9000 Hal

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9000 Hal
Discovery  [1]
Discovered by E. Bowell
Discovery site Anderson Mesa Stn.
Discovery date3 May 1981
Designations
(9000) Hal
Pronunciation /ˈhæl/
Named after
 HAL 9000   [1]
(Fictional supercomputer)
1981 JO ·1975 VH3
1981 JJ3 ·1995 US3
main-belt   [1] [2]  ·(inner)
background   [3]  · Flora   [4]
Orbital characteristics   [2]
Epoch 23 March 2018 (JD 2458200.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc 41.49 yr (15,156 d)
Aphelion 2.6955 AU
Perihelion 1.7648 AU
2.2301 AU
Eccentricity 0.2087
3.33 yr (1,216 d)
328.38°
0° 17m 45.24s / day
Inclination 6.2618°
226.61°
79.871°
Physical characteristics
Mean diameter
3.61±0.78  km [5]
4.11 km(calculated) [4]
4.134±0.935 km [6] [7]
22.68±0.02  h (poor) [8]
908 h [9]
0.24(assumed) [4]
0.26±0.13 [5]
0.375±0.184 [6] [7]
S (assumed) [4]
13.6 [7]
14.0 [2]
14.1 [4]
14.35±0.66 [10]
14.42 [5]

    9000 Hal, provisional designation 1981 JO, is a stony background asteroid and slow rotator from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 4 kilometers (2.5 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 3 May 1981, by American astronomer Edward Bowell at Lowell's Anderson Mesa Station near Flagstaff, Arizona, in the United States. [1] The likely elongated S-type asteroid has an exceptionally long rotation period of 908 hours. [4] It was named after the homicidal supercomputer HAL 9000, featured in the 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey . [1]

    Contents

    Orbit and classification

    Hal is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. [3] Based on osculating Keplerian orbital elements, the asteroid has also been classified as a member of the Flora family ( 402 ), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt. [4]

    Hal orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.8–2.7  AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,216 days; semi-major axis of 2.23 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic. [2] The asteroid was first observed as 1975 VH3 at Crimea–Nauchnij in November 1975. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Anderson Mesa in May 1981. [1]

    Physical characteristics

    Hal is an assumed stony S-type asteroid, based on the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link's (CALL) classification into the Flora family. [4]

    Rotation period

    In August 2008, a rotational lightcurve of Hal was obtained from photometric observations by Slovak astronomers Adrián Galád, Jozef Világi, Leonard Kornoš and Štefan Gajdoš at Modra Observatory. [9] Lightcurve analysis gave an exceptionally long rotation period of 908 hours with a high brightness variation of 0.9 magnitude ( U=2+ ). This makes Hal one of the slowest rotators known to exist. In addition, the body's high brightness amplitude is indicative of a non-spherical shape.

    An alternative measurement by French amateur astronomers Pierre Antonini and René Roy gave a much shorter period of 22.68 hours. [8] The result, however, is considered of poor quality by CALL ( U=1 ). [4]

    Diameter and albedo

    According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Hal measures between 3.61 and 4.134 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.26 and 0.375. [5] [6] [7] CALL assumes an albedo of 0.24 – derived from 8 Flora, the Flora family's parent body – and calculates a diameter of 4.11 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 14.1. [4]

    Naming

    This minor planet was named after the fictional supercomputer Hal 9000, featured in both Arthur C. Clarke's novel and Stanley Kubrick's movie 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968). [1] HAL stands for Heuristically programmed Algorithmic computer. It is one of the best-known artificial intelligence characters in modern movies. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 4 May 1999 ( M.P.C. 34628). [11] The asteroid 4923 Clarke and 10221 Kubrick were named after the writer and movie director, respectively.

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    References

    1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "9000 Hal (1981 JO)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
    2. 1 2 3 4 "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 9000 Hal (1981 JO)" (2017-05-01 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory . Retrieved 16 May 2018.
    3. 1 2 "Asteroid 9000 Hal". Small Bodies Data Ferret. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
    4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "LCDB Data for (9000) Hal". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 16 May 2018.
    5. 1 2 3 4 Nugent, C. R.; Mainzer, A.; Bauer, J.; Cutri, R. M.; Kramer, E. A.; Grav, T.; et al. (September 2016). "NEOWISE Reactivation Mission Year Two: Asteroid Diameters and Albedos". The Astronomical Journal. 152 (3): 12. arXiv: 1606.08923 . Bibcode:2016AJ....152...63N. doi: 10.3847/0004-6256/152/3/63 .
    6. 1 2 3 Masiero, Joseph R.; Mainzer, A. K.; Grav, T.; Bauer, J. M.; Cutri, R. M.; Dailey, J.; et al. (November 2011). "Main Belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE. I. Preliminary Albedos and Diameters". The Astrophysical Journal. 741 (2): 20. arXiv: 1109.4096 . Bibcode:2011ApJ...741...68M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/68. S2CID   118745497.
    7. 1 2 3 4 Mainzer, A.; Grav, T.; Masiero, J.; Hand, E.; Bauer, J.; Tholen, D.; et al. (November 2011). "NEOWISE Studies of Spectrophotometrically Classified Asteroids: Preliminary Results". The Astrophysical Journal. 741 (2): 25. arXiv: 1109.6407 . Bibcode:2011ApJ...741...90M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90. S2CID   35447010. (catalog)
    8. 1 2 Behrend, Raoul. "Asteroids and comets rotation curves – (9000) Hal". Geneva Observatory. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
    9. 1 2 Galad, Adrian; Vilagi, Jozef; Kornos, Leonard; Gajdos, Stefan (July 2009). "Relative Photometry of Nine Asteroids from Modra". The Minor Planet Bulletin. 36 (3): 116–118. Bibcode:2009MPBu...36..116G. ISSN   1052-8091.
    10. ↑ Veres, Peter; Jedicke, Robert; Fitzsimmons, Alan; Denneau, Larry; Granvik, Mikael; Bolin, Bryce; et al. (November 2015). "Absolute magnitudes and slope parameters for 250,000 asteroids observed by Pan-STARRS PS1 - Preliminary results". Icarus. 261: 34–47. arXiv: 1506.00762 . Bibcode:2015Icar..261...34V. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.007. S2CID   53493339.
    11. ↑ "MPC/MPO/MPS Archive". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
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