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All 15 seats in the Landtag 8 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
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General elections were held in Liechtenstein on 4 April 1939. [1] Although a new system of proportional representation had been introduced to pacify voters at a time when the country was under threat from neighbouring Nazi Germany, it was not used and the elections became known as the "silent elections" as no actual vote was held. [2] Instead, the governing Progressive Citizens' Party and opposition Patriotic Union formed a coalition, assigning a roughly equal number of seats each, in order to prevent the German National Movement in Liechtenstein from acquiring any seats in the Landtag. [2] [3]
On 31 March 1938, in the wake of the Anschluss of Austria, Franz I made his grandnephew Franz Joseph II regent and moved to Feldberg, Czechoslovakia and on 25 July, he died while at one of his family's castles, Castle Feldberg, and Franz Joseph formally succeeded him as prince of Liechtenstein as Franz Joseph II. [4] [5] Around the same time, the German National Movement in Liechtenstein (VBDL), a local Liechtenstein Nazi party, was formed and advocated for the annexation of Liechtenstein into Nazi Germany. [6]
Under the initiative of Franz Joseph, the Progressive Citizens' Party and Patriotic Union started negotiations for the formation of a coalition government. [7] This coalition was designed to avoid political deadlock while there was ongoing threat from Nazi Germany, and more importantly, prevent the VBDL from gaining any seats within the Landtag. [8] [9] As a result of the coalition, Deputy Prime Minister of Liechtenstein, Anton Frommelt, a member of the Progressive Citizens' Party, was succeeded by Alois Vogt of the Patriotic Union. [10] In addition, Josef Hoop's second cabinet was succeeded by a new cabinet, now containing several members of both parties as per the coalition agreement. [11]
A compromise for the coalition was to introduce a proportional representation to the country, despite it being rejected via referendum three years prior. [12] [13] It was introduced unanimously on 18 January 1939. [12] [14] Shortly after, Franz Joseph, in agreement with both parties, disbanded the Landtag and called for early elections. [3] The elections were only used to distribute a roughly equal number of seats in the Landtag between the two parties, as such it became known as the "silent election" as no actual voting took place. [2] This was allowed to due to article thirty of the new proportional representation law, which states that "If one or more parties, representing at least 80% of the votes cast in the previous legislative elections, form a joint list of candidates, these, excluding the other candidates proposed by other parties, are declared elected, if fewer than 400 persons registered on the electoral lists do not object in writing within 14 days.". [14] The clause was enacted due to both party's desire to not hold an election campaign period that would jeopardize the recently-formed coalition government and allow for the VBDL to be able to gain support. [3]
On 24 March 1939 the 1939 Liechtenstein putsch took place, where approximately 40 members of the VDBL starting from Nendeln marched towards Vaduz, planning to seize control of the government, which was hoped would cause clashes between them and the government. German troops from Feldkirch would then move into Liechtenstein in response to a call for help and incorporate the country into Germany. Further coup participants were supposed to close the Triesen-Balzers road and the Vaduz-Sevelen Rhine bridge in the wake of the German invasion, though the invasion did not happen as it was blocked on Adolf Hitler's orders after intervention by Alois Vogt. [15] [16] Instead, VDBL members resorted to burning swastikas in order to provoke an intervention from Nazi Germany. The plan failed however, as they were stopped by opponents, and most VBDL members were arrested or fled. The coup was unpopular with most people in Liechtenstein and it generated a strong sense of patriotic unity. [15] This caused the Liechtenstein Loyalty Association, which had been founded earlier in the year, to heighten its operations against the VDBL and launch a signature campaign to reaffirm Liechtenstein's independence, which received 2492 signatures. [17] [18]
The scheduled elections is believed to be the primary motivation for the coup, as many within the VBDL saw it as a last hope to gaining power within the country. [19] The election process could have been challenged and been made a subject via referendum should have at least 400 signatures been submitted against it, although this did not happen, and on 6 April the results, which was a predetermined list of candidates from both parties, were announced. [3]
The Progressive Citizens' Party maintained the majority over the Landtag, and Josef Hoop remained as Prime Minister of Liechtenstein. However, both the party and FBP now maintained a roughly equal number of seats in the Landtag. [11] This coalition between the two parties lasted until 1997. [9]
Party | Seats | +/– | |
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Progressive Citizens' Party | 8 | –3 | |
Patriotic Union | 7 | +3 | |
Total | 15 | 0 | |
Source: Nohlen & Stöver [20] |
Electoral district | Seats | Party | Seats won | Elected members | Substitutes | |
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Oberland | 9 | Patriotic Union | 5 |
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Progressive Citizens' Party | 4 |
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Unterland | 6 | Progressive Citizens' Party | 4 |
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Patriotic Union | 2 |
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Source: Vogt [11] |
Political identity came to the territory now occupied by the Principality of Liechtenstein in 814, with the formation of the subcountry of Lower Rhætia. Liechtenstein's borders have remained unchanged since 1434, when the Rhine established the border between the Holy Roman Empire and the Swiss cantons.
The German National Movement in Liechtenstein was a Nazi party in Liechtenstein that existed between 1938 and 1945.
Alexander Frick was a political figure from Liechtenstein who served as Prime Minister of Liechtenstein from 1945 to 1962.
General elections were held in Liechtenstein on 29 April 1945. Following the "silent elections" of 1939, they were the first to use the new proportional representation system. The Progressive Citizens' Party won eight of the 15 seats in the Landtag, but remained in coalition with the Patriotic Union.
Franz Josef Hoop was a Liechtensteiner diplomat and politician who served as Prime Minister of Liechtenstein from 1928 to 1945. Hoop is best known for his efforts to retain Liechtenstein's neutrality and independence during World War II. Serving for seventeen years, he is the longest-serving prime minister in the country's history, ahead of his successor Alexander Frick by 79 days. He served under the reign of Johann II, Franz I and Franz Joseph II, making him the only prime minister to serve under three Princes of Liechtenstein consecutively.
The Christian-Social People's Party, often shortened to People's Party, was a social liberal political party in Liechtenstein. Founded in 1918, the Christian-Social People's Party and the Progressive Citizens' Party (FBP) were the first political parties in Liechtenstein.
Alfons Goop was a Liechtensteiner politician during World War II. He was the leader of the German National Movement in Liechtenstein from 1940 to 1943, a Nazi Party that aimed to unify with Nazi Germany.
Otto Schaedler was a physician and political figure from Liechtenstein who served in the Landtag of Liechtenstein and was one of the founders of the Patriotic Union party.
Alois Ritter was a lawyer and political figure from Liechtenstein who was one of the founders of the Patriotic Union party and served as the President of the Landtag of Liechtenstein in 1954 and again in 1956.
Alois Vogt was an advocate and political figure from Liechtenstein who served as the Deputy Prime Minister of Liechtenstein from 1938 to 1945.
Anton Frommelt was a pastor and political figure from Liechtenstein who served as the Deputy Prime Minister of Liechtenstein from 1933 to 1938.
Peter Büchel was a civil servant from Liechtenstein who served in the Landtag of Liechtenstein. He also served numerous government councillor positions.
Wilhelm Beck was an advocate and political figure from Liechtenstein who was one of the founders of the Christian-Social People's Party and served as the President of the Landtag of Liechtenstein from 1922 to 1927.
The first Josef Hoop cabinet was the governing body of Liechtenstein from 6 August 1928 to 28 February 1936. It was appointed by Johann II and continued by his successor Franz I. It was chaired by Josef Hoop.
The second Josef Hoop cabinet was the governing body of Liechtenstein from 28 February 1936 to 30 March 1938. It was appointed by Franz I and chaired by Josef Hoop.
The third Josef Hoop cabinet was the governing body of Liechtenstein from 30 March 1938 to 9 November 1944. It was appointed by Franz Joseph II and chaired by Josef Hoop. The cabinet was formed as a coalition government following the Anschluss of Austria in 1938, and it oversaw the majority of World War II before being succeeded in 1944.
The 1939 Liechtenstein putsch, also known as the Annexation putsch was an unsuccessful coup d'état by the German National Movement in Liechtenstein on 24 March 1939 designed to provoke Liechtenstein's annexation by Nazi Germany.
Theodor Schädler was a politician from Liechtenstein. He was the leader of the German National Movement in Liechtenstein from 1938 to 1939, a Nazi Party that aimed to unify with Nazi Germany.
The 1928 Liechtenstein embezzlement scandal was a scandal involving leading members of the Christian-Social People's Party, where it was revealed that they had embezzled funds from the National Bank of Liechtenstein for various speculative transactions. The scandal forced the government of Gustav Schädler to resign and early elections to be called.
Ferdinand Risch was a politician from Liechtenstein who served in the Landtag of Liechtenstein. He was also mayor of Schaan from 1927 to 1940.