Abd el-Krim

For other uses, see Abdul Karim.

Abd el-Krim
عبد الكريم
Abd el-Krim in 1922
President of the Republic of the Rif
In office 18 September 1921 –27 May 1926

Abd el-Krim boarding a train in Fes on his way to exile

Following his surrender Abd el-Krim was exiled to the island of Réunion (a French territory in the Indian Ocean) from 1926 to 1947, where he was "given a comfortable estate and generous annual subsidiary", before ending up in Cairo. ^[25] In exile, he continued his fierce anti-Western rhetoric, and he pushed to keep western trends from encroaching on Moroccan culture.

Abd el-Krim supported Arab nationalist causes. During the French Indochina War from 1946 to 1954, he corresponded with Ho Chi Minh and called on North African soldiers serving for France to desert to the Viet Minh. He encouraged and supported the Algerian National Liberation Front insurgents during the Algerian War from 1954 to 1962. ^[31] Abd el-Krim defined the Maghreb as "indissolubly part of Arab countries" and "having owed its existence to Islam," which he saw as an Arab and Muslim region. ^[32]

In 1947, Abd el-Krim was given permission to live in the south of France after he had been released on health grounds; however, during his transfer he was freed from his French keepers and escorted to Cairo by Moroccan nationalists. There he received a "hero's welcome" as an important figure of the Arab independence from European colonial rule and was celebrated in international media, thereby drawing attention to the ongoing Moroccan struggle for independence. ^[33] He was nominally appointed as head of the Liberation Committee of the Arab Maghreb. ^[2] The Liberation Committee was established on 5 July 1948 with Abd el-Krim at its head, with its charter stating "The Arab Maghreb lived and will live with Islam and will proceed with Islam with its future, moreover it is indissolubly part of the Arab world, and its cooperation with the Arab League is natural and a necessity." ^[34]

Abd el-Krim's flight to Egypt drew global attention to the Moroccan independence movement, highlighting the broader anti-colonial sentiment and the pivotal role of Cairo as a center of transnational activism. This escape not only represented the determination and resilience of the Moroccan independence movement but also helped rally support from both local and international communities, further integrating diverse individuals and groups into the advocacy network of Moroccan nationalists. The incident emphasizes the significance of charismatic and symbolic figures in mobilizing support for national issues and strategically using international platforms to amplify their message. ^[35]

After Morocco gained independence in 1956, Mohammed V of Morocco invited him back to Morocco. He refused as long as French forces were on North African soil. ^[2]

Death

He died in 1963, just after he had seen his hopes of a Maghreb independent of colonial powers completed by the independence of Algeria. ^[25]

Family

Abd el-Krim had 6 sons and 5 daughters from two different women. ^{[36] [37]}

On 20 September 2023, Aicha El Khattabi, the daughter of the late Mohamed Ben Abdelkrim El Khattabi, passed away at the age of 81 in Casablanca. ^{[38] [39]} Her funeral took place 2 days later on a Friday, which was attended by Prince Moulay Rachid. ^[40] The body of the deceased was buried in the Errahma cemetery, after the Dhuhr and funeral prayers. ^[41]

Honors and awards

•  Spain:
  • Order of Isabella the Catholic (Spain; Knight's Cross; 1910) ^[42]
  • Cross of Military Merit (Spain; Grand Cross - Red Decoration; 1910) ^[42]
  • Cross of Military Merit (Spain; Grand Cross - White Decoration; 1910) ^[43]
  • Medalla de África (Spain; Medal; 1910) ^[43]
  • Medalla de la Paz de Marruecos (Spain; Medal; 1910) ^[43]
•  Tunisia:
  • Order of the Republic of Tunisia (Tunisia; Grand Cross; 1960) ^[43]

Sources

• Asprey, R.B. (2002) War in the Shadows: The Guerrilla in History, iUniverse Publishing. ISBN   0595225942.
• Boyd, C. (1979) Praetorian Politics in Liberal Spain, University of North Carolina Press: Chapel Hill, North Carolina. ISBN   0807813680.
• Carr, R. (1980) Modern Spain: 1875-1980, Oxford University Press: Oxford. ISBN   0192158287.
• Castro, F., Ramonet, I. & Hurley, A. (2008) Fidel Castro: My Life: a Spoken Autobiography, Scribner: New York. ISBN   978-1-4165-5328-1.
• Cowley, R. & Parker, G. (eds.) (1996) The Reader's Companion to Military History, Houghton Mifflin: Boston. ISBN   9780395669693.
• Er, Mevliyar (2015), "Abd-el-Krim al-Khattabi: The Unknown Mentor of Che Guevara", Terrorism and Political Violence , 27 (5): 137–159, doi:10.1080/09546553.2014.997355, S2CID   145622371
• Hart, D.M. (1976) The Aith Waryaghar of the Moroccan Rif, History Fund Publications: Tucson, Arizona. ISBN   978-0816504527.
• Keegan, J. & Wheatcroft, A. (2014) Who's Who in Military History: From 1453 to the Present Day, Routledge Publishing: New York. ISBN   1136414169.
• Pennell, C.R. (2004). "Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Karīm". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam . Vol. XII (2nd ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. BRILL. ISBN   9004139745.
• Pierson, Peter. (1999) The History of Spain, Greenwood Press: Westport, Connecticut. ISBN   978-0-313-30272-5.
• Roger-Mathieu, J., ed. (1927), Abdelkrim, Mémoires d'Abd el Krim (in French), Paris: Librairie des Champs Elysées
• Ruedy, John (1996), Islamism and Secularism in North Africa, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN   0-312-16087-9
• Tahtah, M (1999), Entre pragmatisme, réformisme et modernisme: Le rôle politico-religieux des Khattabi dans le Rif (Maroc) jusqu'à 1926 (in French), Leuven: Peeters

References

1. Tahtah 1999, p. 143.
2. "Abd el-Krim" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. I: A-Ak - Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2010. pp.  18. ISBN   978-1-59339-837-8.
3. Montagne, Robert (1947). "Abd el Krim". Politique étrangère. 12 (3): 301–324. doi:10.3406/polit.1947.5495.
4. Pennell 2004, p. 634.
5. Castro, Fidel; Ramonet, Ignacio. Fidel Castro: My Life - A Spoken Autobiography. Translated by Hurley, Andrew. p. 680.
6. Er 2015, pp. 1–23.
7. Heptulla, Najma (1991). Indo-West Asian Relations: The Nehru Era. Allied Publishers. ISBN   978-81-7023-340-4.
8. "Abd el-Krim | Berber Leader, Moroccan Resistance Fighter | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
9. de Madariaga, María Rosa (2021). "La figure d'Abdelkrim Al Khattabi à la hauteur de notre temps". NAQD (in French). Hors-série 5 (1): 15–24. doi:10.3917/naqd.hs5.0015. ISSN   1111-4371.
10. Hart, pp. 370-371.
11. Miège, J.-L. (1 November 1984). "'Abd el-Krim". Encyclopédie berbère (in French) (1): 73–77. doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1231. ISSN   1015-7344.
12. Abd-el-Krim (30 June 2022). Mémoires d'Abd-el-Krim (in French). Héritage. p. 53. ISBN   978-2-493295-45-3.
13. Tahtah, Mohamed (1995). Entre pragmatisme, réformisme et modernisme: le rôle politico-religieux des Khattabi dans le Rif (Maroc) jusqu'à 1926 (in French). Rijkuniversiteit te Leiden. pp. 21, 64.
14. Montagne, Robert (1947). "Abd el Krim". Politique étrangère. 12 (3): 301–324. doi:10.3406/polit.1947.5495.
15. El Khattabi, Mohamed ben Abdelkrim; Galissot, René; Rosa de Madariaga, Maria (2017). Mémoires de la Réunion (in French). Translated by El Azzemouri, Thami. Rabat: Bouregreg. pp. 24–27. ISBN   9789954970607.
16. Akher Saa : 1935 - 1952. January 1935.
17. Marmié, Nicolas (30 November 2009). "Attention, danger !". Jeune Afrique .
18. Roger-Mathieu 1927, p. 56.
19. Tahtah 1999, p. 144.
20. Sánchez Pérez 1973, p. 137.
21. La Porte 2017, p. 516.
22. Boyd, p. 175.
23. Carr, p. 94.
24. Ruedy 1996, p. 59.
25. Pierson, pp. 126-127.
26. Asprey, pp. 267-274.
27. Gájate Bajo, María (2013). "El desastre de Annual. El pleito de las responsabilidades en la gran prensa (1921 - 1923)". Revista Universitaria de Historia Militar. 2 (3): 119–138. ISSN   2254-6111.
28. The date of surrender is in dispute, as some sources say 27 May.
29. Cowley & Parker, p. 1.
30. Keegan & Wheatcroft, p. 2.
31. Martel, Gordon (17 January 2012). The Encyclopedia of War, 5 Volume Set. John Wiley & Sons. p. 3. ISBN   978-1-4051-9037-4.
32. Hannoum, Abdelmajid (10 June 2021). The Invention of the Maghreb: Between Africa and the Middle East. Cambridge University Press. p. 247. ISBN   978-1-108-95211-8.
33. Stenner, David (2019). Globalizing Morocco : transnational activism and the post-colonial state. Stanford, California. p. 67. ISBN   978-1-5036-0900-6. OCLC   1082294927.
34. بوسيافة, رشيد ولد; السياسات, المركز العربي للأبحاث ودراسة (1 January 2021). جامعة الدول العربية وحركات التحرر في المغرب العربي: 1962- 1952 (الجزائر أنموذجًا) (in Arabic). المركز العربي للأبحاث ودراسة السياسات. p. 51. ISBN   978-614-445-408-4.
35. Stenner, David (2019). Globalizing Morocco. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 53–84. ISBN   978-1503608115.
36. "الاستاذ المحاسب المرحوم حسن وصفي محمد وصفي". Al Ahram. 11 November 2001. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
37. "الاميرة‏/‏ مني محمد عبد الكريم الخطابي". Al Ahram. 8 April 2008. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
38. Ntungwabona, Ahmed (23 September 2023). "King Mohammed VI Extends Condolences to Family of Late Aicha El Khattabi". Morocco World News. p. 1. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
39. "Au Maroc, disparition de Aïcha El Khattabi, fille d'Abdelkrim – Jeune Afrique". JeuneAfrique.com (in French). 22 September 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
40. "Late Aïcha El Khattabi Was a Patriot Viscerally Attached to Constants of the Kingdom (Associative Actors) | MapNews". www.mapnews.ma. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
41. "Funeral in Casablanca of Late Aïcha El Khattabi, in Presence of Prince Moulay Rachid – The North Africa Post" . Retrieved 25 September 2023.
42. "Cien años de 'El desastre de Annual' (VII): Abd el-Krim, de estudiante en Salamanca a caudillo rifeño". El Cierre Digital. 28 July 2021.
43. "Abd el-Krim: el oscuro pasado de amor a España que avergonzó al diablo del Rif". ABC. 21 May 2020.

Bibliography

• La Porte, Pablo (2017). "La espiral irresistible: la Gran Guerra y el Protectorado español en Marruecos". Hispania Nova. 15. Getafe: Universidad Carlos III de Madrid: 500–526. doi: 10.20318/hn.2017.3499 . ISSN   1138-7319.
• Sánchez Pérez, Andrés (1973). "Adbelkrim" (PDF). Revista de Historia Militar . XVII (34). Madrid: Ministerio de Defensa: 123–158. ISSN   0482-5748.

Further reading

• Abdelkrim, Mémoires d'Abd el Krim / recueillis par J. Roger-Mathieu, (in French), Paris, Librairie des Champs Elysées, 1927
• Abdelkrim, Mémoires II, la Crise franco-marocaine, 1955—1956, (in French), Paris, Plon, 1984
• Bensoussan, David, Il était une fois le Maroc : témoignages du passé judéo-marocain Archived 2012-04-02 at the Wayback Machine , éd. du Lys, www.editionsdulys.ca, Montréal, 2010 ( ISBN   2-922505-14-6); Second edition : www.iuniverse.com, Bloomington, IN, 2012, ISBN   978-1-4759-2608-8, 620p. ISBN   978-1-4759-2609-5 (ebook)
• Er, Mevliyar; Rich, Paul B. (July 2015), "Abd el-Krim's guerrilla war against Spain and France in North Africa: An adventure setting for screen melodramas", Small Wars & Insurgencies , 26 (4): 597–615, doi:10.1080/09592318.2015.1050847, S2CID   143418422
• Mathieu, J Roger (20 June 2023). Memoirs of Abd el-Krim. Tough Hike Publishing. ISBN   979-8398863567.
• Montagne, R. (1954) Révolution au Maroc (in French), Paris: France Empire.
• Pennell, C.R. (1986) A Country with a Government and a Flag: The Rif War in Morocco, 1921-1926, Menas: UK. ISBN   9780906559239.
• Pennell, C. R. (2000) Morocco since 1830: A History, Hurst: London. ISBN   9781850652731.
• Tamburini, F. (Sep 2005) "I gas nella guerra del Rif", Storia Militare, n.145, a.XIII
• Woolman, David S. 1968. Rebels in the Rif: Abd el Krim and the Rif Rebellion, Stanford University Press, California

External links

Media related to Abd el-Krim at Wikimedia Commons

• The Notes of the Rif Revolt
• The Republic of the Rif
• Biography of Abd el-Krim in tha mazight (Rif)
• Next publication of Abd el-Krim's biography in base of official Spanish documents
• Newspaper clippings about Abd el-Krim in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW