2016 Munich shooting

Last updated

2016 Munich shooting
Mcdonalds muenchen hanauer strasse oez.jpg
Outside the McDonald's on Hanauer Straße 83, looking northwest, where the shooting began
Bavaria location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Munich
Munich (Bavaria)
Germany adm location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Munich
Munich (Germany)
Location Moosach, Munich, Germany
Coordinates 48°11′0″N11°32′1″E / 48.18333°N 11.53361°E / 48.18333; 11.53361
Date22 July 2016;7 years ago (2016-07-22)
17:52 – 20:26 (UTC+2)
TargetCivilians
Attack type
 Mass shooting, mass murder, murder–suicide [1]
Weapons Glock 17 semi-automatic pistol [2]
Deaths10 (including the perpetrator)
Injured36 (4 by gunfire) [3] [4]
PerpetratorDavid Sonboly (born Ali Sonboly) [5]
Motive Far-right extremism, Xenophobia [6]

On 22 July 2016, a mass shooting occurred in the vicinity of the Olympia shopping mall in the Moosach district of Munich, Germany. An 18-year-old Iranian-German, David Sonboly, opened fire on fellow teenagers at a McDonald's restaurant before shooting at bystanders in the street outside and then in the mall itself. Nine people were killed, and 36 others were injured, [7] four of them by gunfire. Sonboly then hid nearby for more than two hours, and killed himself by a self-inflicted gunshot wound when confronted by police.

Contents

Two reports by Bavaria's State Office of Criminal Investigation and another by the public prosecutor's office concluded the shooting was not political, saying Sonboly's main motive was "revenge" for bullying by others from immigrant backgrounds, and that mental illness, romantic rejection and obsession with other shooting rampages were also a factor. Germany's security agency described him as a "psychologically ill avenger".

An independent report by three political scientists said Sonboly may also have been driven by xenophobia or far-right ideology. Der Spiegel reported in 2016 that fellow online video gamers said that Sonboly wrote anti-Turkish messages, admired Germany's right-wing AfD party, [8] and was "very nationalistic". [9] According to media reports, some of those who knew him said he considered himself part of the Aryan race, and boasted about sharing the same birthday as Adolf Hitler. [10] In light of this several politicians urged the police to focus on his possible political motives and in 2019 Bavarian police declared that the shooting was partly motivated by far-right extremism. [6] The attack took place on the fifth anniversary of the 2011 Norway attacks. [11]

Shooting

On the evening of 22 July 2016, David Sonboly opened fire at a McDonald's restaurant near the Olympia shopping mall in the Moosach district of Munich, Germany. [12] Despite initial reports of multiple attack sites, police could not confirm attacks in any locations other than the shopping area. [13]

Sonboly had made a fake Facebook account with a girl's name and posted four invitations to come to the restaurant, but "none of the addressees apparently complied". [14] He stayed in the restaurant from about 5pm. At about 5:50pm, he went into the toilets on the first floor, and left a manifesto on his laptop. At 17:58, took a handgun from his backpack. He then left the toilets and opened fire on a group of six teenagers sitting at a table, killing five and wounding another. Eighteen bullets were fired. [14] He immediately left the restaurant, turned to the right and began shooting at people fleeing towards an electronics shop and at two vehicles parked there. He fired sixteen bullets in this area, killing three people and wounding three others. [14] Sonboly then crossed Hanauer Strasse and slowly walked into the shopping mall, where he fatally shot another teenager near the lifts. [14]

At about 6pm, Sonboly walked from the shopping mall, over a covered footbridge to the adjoining multistorey car park. While on this bridge, he fired shots towards the parking deck and a passer-by, but hurt no one. He fired thirteen rounds at two unoccupied parked vehicles and walked onto the top parking deck. [14] There, Sonboly had an argument with a man who shouted at him from the balcony of his flat. During this argument, Sonboly fired two shots at the man. Another man, who was also on his balcony, was wounded by a rebounding bullet. [14] Sonboly fired three more times towards the mall and towards an employee, without hurting anyone. [14] Police officers spotted the gunman from an outdoor balcony of the mall, and one officer fired a shot from a submachine gun at him, but missed. [14]

Sonboly ran across Riesstraße and hid in a residential area. He tried to get into a house, and lingered in a stairwell, where he had contact with residents. He then hid in a bicycle storage room. At 8:26pm he went outside and was confronted by police officers, whereupon he fatally shot himself in the head. [14] [15] [16]

Early reports and videos

Map of shooting: (1) McDonald's, where the shooting started (2) Olympia shopping mall July2016-munich-shootings-map.png
Map of shooting:
(1) McDonald's, where the shooting started
(2) Olympia shopping mall

An early witness, identified only by her first name Lauretta, in talking to CNN correspondent Doug McConnell on the phone claimed that the gunman had shouted " Allahu Akbar !" [17] The woman's account has not been verified by other witnesses or the police, though it was widely disseminated in the media. [18]

A video distributed online showed a gunman firing at pedestrians outside McDonald's. He then moved on to the shopping mall itself. [15] [19] [20] [21] [22] Another video showed the gunman walking alone on the roof of a nearby car park before opening fire again. [23] He was heard shouting "I am German" (Ich bin Deutscher) and "I was born here" (Ich bin hier geboren) after an onlooker shouted anti-Turkish statements and other abuse at him. [24] [25] According to Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , the gunman also shouted back "Fucking Turks". [26] However, it is still not clear who started the anti-Turkish insults. [27]

Authorities' response

An urgent warning was issued to avoid the Karlsplatz ("Stachus"), due to reports of multiple shootings occurring there. Munich police had received information about an attack at Karlsplatz, but after arriving there, announced that the information was false. [28] [29] Drivers were advised not to pick up any passengers. People in Munich were warned by the police to stay at home and avoid crowds and public squares. [30]

Following initial reports of shots being fired, some 2,300 officers were deployed throughout Munich from the greater area and surrounding states. A manhunt was soon initiated. Munich police urged residents not to leave their homes until further notice. [1] The special operations police unit GSG 9 was deployed. [31] Other regions of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland were asked to assist in the investigation. [32] A backpack was found apparently matching the one carried by the gunman at McDonald's. Police reportedly used a robot to examine it, [33] and a total of 300 rounds of ammunition were found inside. [34] Police officials warned of "an acute terror situation" and initially thought that there were up to three attackers, but later confirmed that there was only one gunman. [15] [35]

The Munich U-Bahn, tram service, bus service, and services on the central portion of the S-Bahn in Munich were stopped. [36] [37] Munich main station was evacuated and all trains were cancelled in and out of Munich. Regional and inter-city trains ceased their service to and from the region of the shooting. [38] Deutsche Bahn provided accommodation trains for stranded commuters and tourists where they could seek refuge. These were located at Mammendorf, Starnberg, Geltendorf, Dachau, and Freising. [39]

Casualties

Nine victims and the perpetrator died in the incident; 16 others were injured, [7] four by gunshot. [40] Three of the dead were female, and six were male. [41] [42] [43] [44] Seven of the dead were Muslims. [45] Two of the victims were of Turkish origin, two victims were from German Sinti families and one was from a Kosovan Roma family. [46]

There have been claims that Sonboly deliberately targeted people of Turkish or Arab origin, groups he apparently felt had picked on him at school. [44] The state government initially said the victims were not chosen in any particular way and that Sonboly did not know any of them. [49] Police initially considered it a coincidence that all of the fatalities were of immigrant backgrounds; they suggested this may be because the McDonald's was frequented by the children of immigrants. [50]

In preparation for admitting the injured, multiple hospitals called their medical staff in to work outside normal working hours. A state of emergency was declared at the Rechts der Isar Hospital, where one of the injured victims died. [20]

Investigation

Munich police chief Hubertus Andrä said that the shooting appeared to be a "classic shooting rampage" and not terrorism. [16] Police said that the gunman was obsessed with mass shootings and that written material on such attacks was found in his room. [23] Prosecutor Steinkraus Koch said that the gunman had a book about school shootings called Why Kids Kill: Inside the Minds of School Shooters by Peter Langman. [16] No references to religion were found in documents in his home. [17] Andrä said that there was an "obvious" link between the shooting and the fifth anniversary of the 2011 Norway attacks committed by Anders Behring Breivik. [23] [51] However, a police search of the shooter's residence did not find the manifesto written and distributed by Breivik. [49] According to Abendzeitung , the shooter's own manifesto was found on his computer's hard disk. [52]

Police investigator Robert Heimberger said that the shooter appeared to have hacked a girl's Facebook account in an attempt to lure people to McDonald's with an offer of free food, [53] but it was later suspected that he had in fact simply created a fake Facebook account, not hacked an existing one. [54]

Authorities said that the gunman had been planning the shooting for a year and probably purchased his gun illegally on the darknet. [49] [55] It was said to be a "reactivated" Glock 17 9mm semi-automatic pistol that previously had been used as a theatre prop. [55] [56] [57] German police believe that the gun may have originated in Slovakia, and said that its serial number had been removed. [55]

On 25 July 2016, Munich police announced the arrest of a 16-year-old Afghan friend of the perpetrator who was being investigated on suspicion of failing to report the gunman's plans. [49] [58]

Nearly two years after the shooting, police opened an investigation into Sonboly's contact with William Atchison, perpetrator of the 2017 Aztec High School shooting, [59] [60] and with a boy in Gerlingen who planned a school shooting there. [61] Shortly after the Munich shooting, Atchison wrote an epitaph to Sonboly on Encyclopedia Dramatica, [62] calling him a "true Aryan" and "true German". [61] [63]

Perpetrator

David Sonboly (born Ali Sonboly; [5] 20 April 1998 – 22 July 2016) was an 18-year-old Iranian-German with dual nationality. [16] [64] The Munich Police Department said Sonboly was born and raised in Munich and had no criminal record. [33] [65] He lived in an apartment in the neighbourhood of Maxvorstadt with his parents and younger brother. [66] [67] [68] [69] He grew up in a secular household, according to his neighbours. [70] He had a part-time job distributing a local free newspaper. [71] Neighbours described him as a "polite boy". [70] [72]

German Interior Minister Thomas de Maizière said that he was the son of Shiite Muslims from Iran who came to Germany as asylum seekers in the 1990s. [17] [73] Sonboly's parents told police that their son had possibly converted to Christianity, but that he was not religious. [74] [75] In May 2016, Sonboly had his first name changed in all official documents from Ali to David. [5]

Possible motives

The report by the Bavarian State Office of Criminal Investigation and public prosecutor's office in March 2017 concluded that the shooting was not political, [76] saying that Sonboly's main motive was "revenge" for bullying, and that his mental illness and obsession with other shooting rampages were also a factor. [14] The Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, Germany's security agency, also believed he was a "psychologically ill avenger" rather than a terrorist. [77]

Sonboly had undergone psychiatric treatment [14] for depression, [23] anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. [76] In 2015, he had been treated for two months as an inpatient in a mental care facility. [49] He was largely isolated from his peers and suffered years of bullying by classmates, which included physical abuse. [14] A former classmate recalled, "We always "mobbed"[ sic ] him in school, and he always told us that he would kill us". [78] He developed a hatred for those of a similar age and background as those who bullied him, [14] mainly Turks and Albanians. He developed an "irrational worldview" in which he believed that the people he hated were infected with a virus and must be exterminated. [14] On the day of the shooting, Sonboly saved a document on his computer in which he wrote "The bullying will be paid back today". [76] During the shooting itself, he shouted that he had been bullied for seven years. [79]

Sonboly had an obsession with mass shootings and rampage killers; [14] he compiled a scrapbook of news clippings on mass shootings and owned several books on the subject. [72] [80] During his psychiatric treatment he repeatedly told fellow patients to refer to him as the 'Spree Killer'. [10] One incident that fascinated him was the Winnenden school shooting, and he visited Winnenden and took pictures there. [81] Sonboly was also fascinated by the 2011 Norway attacks perpetrated by Norwegian terrorist Anders Behring Breivik, and Sonboly's shooting was on its fifth anniversary. [76]

Sonboly voiced xenophobic views and support for the far-right. [10] Der Spiegel reported that fellow online video gamers said that Sonboly wrote anti-Turkish messages, admired Germany's right-wing AfD party, [82] and was "very nationalistic". [83] According to media reports, some of those who knew him said he considered himself part of the Aryan race, and boasted about sharing the same birthday as Adolf Hitler. [10] In light of this, several politicians urged the police to focus on his possible political motives. [10] In October 2017, a panel of three political scientists commissioned by Munich City Council concluded that Sonboly's shooting was partially driven by xenophobia and far-right ideology. [77] [84] Investigators, however, argued that his xenophobia stemmed from being bullied by other immigrants. [76]

The Bavarian State Office of Criminal Investigation commissioned another report into Sonboly's motives. In 2018 it concluded that the incident was a non-political shooting rampage driven by bullying, romantic rejection, and obsession with other mass shootings. [85] [86]

In October 2019, it was announced by the Bavarian police that the shooting was now also classified as a "politically motivated crime" that "was at least partly motivated by the right-wing extremist views of the perpetrator". [6]

Reactions

Domestic

Flowers laid at the mall after the shooting 2016 Munich shootings memorial 01.jpg
Flowers laid at the mall after the shooting
Olympia shopping mall (Olympia-Einkaufszentrum or OEZ) as seen in 2007 Olympia-Einkaufszentrum.jpg
Olympia shopping mall (Olympia-Einkaufszentrum or OEZ) as seen in 2007

Bavarian State Police urged the public not to publish online any photos or videos of the shooting. They provided a special upload platform which allowed witnesses to upload photos, audio, or video recordings directly in order to assist the investigation.[ citation needed ] Munich residents also used the Twitter hashtag #offeneTür (open door) to tell people in need of shelter where they could go. [1]

German Chancellor Angela Merkel addressed the victims' families in a press conference on 23 July by saying, "We suffer with you." She thanked the Munich residents who opened their doors for stranded people. [87] The Minister-President of Bavaria, Horst Seehofer, urged extreme caution against drawing premature conclusions and noted that optimisation of the security forces had to be considered. He said that he had spent more than four hours in the operations centre on 22 July, and thanked the forces for acting with professionalism and calm. The Interior Minister of Bavaria, Joachim Herrmann, announced an investigation into why there had been numerous false alarms. [88]

The German Depression-Help Trust (Stiftung Deutsche Depressionshilfe) warned of stigmatizing mentally ill people in reaction to the shooting. [89]

After the shooter was revealed to have been born in Germany, the right-wing politician André Poggenburg was condemned and mocked in German media for having previously blamed Merkel's open refugee policy for the shooting. [90]

International

The U.S. Department of State warned Americans in Munich to "shelter in place". [91] President Barack Obama said in a statement that he pledged support for those affected by the shooting. [33] [92] [93]

Czech Interior Minister Milan Chovanec said his country would reinforce its borders to prevent the perpetrator(s) from fleeing into that country, according to German television station n-tv. [32] The Czech Foreign Ministry set up an emergency hotline and urged Czechs to avoid public places. [94]

The Iranian Ministry of Foreign Affairs condemned the attack. The Ministry's spokesperson, Bahram Ghassemi, expressed condolences to the German government and nation, saying, "The killing of innocent and defenseless civilians has marked another blot on the human history". [95] [96]

Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras said that having a Greek citizen among the dead "binds us even more to the fight to eradicate hatred and terrorism in Europe". [44]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Munich massacre</span> 1972 Summer Olympics murder of Israeli athletes

The Munich massacre was a terrorist attack carried out during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, by eight members of the Palestinian militant organization Black September, who infiltrated the Olympic Village, killed two members of the Israeli Olympic team, and took nine others hostage. Black September called the operation "Iqrit and Biram", after two Palestinian Christian villages whose inhabitants were expelled by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. The Black September commander was Luttif Afif, who was also their negotiator. West German neo-Nazis gave the group logistical assistance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Erfurt school massacre</span> 2002 school shooting in Erfurt, Germany

The Erfurt massacre was a school shooting that occurred on 26 April 2002 at the Gutenberg-Gymnasium, a secondary school in Erfurt, Germany. 19-year-old expelled student Robert Steinhäuser shot and killed 16 people, including 13 staff members, two students, and one policeman before committing suicide. One person was also wounded by a bullet fragment. According to students, he ignored them and aimed only for the teachers and administrators, although two students were unintentionally killed by shots fired through a locked door.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Winnenden school shooting</span> 2009 school shooting in Winnenden, Germany

The Winnenden school shooting occurred on the morning of 11 March 2009 at the Albertville-Realschule, a secondary school in Winnenden, southwestern Germany, followed by a shootout at a car dealership in nearby Wendlingen. The shooting spree resulted in 16 deaths, including the suicide of the perpetrator, 17-year-old Tim Kretschmer, who had graduated from the school a year earlier. Nine people were injured during the incident.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eppstein school shooting</span> 1983 school shooting in West Germany

The Eppstein school shooting was a school shooting that occurred on 3 June 1983 at the Freiherr-vom-Stein Gesamtschule in Eppstein-Vockenhausen, West Germany. The gunman, 34-year-old Karel Charva, fatally shot three students, a teacher and a police officer and injured another 14 people using two semi-automatic pistols, before committing suicide.

The Ansbach school attack occurred on 17 September 2009 at the Gymnasium Carolinum, a secondary school in Ansbach, a town of some 40,000 inhabitants in Bavaria, Germany. The attacker was armed with Molotov cocktails and an axe. Fifteen people were injured in the attack, two of them severely. The attacker was also injured. Police arrived on the scene shortly after the attack began, shot the attacker, and took him into custody.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2010 Lörrach hospital shooting</span> Shooting in Lörrach, Germany

On 19 September 2010 in the small town of Lörrach, Germany, near the Swiss border, Sabine Radmacher, a 41-year-old woman, killed her five-year-old son and the boy's father, her ex-partner. She then crossed the street to St. Elisabethen Hospital, where she shot and stabbed one nurse, killing him, and also injuring eighteen others, including a police officer. Soon after, the woman was fatally shot by special police units.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Emsdetten school shooting</span> November 2006 school massacre attempt in Emsdetten, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany

The Emsdetten school shooting was a school shooting that occurred at the Geschwister-Scholl-Schule in Emsdetten, Germany on 20 November 2006 when 18-year-old former student Sebastian Bosse shot and wounded 8 people and set off several smoke bombs before committing suicide.

On 27 February 2013, a gunman opened fire at the Kronospan wood-processing plant in the Swiss town of Menznau, killing four people. Five others were wounded, two critically. The gunman died during a struggle where another worker defended himself by throwing a chair at the gunman, then grabbed with both arms the gunman, during the struggle the gunman shot himself, although it was unsure if this was intentional or unintentional.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Olympia-Einkaufszentrum</span> Shopping mall in Munich, Germany

The Olympia-Einkaufszentrum (OEZ) or Olympia shopping mall is a shopping mall opened in 1972. It is located in the Moosach district of Munich, Germany. The name comes from the simultaneous construction of the adjacent home of the press for the Summer Olympics in 1972. In 1993–94, the shopping centre was extended and modernized by the Munich architects Hans Baumgarten and Curt O. Schaller.

The 2016 Munich knife attack took place on 10 May 2016 when a 27-year-old mentally disturbed man stabbed four men, one of them fatally at Grafing station in the Upper Bavarian town of Grafing, some 32 kilometres (20 mi) from Munich, southern Germany. As the knifer reportedly shouted "Allahu Akbar" while stabbing the random victims, first reactions of the German and international media as well as the general public suspected an Islamist attack. On his arrest shortly after the attack, the perpetrator proved to be a mentally disturbed, unemployed carpenter with drug problems and no known ties to Islamist organizations. In August 2017, the Landgericht München II ruled the man to not be criminally liable of the crime and committed him to a closed psychiatric ward.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cascade Mall shooting</span> Mass shooting in Burlington, Washington

On September 23, 2016, a mass shooting occurred at Cascade Mall in Burlington, Washington, U.S. Five people were killed in the incident. The gunman was identified as Arcan Cetin, a 20-year-old who emigrated from Turkey as a child with his family. He was arrested the following day in Oak Harbor, Washington, his hometown. On September 26, he confessed to committing the shooting. On April 16, 2017, Cetin killed himself via hanging in his jail cell.

The Zürich Islamic center shooting occurred on 19 December 2016 in the Zürich Islamic Center in central Zürich. Three people were injured when a gunman opened fire in the center, though all survived. The perpetrator, who had stabbed a former friend to death the day prior to the shooting, died by suicide after fleeing the scene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2017 Aztec High School shooting</span> School shooting in Aztec, New Mexico

The Aztec High School shooting was a school shooting and murder–suicide that occurred on December 7, 2017, at Aztec High School in Aztec, New Mexico, United States. The perpetrator, William Atchison, a 21-year-old former student, entered the school in the morning disguised as a student and hid in the school restroom. He was discovered before he could launch a major attack, but fatally shot two students before killing himself. Investigators believe that the quick actions of the teachers in barricading doors to the classrooms helped prevent mass casualties.

The 2018 Toronto shooting, known locally as the Danforth shooting, was a mass shooting that occurred on Danforth Avenue in the Greektown neighbourhood of Toronto, Ontario, Canada on the night of July 22, 2018. Faisal Hussain killed two people and wounded thirteen using a Smith & Wesson M&P .40-calibre handgun. He died by suicide after a shootout with Toronto Police Service (TPS) officers. Despite a year long investigation, authorities were unable to determine a motive for the shooting. They noted that Hussain had mental health issues and a long time obsession with violence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2020 Nova Scotia attacks</span> Series of murders in Canada

On April 18 and 19, 2020, 51-year-old Gabriel Wortman committed multiple shootings and set fires at 16 locations in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, killing 22 people and injuring three others before he was shot and killed by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) in Enfield.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Heidelberg University shooting</span> 2022 mass shooting in a German university

The Heidelberg University shooting occurred on 24 January 2022, when an 18-year-old male student, Nikolai G., opened fire on a crowd during an ongoing lecture in Heidelberg University in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, killing one student and injuring three others. The shooter then fled the scene and later committed suicide by shooting himself.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Munich shooting: Police say nine dead as manhunt continues". BBC News. 22 July 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  2. ↑ "Auf einen Blick: Was über den Amoklauf von München bekannt ist" [At a glance: What is known about the rampage at Munich]. Augsburger Allgemeine (in German). 23 July 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  3. ↑ "Bayerische Polizei - Fortentwicklung der Ermittlungen zum Amoklauf in München" [Bavarian police - Evolution of the investigation into the massacre in Munich]. Polizei Bayern (in German). 28 July 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  4. ↑ "Münchner Polizei bearbeitet rund 1750 Hinweise zu Amoklauf" [Munich police processed some 1,750 Notes on rampage]. Welt Online (in German). 28 July 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  5. 1 2 3 "David? Ali David? Wie lautet der Name des Amokläufers von München?" [David? Ali David? What is the Munich gunman's name?]. Süddeutsche Zeitung (in German). 29 July 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
  6. 1 2 3 "Germany: 2016 Munich attack had 'radical right-wing' motives, say police". Deutsche Welle, 25 October 2019.
  7. 1 2 Catherine E. Shoichet; Ralph Ellis; Jason Hanna (22 July 2016). "Munich shooting: 9 victims, gunman dead". CNN. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
  8. ↑ "Amokläufer David S.: Einsam, krank und fest entschlossen" [Gunman David S.: decided lonely, sick and laid]. Der Spiegel (in German). 24 July 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  9. ↑ Hell, Peter; Lutteroth, Jule; Neumann, Conny (24 July 2016). "Münchner Amokläufer David S.: Er nannte sich Hass" [Munich spree killer David S.: He identified as 'Hate']. Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved 27 July 2016.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 "Munich shooter liked Nazis, Breivik, identified as Aryan, says report". Deutsche Welle, 22 July 2017.
  11. ↑ Dafinger, Johannes; Florin, Moritz (2022). A Transnational History of Right Wing Terrorism: Political Violence and the Far Right in Eastern and Western Europe since 1900. United Kingdom: Routledge. p. 221.
  12. ↑ Fenton, Siobhan (22 July 2016). "Munich shooting: 'Shots fired' at OEZ shopping centre in German city" . The Independent. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  13. ↑ "Shooter who killed 9 in Munich was 18-year-old with dual Iranian German nationality". Washington Post. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Investigations to the Munich killing spree completed. Bavarian State Office of Criminal Investigation. 17 March 2017.
  15. 1 2 3 Aisch, Gregor; Keller, Josh; Lai, K.K.Rebecca; Omri, Rudy; Pearce, Adam; Shaver, Julie; Singhvi, Anjali; Yourish, Karen (22 July 2016). "What Happened in the Shootings in Munich". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Osborne, Samuel (23 July 2016). "Munich shooting: Ali David Sonboly identified as gunman behind shopping centre attack" . The Independent. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  17. 1 2 3 Hume, Tim; Karimi, Faith; Elwazer, Schams (23 July 2016). "Munich shooting: Attacker researched rampage killings, police say". CNN. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  18. ↑ Probst, Nina (25 July 2016). "Berichterstattung zum Amoklauf: Wenn Gerüchte zu Fakten werden" [Reporting the massacre: If rumors to facts]. Münchner Merkur (in German). Retrieved 27 July 2016.
  19. ↑ "Munich police chief Hubertus Andrä: Suspect is 18-year-old German-Iranian from Munich". The Washington Post . 22 July 2016. Archived from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  20. 1 2 "Tote bei Schüssen an Einkaufszentrum – offenbar Schüsse am Stachus" [Deaths in shooting at shopping mall – apparently shots at Stachus]. Die Welt (in German). 22 July 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2016– via Welt Online.
  21. ↑ Barfuss, Thore; Tann, Marie von der (22 July 2016). "Täter hat sich vermutlich selbst getötet und alleine gehandelt" [Offender has probably killed himself and acted alone]. Die Welt (in German). Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  22. ↑ "Täter soll 18-jähriger Deutsch-Iraner sein" [Shooter allegedly of German-Iranian descent]. Die Welt (in German). 22 July 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2016– via Welt Online.
  23. 1 2 3 4 "Munich gunman 'obsessed with mass shootings'". BBC News. 23 July 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  24. ↑ "Angeblicher Todesschütze schreit: "Ich bin Deutscher!"" [Alleged gunman shouted: "I'm German!"]. Heute (in German). 22 July 2016. Archived from the original on 25 July 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  25. ↑ Malkin, Bonnie (23 July 2016). "'I am German': Munich gunman in furious exchange with bystander". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  26. ↑ "Amokläufer von München war Rechtsextremist" [Gunman from Munich was right-wing extremist]. FAZ (in German). 27 July 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
  27. ↑ "I am German: Munich gunman took part in shouting match during attack". The Guardian . 23 July 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  28. ↑ "Munich police verifying info on possible attack at Karlsplatz square". Azerbaijani Vision. 23 July 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  29. ↑ "Police hunt for motive in Munich shooting that killed 9". Fox News. 23 July 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
  30. ↑ "Emergency Message for U.S. Citizens: Shots Fired at Multiple Locations in Munich". U.S. Embassy and Consulates in Germany. 22 July 2016. Archived from the original on 23 July 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  31. ↑ "Akute Terrorlage – drei Täter auf der Flucht, GSG 9 im Einsatz" [Acute terror situation – three perpetrators on the run, GSG 9 deployed]. Die Welt (in German). 22 July 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  32. 1 2 "Gunman 'kills himself' after Munich shooting". BBC News. 22 July 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  33. 1 2 3 Grierson, Jamie; Malkin, Bonnie; Woolf, Nicky; Rawlinson, Kevin (22 July 2016). "Munich shooting: gunman researched school killing sprees before rampage – as it happened". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  34. ↑ Sengupta, Kim (23 July 2016). "Munich shooting: Gunman Ali David Sonboly was 'obsessed' with mass killings, say police" . The Independent. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  35. ↑ Shoichet, Catherine E.; Ellis, Ralph; Hanna, Jason (22 July 2016). "Munich shooting: 9 victims, gunman dead, police say". CNN. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  36. ↑ "Betrieb bei U-Bahn, Bus und Tram eingestellt!" [Operation at metro, bus and tram stopped!]. MVG (in German). 15 December 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  37. ↑ "Aktuelle Betriebslage" [Current traffic conditions]. S-bahn-muenchen.de (in German). 22 July 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  38. ↑ "1278. Terrorverdacht in München" [Terror warning in Munich]. Polizei Bayern (in German). 22 July 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  39. ↑ "Bahn stellt nach Anschlag in München Übernachtungszüge bereit" [Bahn to provide hotel trains in Munich]. Bild (in German). 22 July 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  40. ↑ "Polizei aktualisiert Verletztenzahlen" [Police update injured figures] (in German). n-tv. 24 July 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
  41. ↑ Rothwell, James; Heighton, Luke (23 July 2016). "Who are the victims of the Munich shopping mall shooting?". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  42. ↑ "Foreign Ministry announcement on the death of a Greek citizen in yesterday's attack in Munich". Hellenic Republic Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 23 July 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  43. ↑ "Magyar állampolgárságú fiú az egyik áldozat" [Hungarian citizenship son of one of the victims]. Kormányzat (in Hungarian). 23 July 2016. Archived from the original on 26 July 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  44. 1 2 3 Johnston, Chris (23 July 2016). "Who were the Munich shooting victims? Eight of nine dead under 20 years old". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  45. ↑ Nina Job (Juli 26, 2016). "Hier trauern die Angehörigen um die OEZ-Opfer" [Here the relatives mourn the OEZ victims]. Abendzeitung .
  46. ↑ "Zentralrat Deutscher Sinti und Roma trauert um die Opfer des Münchner Anschlags – Drei Angehörige von Sinti und Roma unter den Opfern" [Central Council of German Sinti and Roma mourns the victims of the Munich attack - Three members of the Sinti and Roma among the victims]. Zentralrat (in German). 28 July 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
  47. ↑ "Lo sportivo e il piccolo eroe, chi erano le vittime di Monaco" [The sportsman and the little hero, who were the victims of Munich]. AGI. 24 July 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  48. ↑ "Munich shootings: Who were the victims?". BBC News. 24 July 2016. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
  49. 1 2 3 4 5 "Munich shooting: David Sonboly 'planned attack for year'". BBC Sport. 24 July 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
  50. ↑ "Ali S. hatte eigenes Manifest verfasst" [Ali S. had written own manifesto]. Die Zeit. 24 July 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
  51. ↑ Alexander, Harriet; Henderson, Barney; Palazzo, Chiara; Heighton, Luke; Rothwell, James; Weise, Zia; Turner, Camilla; Huggler, Justin (23 July 2016). "Munich shooting: Teenage killer Ali Sonboly 'inspired by far-right terrorist Anders Breivik' and 'used Facebook offer of free McDonald's food to lure victims'". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  52. ↑ "Freund (16) des Amokläufers aus U-Haft entlassen!" [Friend (16) of the gunman released from custody!]. Abendzeitung (in German). 25 July 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  53. ↑ Bult, Laura (23 July 2016). "Teen Munich shooter who killed nine and wounded 27 others was 'obsessed' with mass shootings, hacked Facebook account to lure young victims". Daily News . New York. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  54. ↑ Marjanovic, Stéphanie Jenzer und Petar (23 July 2016). "Münchner Amoktäter lockte Opfer via Facebook". Blick (in Swiss High German). Retrieved 30 June 2022.
  55. 1 2 3 Bender, Ruth; Alessi, Christopher (24 July 2016). "Munich Shooter Likely Bought Reactivated Pistol on Dark Net". The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  56. ↑ "München: Amokschütze plante die Tat seit einem Jahr" [Munich: gunman planned action for a year]. Der Spiegel (in German). 24 July 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
  57. ↑ "LKA: David S. hat Amoklauf seit einem Jahr geplant" [LKA: David S. planned rampage for a year]. Süddeutsche Zeitung (in German). 24 July 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
  58. ↑ Polizeipräsidium München (24 July 2016). "Festnahme eines 16 jährigen Afghanen im erweiterten Zusammenhang mit dem Amoklauf – Laim..." [Arrest 16 Year Afghans in the extended connection with the rampage – Laim...] (in German). Facebook. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  59. ↑ "Verbindungen des OEZ-Attentäters David S. in die USA" [Connections of the OEZ assassin David S. in the USA]. Written inquiry of Katharina Schulze from Mai 2, 2018 with answers of the Bavarian Ministry of the Interior with understanding of the Bavarian Ministry of Justice from 24 July 2018.
  60. ↑ Joshua Kellogg (17 April 2018). "Aztec school shooter reached out to other school shooters, planned killings online". Farmington Daily Times .
  61. 1 2 Martin Bernstein (Mai 15, 2018). "Das Netzwerk der Todesschützen" [The network of gunmen]. Süddeutsche Zeitung .
  62. ↑ Brandy Zadrozny, Ben Collins (Dezember 19, 2017) "New Mexico School Shooter Had Secret Life on Pro-Trump White-Supremacy Sites". The Daily Beast .
  63. ↑ az/rah (Mai 16, 2018). "Rechte Fanatiker feiern im Netz den Schützen vom OEZ" [Right-wing fanatics celebrate in the net the shooter of the OEZ]. Abendzeitung .
  64. ↑ "Was über den Schützen bekannt ist" [What is known about the shooter]. Süddeutsche Zeitung (in German). 23 July 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  65. ↑ "Munich shooting: Gunman acted alone, say police". BBC News. 22 July 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  66. ↑ "Who Was The Teen Munich Killer?". Sky News. 23 July 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  67. ↑ Poltz, Joern; Strohecker, Karin (23 July 2016). "Munich gunman fixated on mass killing, had no Islamist ties". Reuters. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  68. ↑ Jenzer, Stéphanie; Marjanovic, Petar (22 July 2016). "Münchner Amok lockte seine Opfer per Facebook zum McDonald's" [Munich Amok lured his victims via Facebook for McDonald's] (in German). Blick. Archived from the original on 23 July 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  69. ↑ Phoenix (23 July 2016). "Anschlag in München: Pressekonferenz von Polizei und Staatsanwaltschaft am 23.07.2016". YouTube.
  70. 1 2 Callimachi, Rukmini; Eddy, Melissa (24 July 2016). "Munich Killer Was Troubled, but Had No Terrorist Ties, Germany Says". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
  71. ↑ Schmidt, Janek (23 July 2016). "'He seemed like a lazy guy': locals describe Munich shooter Ali Sonboly". The Guardian . Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  72. 1 2 Rothwell, James; Huggler, Justin; Finnigan, Lexi (23 July 2016). "Ali Sonboly: Everything we know about the Munich gunman". The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  73. ↑ "Man armed with machete kills woman in Germany". Deutsche Well. Retrieved 24 July 2016. Germany is on edge following a deadly shooting spree in Munich two days ago, and a separate stabbing rampage on a Bavarian train last week. In both cases, attackers were teenagers with Muslim backgrounds.
  74. ↑ Henderson, David (23 July 2016). "Munich gunman lured victims with a fake offer of free McDonald's meals". The National. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
  75. ↑ "Munich gunman 'obsessed' with mass killings". Agence France-Presse. 24 July 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
  76. 1 2 3 4 5 "Revenge or racism? Report raises questions about Munich shooter's motives". The Local. 9 June 2017.
  77. 1 2 "Munich shooting: Gunman had ideological motivations, say experts". Deutsche Welle, 4 October 2017.
  78. ↑ Agerholm, Harriet (24 July 2016). "The chilling words Munich gunman Ali Sonboly told his classmates before killing 9 people" . The Independent. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
  79. ↑ Watkinson, William (23 July 2016). "Teenage Munich gunman yelled 'I was bullied for 7 years' after opening fire in a McDonald's". The International Business Times. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  80. ↑ Schmidt, Janek; Connolly, Kate; Graham-Harrison, Emma (23 July 2016). "Munich killer was bullied teenage loner who had obsession with mass murder". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  81. ↑ "Amoklauf in München – Waffe aus dem Darknet" [Rampage in Munich – weapon from the darknet]. Süddeutsche Zeitung (in German). 24 July 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
  82. ↑ "Amokläufer David S.: Einsam, krank und fest entschlossen" [Gunman David S.: decided lonely, sick and laid]. Der Spiegel (in German). 24 July 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  83. ↑ Hell, Peter; Lutteroth, Jule; Neumann, Conny (24 July 2016). "Münchner Amokläufer David S.: Er nannte sich Hass" [Munich spree killer David S.: He identified as 'Hate']. Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved 27 July 2016.
  84. ↑ Lena Kampf, Kassian Stroh (Oktober 3, 2017). "Ich bin kein Kanake, ich bin Deutscher!" [I am not a Kanake, I am German]. Süddeutsche Zeitung .
  85. ↑ "Amoklauf von München: Gutachten zu möglichen Motiven jetzt öffentlich". Tz, 27 July 2018.
  86. ↑ Rampage in Munich on 22.07.2016 - presentation of the report by Mrs. Prof. Dr. med. Bannberg. Bavarian State Office of Criminal Investigation. 27 July 2018.
  87. ↑ "Wir leiden mit Ihnen" [We suffer with you]. Die Zeit (in German). 23 July 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
  88. ↑ "Wir brauchen einen starken Staat" [We need a strong state]. n-tv.de (in German). 23 July 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
  89. ↑ "Führen Depressionen in den Amoklauf?" [Run depression in the rampage?]. Frankfurter Allgemeine (in German). 24 July 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
  90. ↑ "Pure reason. How Germans handle terror. In the face of a rash of attacks, Germans are staying remarkably calm". The Economist . 27 July 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  91. ↑ Chan, Rosalie (22 July 2016). "8 Dead in Munich Shooting". Time. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  92. ↑ "Obama pledges support to Germany in wake of Munich shooting". The Jerusalem Post. 22 July 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  93. ↑ McCaskell, Nolan D. (22 July 2016). "White House condemns 'apparent terrorist attack' in Munich". Politico . Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  94. ↑ "Německo: střelba v Mnichově 22.7.2016 – aktualizace" [Germany: Shooting in Munich 22 July 2016 – Update] (in Czech). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic. 22 July 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  95. ↑ "Iran Condemns Munich Shooting Attack". Tasnim News. 23 July 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  96. ↑ "Iran condemns Munich mall attack by Iranian-German youth". The Times of Israel . 23 July 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.