CPUs" . Retrieved 2006-07-07.
↑ Schmid, Patrick (2005-05-09). "AMD's Dual Core Athlon 64 X2 Strikes Hard" . Retrieved 2006-07-07.
↑ Kawamoto, Dawn (2005-11-08). "AMD surpasses Intel in U.S. retail stores" . Retrieved 2009-12-29.

External links

Pentium D 800 and 900 Series Review

Preceded by Pentium 4 Pentium 4 HT	Pentium D 2005-2008	Succeeded by Intel Core 2

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[1] "Product Change Notification, 107779 - 00" (PDF). Intel. 2007.

[2] "The Pentium D: Intel's Dual Core Silver Bullet Previewed". Tom's Hardware. 5 April 2005. Retrieved 2007-07-08.

[3] "The 65 nm Pentium D 900's Coming Out Party: Test Setup". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved 2007-07-04.

[toms-p5-4] 1 2 "The 65 nm Pentium D 900's Coming Out Party: Thermal Design Power Overview". Tom's Hardware. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved 2007-08-05.

[5] "Intel Moves From Dual Core To Double Core: 65 nm Intel Double Core Preslers Forward". Tom's Hardware. 10 October 2005. Retrieved 2007-08-05.

[6] "The 65 nm Pentium D 900's Coming Out Party: The 65 nm NetBurst". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved 2007-08-05.

[7] "Intel intros 3.0 GHz quad-core Xeon, drops Pentiums". TG Daily. Archived from the original on 2007-09-26. Retrieved 2007-08-14.

[8] "A 4.1 GHz Dual Core at $130 - Can it be True?". 10 May 2006. Retrieved 2007-07-30.

[9] "Intel quietly ships Pentium D with DRM". Computer World Australia. Retrieved 2009-10-13.

[10] "The 65 nm Pentium D 900's Coming Out Party: Thermal Design Power Overview". Tom's Hardware. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved 2007-07-04.

[11] See Wikipedia article on X87 Performance

[X2Review1-12] Brown, Rich (2005-11-23). "CNET Prizefight: AMD vs. Intel dual-core CPUs" . Retrieved 2006-07-07.

[X2Review2-13] Schmid, Patrick (2005-05-09). "AMD's Dual Core Athlon 64 X2 Strikes Hard" . Retrieved 2006-07-07.

[MarketShift1-14] Kawamoto, Dawn (2005-11-08). "AMD surpasses Intel in U.S. retail stores" . Retrieved 2009-12-29.

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