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Ngāpuhi is a Māori iwi associated with the Northland regions of New Zealand centred in the Hokianga, the Bay of Islands, and Whangārei.
Samuel Marsden was an English-born priest of the Church of England in Australia and a prominent member of the Church Missionary Society. He played a leading role in bringing Christianity to New Zealand. Marsden was a prominent figure in early New South Wales and Australian history, partly through his ecclesiastical offices as the colony's senior Church of England cleric and as a pioneer of the Australian wool industry, but also for his employment of convicts for farming and his actions as a magistrate at Parramatta, both of which attracted contemporary criticism.
Hongi Hika was a New Zealand Māori rangatira (chief) and war leader of the iwi of Ngāpuhi. He was a pivotal figure in the early years of regular European contact and settlement in New Zealand. As one of the first Māori leaders to understand the advantages of European muskets in warfare, he used European weapons to overrun much of northern New Zealand in the early nineteenth century Musket Wars.
Thomas Kendall was a schoolmaster, an early missionary to Māori people in New Zealand, and a recorder of the Māori language. An evangelical Anglican, he and his family were in the first group of missionaries to New Zealand, accompanied to the Bay of Islands by Samuel Marsden in December 1814 and settling there. He wrote the first book in Māori, published in 1815. By 1821 he felt it necessary to accede to local Māori demands for guns in order to ensure their continued protection of the mission, and the Church Missionary Society dismissed him in 1822 for gun dealing. Marsden visited New Zealand to dismiss him in person in 1823, after learning that he had committed adultery with a Māori woman. Kendall left New Zealand in 1825 and died in a ship sinking in Australia in 1832.
The following lists events that happened during 1827 in New Zealand.
The following lists events that happened during 1821 in New Zealand.
The following lists events that happened during 1820 in New Zealand.
The following lists events that happened during 1819 in New Zealand.
The following lists events that happened during 1818 in New Zealand.
The first Christian mission is established at Rangihoua. The Hansen family, the first non-missionary family also settles there. Samuel Marsden explores the Hauraki Gulf and travels to within sight of Tauranga Harbour. The first book in Māori is published in Sydney. The first European is born in New Zealand.
With the purchase of a vessel by Samuel Marsden for use by the Church Missionary Society at the beginning of the year the establishment of a mission in New Zealand is at last possible. After a preliminary scouting trip Marsden and the missionaries arrive at the end of the year and the first mission is begun at Rangihoua Bay in the Bay of Islands.
With the outbreak of the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain American whalers are forced to avoid Port Jackson. However they still operate at various points around New Zealand including the Kermadec Islands as do the colonial vessels. Sealers are still operating mainly at Macquarie and Campbell Islands. Occasionally there are Māori in the crew. Timber ships are also visiting New Zealand.
There is a drastic decline in the number of ships visiting New Zealand from the previous year. An economic depression starts in New South Wales as a result of the escalation of war in Europe and the consequent reduction in the number of convicts being transported. In March news of the Boyd massacre reaches Port Jackson and a punitive expedition is sent to New Zealand and bombards the village of the incorrectly blamed chief, Te Pahi. After this the few whaling ships that later head for New Zealand usually prefer to avoid landing, especially in the Bay of Islands.
Foveaux Strait is the centre of attention for sealing ships. Sealing gangs are dropped along the coast from southern Fiordland to Otago Harbour and on Stewart Island / Rakiura. The Bay of Islands is sometimes on the journey to or from Port Jackson. The Chatham Islands are also visited. A few whalers also operate around New Zealand; some also collect timber from Bay of Islands.
As sealing at Bass Strait and the Antipodes Islands declines, Foveaux Strait becomes the focus for sealers from the middle of the year. The Bounty and Auckland Islands are also visited. Whaling is carried out on the east coast of New Zealand with the Bay of Islands being the usual port of call for provisioning. As many as nine ships whaling together for months at a time can occur. The behaviour of the whalers at the Bay of Islands is again commented on unfavourably, this time by a former missionary on one of the whaling ships. There are also a number of vessels collecting sandalwood from Tonga or Fiji; the majority call at the Bay of Islands en route.
Sealing continues at Bass Strait and the Antipodes Islands. At the end of the year there is a new sealing rush to the Bounty and Auckland Islands. Few sealers, if any, are known to have visited the Foveaux Strait area at this time, although this may be due in part to the secrecy of the captains and owners in reporting where they operate and/or the existence of the Strait not yet being widely known. Whaling continues off the east coast of the North Island. Ships are now visiting the Bay of Islands on a reasonably regular basis. The first reports about the poor behaviour of ships crews are sent to the Church Missionary Society in London.
Sealing continues at Bass Strait but declines at Dusky Sound which is still used for provisioning. There is a new rush to the Antipodes Islands. The existence of Foveaux Strait is not reported in Port Jackson until early the following year so sealers are still travelling via the south of Stewart Island / Rakiura which some also visit. At Stewart Island / Rakiura, and its smaller surrounding islands, the sealers often encounter Māori which they have not done at all at Dusky Sound. As many as 16 whalers are operating around the north of New Zealand, occasionally visiting the Bay of Islands and taking an increasing number of Māori on board as crew.
As most sealing is taking place in Bass Strait, although the rookeries there are declining, there is little interest in Dusky Sound, the rookeries of which are also declining. It is however still being used as a provisioning stop and rendezvous by sealers looking for new sealing grounds to the south and east of New Zealand. Foveaux Strait is discovered in December but its existence does not become widely known for some time. There is a marked increase in the number of whalers operating in the north of New Zealand, due in part to attacks on British boats in the South Atlantic as a result of the Napoleonic wars. There is also an increase in American ships from New England.
Pokaia was a Ngāpuhi chief from Northland, New Zealand. He was killed in an ambush by the Ngāti Whātua at the battle of Moremonui, where the Ngāpuhi use of muskets marked the first occasion Māori used firearms in warfare. Pokaia's sister Te Kona was the mother of Hōne Heke.
Ruatara was chief of the New Zealand Māori tribe Ngāpuhi. He introduced European crops to New Zealand and was host to the first Christian missionary, Samuel Marsden.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Salmond, Anne. Between Worlds. 1997. Penguin Books (NZ) Ltd. ISBN 0-670-87787-5.
- ↑ The colony of New South Wales encompasses New Zealand from 1788 to 1840. Therefore the head of state is the monarch of the United Kingdom represented by the Governor of New South Wales. However, British sovereignty was not established over New Zealand per se until 1840, at which point the Treaty of Waitangi retroactively recognised that it had been an independent territory until then. Furthermore, the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand signed by a number of Maori chiefs in 1835 was formally recognised by the British government at the time, indicating that British sovereignty did not yet extend to New Zealand. (New Zealand Ministry of Culture and Heritage)
- ↑ Dictionary of Australian Biography: Philip Gidley King
- ↑ Parsonson, G. S. "Marsden, Samuel". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 4 April 2011.
- 1 2 "Mutiny Aboard the Venus". Archived from the original on 5 July 2009. Retrieved 25 October 2007.
- ↑ New Zealand Encyclopaedia 1966: Ruatara Biography
- ↑ Ormsby, Mary Louise. "Badger, Charlotte". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 4 April 2011.
- ↑ Wises New Zealand Guide, 7th Edition, 1979. p.18.
- ↑ New Zealand Encyclopaedia 1966: Hongi Hika Biography
- ↑ Ballara, Angela. "Hongi Hika". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 4 April 2011.
- ↑ Jones, Ronald (18 September 2007). "'POLACK, Joel Samuel', from An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand, edited by A. H. McLintock, originally published in 1966". Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
- ↑ Dalton, B. J. "Browne, Thomas Robert Gore 1807 – 1887". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 4 April 2011.
- ↑ NZHistory.net
- ↑ Lineham, P. J. 'The significance of J. G. Deck, 1807–1884'. Journal of the Christian Brethren Research Fellowship No 107 (Nov. 1986)
- ↑ Angela Caughey (1998). The Interpreter: The Biography of Richard "Dicky" Barrett. David Bateman Ltd. ISBN 1-86953-346-1.
- ↑ Barton, G. P. "Martin, William 1807? – 1880". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 4 April 2011.
- ↑ Kawharu, Freda Rankin. "Heke Pokai, Hone Wiremu ? – 1850". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 4 April 2011.
- ↑ Coleridge, Kathleen A. "Revans, Samuel 1807/1808? – 1888". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 4 April 2011.
- ↑ George Rhodes of the Levels and his brothers by A.E. Woodhouse (1937, Whitcombe & Tombs, Auckland)