2001 Einstein

Last updated

2001 Einstein
002001-asteroid shape model (2001) Einstein.png
Shape model of Einstein from its lightcurve
Discovery [1]
Discovered by P. Wild
Discovery site Zimmerwald Obs.
Discovery date5 March 1973
Designations
(2001) Einstein
Named after
 Albert Einstein (physicist) [2]     
1973 EB
main-belt  · Hungaria [3] [4]
Orbital characteristics [1]
Epoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc 43.43 yr (15,864 days)
Aphelion 2.1242 AU
Perihelion 1.7430 AU
1.9336 AU
Eccentricity 0.0986
2.69 yr (982 days)
150.59°
0° 21m 59.76s / day
Inclination 22.683°
357.08°
217.74°
Physical characteristics
Mean diameter
3.975±0.154  km [5] [6]
5.66 km (calculated) [7]
5.4846±0.0001  h [8]
5.485±0.002 h [9]
5.48503±0.00005 h (S) [10]
5.487±0.001 h [11]
0.40 (assumed) [7]
0.810±0.169 [5] [6]
X (Tholen), Xe (SMASS) [1]
X [7]  · E [5]
B–V = 0.720 [1]
U–B = 0.261 [1]
12.85 [1] [5] [7]

    2001 Einstein (prov. designation: 1973 EB) is a bright Hungaria asteroid from the innermost region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered by Swiss astronomer Paul Wild at Zimmerwald Observatory near Bern, Switzerland, on 5 March 1973. [3] The X-type asteroid (Xe) has a rotation period of 5.5 hours and measures approximately 5 kilometers (3.1 miles) in diameter. It is named after physicist Albert Einstein (1879–1955). [2]

    Contents

    Orbit and classification

    Einstein is a member of the Hungaria family, which form the innermost dense concentration of asteroids in the Solar System. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.7–2.1  AU once every 2 years and 8 months (982 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 23° with respect to the ecliptic. [1] As no precoveries were taken, the asteroid's observation arc begins with its discovery in 1973. [3]

    Naming

    This minor planet was named in honour of the German-born, Swiss–American physicist and Nobelist Albert Einstein (1879–1955). It is considered suitable, that the body discovered at Bern is named after the 1921 Nobel prize for physics laureate, since it was the place where he had his golden years while working as a clerk at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern. He is also honored by the lunar crater Einstein . [2] The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 October 1977 ( M.P.C. 4237). [12] Arthur C. Clarke joked in the postscript of his novel 3001: The Final Odyssey that he was hoping asteroid 2001 would be named after him, but it was named for Einstein first. Asteroid 3001 was named 3001 Michelangelo. Clarke was later honoured with asteroid 4923 Clarke, named together with 5020 Asimov.

    Physical characteristics

    The Tholen classification, Einstein is an X-type asteroid, while in the SMASS classification, it is an Xe-subtype which transitions from the X-type to the very bright E-type asteroid.

    Rotation period

    Several rotational lightcurves for this asteroid were obtained from photometric observations. In December 2004, the first lightcurve by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory (PDS) in Colorado, gave a rotation period of 5.487 hours with a brightness variation of 0.66 in magnitude ( U=3 ). [11] Between 2008 and 2012, three additional lightcurves at the PDS gave an almost identical period of 5.485 hours with an amplitude of 0.67, 0.74 and 1.02, respectively ( U=3/3/3 ). [9] [13] [14] Other lightcurves were obtained by Hanuš at the French CNES and other institutions, which gave a period of 5.48503 hours ( U=n.a. ), [10] and by Italian astronomer Federico Manzini at SAS observatory in Novara, Jean Strajnic and Raoul Behrend from December 2012, which rendered a period of 5.4846 hours with an amplitude of 0.66 in magnitude ( U=2+ ). [8]

    Diameter and albedo

    According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), the asteroid measures 4.0 km in diameter and its surface has an exceptionally high albedo of 0.81, for which WISE assigns an E-type. [5] The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a lower, yet still high albedo of 0.40 and hence calculates a larger diameter of 5.7 kilometers, as the lower the albedo, the larger the body's diameter for a constant absolute magnitude. [7]

    Related Research Articles

    2023 Asaph, provisional designation 1952 SA, is a dark asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 21 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 16 September 1952, by astronomers of the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory in Indiana, United States.

    4031 Mueller, provisional designation 1985 CL, is a Hungaria asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 4 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 12 February 1985, by American astronomer Carolyn Shoemaker at Palomar Observatory, California, and named after astronomer Jean Mueller.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">1103 Sequoia</span> Asteroid

    1103 Sequoia is a bright Hungaria asteroid from the innermost region of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 9 November 1928, by German astronomer Walter Baade at the Bergedorf Observatory in Hamburg, Germany, who named it after the Sequoia National Park located in California.

    3225 Hoag, provisional designation 1982 QQ, is a dynamical Hungaria asteroid from the innermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5.5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 20 August 1982, by American astronomer couple Carolyn and Eugene Shoemaker at the Palomar Observatory in California. The stony S/L-type asteroid has a short rotation period of 2.37 hours. It was named for American astronomer Arthur Hoag.

    5175 Ables, provisional designation 1988 VS4, is a bright Hungaria asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by American astronomers Carolyn and Eugene Shoemaker at the U.S. Palomar Observatory, California, on 4 November 1988. It was named after American astronomer Harold Ables.

    1919 Clemence, provisional designation 1971 SA, is a bright Hungaria asteroid and suspected tumbler from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 4 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 16 September 1971, by American astronomer James Gibson together with Argentine astronomer Carlos Cesco at the Yale-Columbia Southern Station at Leoncito Astronomical Complex in Argentina. It is named after astronomer Gerald Clemence.

    7187 Isobe, provisional designation 1992 BW, is a likely binary Hungaria asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 30 January 1992, by American astronomer Eleanor Helin at Palomar Observatory in California, United States. It is named after Japanese astronomer Syuzo Isobe.

    3353 Jarvis, or by its provisional designation, 1981 YC, is a carbonaceous Hungaria asteroid, slow rotator and suspected tumbler from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter.

    4868 Knushevia, provisional designation 1989 UN2 is a bright Hungaria asteroid and suspected binary system from the innermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 2 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 27 October 1989, by American astronomer Eleanor Helin at the Palomar Observatory in California, United States. The asteroid was named for the Kyiv University in Ukraine.

    1355 Magoeba, provisional designation 1935 HE, is a Hungaria asteroid and a suspected contact-binary from the innermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 30 April 1935, by English-born, South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa. The asteroid is named for Magoeba, a tribal chief in the South African Transvaal Province.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">3169 Ostro</span>

    3169 Ostro, provisional designation 1981 LA, is a Hungaria family asteroid from the innermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter.

    5426 Sharp, provisional designation 1985 DD, is a bright Hungaria asteroid and suspected binary system from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 2–3 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 16 February 1985, by American astronomer Carolyn Shoemaker at Palomar Observatory, California, and named after American geologist Robert P. Sharp.

    2047 Smetana, provisional designation 1971 UA1, is a bright Hungaria asteroid and synchronous binary system from the innermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 3.5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 26 October 1971, by Czech astronomer Luboš Kohoutek at Bergedorf Observatory in Hamburg, Germany. The asteroid was named after Czech composer Bedřich Smetana. Its sub-kilometer sized minor-planet moon was discovered in 2012.

    For other uses, see Steel (disambiguation).

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">4765 Wasserburg</span>

    4765 Wasserburg (prov. designation: 1986 JN1) is a bright Hungaria asteroid, suspected binary system and asteroid pair from the innermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 3 kilometers (1.9 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 5 May 1986, by American astronomer Carolyn Shoemaker at Palomar Observatory, and later named after geologist Gerald J. Wasserburg.

    4142 Dersu-Uzala, provisional designation 1981 KE, is a Hungaria asteroid, sizable Mars-crosser and potentially slow rotator from the innermost region of the asteroid belt, approximately 6 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Czech astronomer Zdeňka Vávrová at Kleť Observatory on 28 May 1981. The rare A-type asteroid has a rotation period of 140 hours. It was named after the Siberian trapper and hunter Dersu Uzala.

    4440 Tchantchès, provisional designation 1984 YV, is a rather elongated Hungaria asteroid and a possible binary system from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 3 kilometers in diameter.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">1600 Vyssotsky</span>

    1600 Vyssotsky, provisional designation 1947 UC, is a rare-type Hungaria asteroid and suspected interloper from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 October 1947, by American astronomer Carl Wirtanen at Lick Observatory in California, United States. It was named after astronomer Alexander Vyssotsky.

    (6382) 1988 EL, is a stony Hungaria asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 14 March 1988, by American astronomer Jeffrey Alu at the U.S. Palomar Observatory, California.

    8026 Johnmckay, provisional designation 1991 JA1, is a binary Hungaria asteroid and very slow rotator from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 2 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 8 May 1991, by American astronomer Eleanor Helin at the U.S. Palomar Observatory, California, and later named for NASA test pilot John B. McKay.

    References

    1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 2001 Einstein (1973 EB)" (2016-08-10 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory . Retrieved 3 July 2017.
    2. 1 2 3 Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(2001) Einstein". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 162. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_2002. ISBN   978-3-540-00238-3.
    3. 1 2 3 "2001 Einstein (1973 EB)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
    4. ↑ Spratt, Christopher E. (April 1990). "The Hungaria group of minor planets". Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. 84 (2): 123–131. Bibcode:1990JRASC..84..123S. ISSN   0035-872X . Retrieved 1 April 2016.
    5. 1 2 3 4 5 Mainzer, A.; Grav, T.; Masiero, J.; Hand, E.; Bauer, J.; Tholen, D.; et al. (November 2011). "NEOWISE Studies of Spectrophotometrically Classified Asteroids: Preliminary Results". The Astrophysical Journal. 741 (2): 25. arXiv: 1109.6407 . Bibcode:2011ApJ...741...90M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90 . Retrieved 20 May 2016.
    6. 1 2 Masiero, Joseph R.; Mainzer, A. K.; Grav, T.; Bauer, J. M.; Cutri, R. M.; Dailey, J.; et al. (November 2011). "Main Belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE. I. Preliminary Albedos and Diameters". The Astrophysical Journal. 741 (2): 20. arXiv: 1109.4096 . Bibcode:2011ApJ...741...68M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/68 . Retrieved 8 December 2016.
    7. 1 2 3 4 5 "LCDB Data for (2001) Einstein". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 1 April 2016.
    8. 1 2 Behrend, Raoul. "Asteroids and comets rotation curves – (2001) Einstein". Geneva Observatory . Retrieved 20 May 2016.
    9. 1 2 Warner, Brian D. (April 2010). "Asteroid Lightcurve Analysis at the Palmer Divide Observatory: 2009 September-December" (PDF). Minor Planet Bulletin. 37 (2): 57–64. Bibcode:2010MPBu...37...57W. ISSN   1052-8091 . Retrieved 18 March 2020.
    10. 1 2 Hanuš, J.; Ďurech, J.; Oszkiewicz, D. A.; Behrend, R.; Carry, B.; Delbo, M.; et al. (February 2016). "New and updated convex shape models of asteroids based on optical data from a large collaboration network". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 586: 24. arXiv: 1510.07422 . Bibcode:2016A&A...586A.108H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527441 . Retrieved 20 May 2016.
    11. 1 2 Warner, Brian D. (September 2005). "Asteroid lightcurve analysis at the Palmer Divide Observatory - winter 2004-2005" (PDF). Minor Planet Bulletin. 32 (3): 54–58. Bibcode:2005MPBu...32...54W. ISSN   1052-8091. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
    12. ↑ Schmadel, Lutz D. "Appendix – Publication Dates of the MPCs". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – Addendum to Fifth Edition (2006–2008). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 221. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-01965-4. ISBN   978-3-642-01964-7.
    13. ↑ Warner, Brian D. (October 2008). "Asteroid Lightcurve Analysis at the Palmer Divide Observatory: February-May 2008" (PDF). Minor Planet Bulletin. 35 (4): 163–166. Bibcode:2008MPBu...35..163W. ISSN   1052-8091 . Retrieved 18 March 2020.
    14. ↑ Warner, Brian D. (April 2013). "Asteroid Lightcurve Analysis at the Palmer Divide Observatory: 2012 September - 2013 January" (PDF). Minor Planet Bulletin. 40 (2): 71–80. Bibcode:2013MPBu...40...71W. ISSN   1052-8091 . Retrieved 18 March 2020.
    This page is based on this Wikipedia article
    Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
    Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.