Amylocystis lapponica

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Amylocystis lapponica
Amylocystis lapponica.jpg
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Basidiomycota
Class:
Agaricomycetes
Order:
Polyporales
Family:
Fomitopsidaceae
Genus:
Amylocystis
Species:
A. lapponica
Binomial name
Amylocystis lapponica
Synonyms [1]
  • Polyporus lapponicusRomell (1911)
  • Polyporus ursinus Lloyd (1915)
  • Ungulina lapponica(Romell) Pilát (1934)
  • Leptoporus lapponicus(Romell) Pilát (1938)
  • Tyromyces lapponicus(Romell) J.Lowe (1975)

Amylocystis lapponica (alternatively spelled Amylocystis lapponicus) is a species of bracket fungus in the family Fomitopsidaceae, and the type species of genus Amylocystis . It produces medium-sized, annual fruit bodies that are soft, and have a strong, distinct smell. The fungus is a saprophyte that feeds on coniferous wood of logs lying on the ground, and causes brown rot. It is a rather rare species that only occurs in old-growth forest.

Contents

Taxonomy

The fungus was originally described by Swedish mycologist Lars Romell in 1911, who called it Polyporus lapponicus. The type collection was made in Nattavaara (Sweden), where it was found growing on fir. Romell initially thought the fungus might be Climacocystis borealis , but ultimately rejected that opinion, as that species has an easily breakable fruit body, and its spores are of different size and shape. [2]

Amylocystis lapponica has been shuffled to several different polypore genera in its taxonomic history, including Ungulina (Pilát, 1934), [3] Leptoporus (Pilát, 1938), [4] and Tyromyces (J.Lowe, 1975). [5] The fungus has microscopic characteristics that are typical of the genus Tyromyces, but differs by the presence of thick-walled amyloid cystidia in the hymenium. For this reason, A. Bondartsev and Rolf Singer created the genus Amylocystis in 1944 to contain the fungus. [6] Polyporus ursinus, proposed by Curtis Gates Lloyd in 1915, [7] is now considered a synonym of Amylocystis lapponica. [1]

Description

The fungus has fruit bodies that range in form from crust-like to effused-reflexed (mostly crust-like, with edges curling out to form rudimentary caps). Individual fruit bodies measure up to 15 cm (6 in) wide, and have a dirty whitish to light buff surface colour that becomes reddish brown when dry or if bruised. [8]

Amylocystis lapponica has a monomitic hyphal system, containing only generative hyphae. These hyphae are mostly thick-walled and measure 4–10.5 µm thick. [9] The spores are cylindrical, hyaline, and smooth, measuring 8–11 by 2.5–3.5  µm. They are unreactive in Melzer's reagent. [8]

Oligoporus fragilis is similar in appearance, but can be distinguished microscopically from Amylocystis lapponica by the lack of amyloid cystidia. [8]

Habitat and distribution

Amylocystis lapponica decomposes fallen conifer wood, in which it causes brown rot. Its preferential hosts are spruce and larch, although it is occasionally found on fir. It has a circumboreal distribution in coniferous forests. [8] In Europe, the fungus is restricted almost exclusively to old-growth forests. Several conditions are required to support local populations, including: "vegetative continuity (never cut), natural tree species composition, multi-aged structure, rich presence of dead wood in various stages of decay, relatively large area of virgin forest surrounded by near-natural forest, and a stable, cold and humid meso- and microclimate." Because of this requirement the species is rare. For example, in the Czech Republic, despite the long and intensive history of polypore study in that area, A. lapponica has only been recorded from the Boubínský prales virgin forest, even though there are other old-growth forests in the country. Similarly, in Poland it is known only from Białowieża Forest (Białowieża National Park). Both the Czech and Polish locations have a similar management history–"minimal influence by man". [10]

In contrast to its rarity in Central and Southern Europe, A. lapponica is known from hundreds of localities in Finland and Sweden, and dozens in Norway. [11] Here the fungus is used as an indicator species to help evaluate areas in need of conservation. [12] [13] The fungus is widely distributed in western North America. [14] It is also found in China. [15]

In Europe, the fungus has been recorded from 12 countries, and is red-listed in 7 countries. In 2004, Amylocystis lapponica was one of 33 species proposed for protection under the Bern Convention by the European Council for Conservation of Fungi. [11] In both the Czech Republic and Poland, where it is considered critically endangered, the fungus is found on their Regional Red Lists and as such is protected by law. [10]

The discomycete Hyaloscypha epiporia grows only on the surface of old polypores fruiting on softwood, and is often found on old, partly decayed fruit bodies of Amylocystis lapponica. [16]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polyporaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Polyporaceae are a family of poroid fungi belonging to the Basidiomycota. The flesh of their fruit bodies varies from soft to very tough. Most members of this family have their hymenium in vertical pores on the underside of the caps, but some of them have gills or gill-like structures. Many species are brackets, but others have a definite stipe – for example, Polyporus badius.

<i>Daedaleopsis confragosa</i> Species of fungus

Daedaleopsis confragosa, commonly known as the thin walled maze polypore or the blushing bracket, is a species of polypore fungus in the family Polyporaceae. A plant pathogen, it causes a white rot of injured hardwoods, especially willows. The fruit bodies are semicircular and tough, have a concentrically zoned brownish upper surface, and measure up to 20 cm (8 in) in diameter. The whitish underside turns gray-brown as the fruit body ages, but bruises pink or red. It is found all year and is common in northern temperate woodlands of eastern North America, Europe, and Asia. The species was first described from Europe in 1791 as a form of Boletus, and has undergone several changes of genus in its taxonomic history. It acquired its current name when Joseph Schröter transferred it to Daedaleopsis in 1888.

<i>Tyromyces chioneus</i> Species of fungus

Tyromyces chioneus, commonly known as the white cheese polypore, is a species of polypore fungus. A widely distributed fungus, it has a circumpolar distribution, in temperate boreal pine forests, of Asia, Europe, and North America, causes white rot in dead hardwood trees, especially birch.

<i>Oxyporus</i> Genus of fungi

Oxyporus is a genus of polypore fungi in the family Schizoporaceae. An individual family Oxyporaceae was described for the genus. A number of species in this genus are plant pathogens, causing a white rot. The genus is widely distributed.

<i>Amylocystis</i> Genus of fungi

Amylocystis is a genus of two species of fungi in the family Fomitopsidaceae. The genus was described in 1944 by mycologists Appollinaris Semenovich Bondartsev and Rolf Singer to contain the type, and at that time, sole species, A. lapponicus. A. unicolor was transferred to the genus in 2003. The generic name Amylocystis is derived from the Ancient Greek words άμυλον ("starch") and χύστιζ ("bladder").

<i>Haploporus</i> (fungus) Genus of fungi

Haploporus is a genus of poroid fungi in the family Polyporaceae.

<i>Neofavolus alveolaris</i> Species of fungus

Neofavolus alveolaris, commonly known as the hexagonal-pored polypore, is a species of fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It causes a white rot of dead hardwoods. Found on sticks and decaying logs, its distinguishing features are its yellowish to orange scaly cap, and the hexagonal or diamond-shaped pores. It is widely distributed in North America, and also found in Asia, Australia, and Europe.

<i>Bjerkandera</i> Genus of fungi

Bjerkandera is a genus of wood-rotting fungi in the family Meruliaceae.

<i>Nigroporus</i> Genus of fungi

Nigroporus is a genus of poroid fungi in the family Steccherinaceae. The genus was circumscribed by American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill in 1905. Nigroporus has a pantropical distribution. The genus name combines the Latin word niger ("black") with the Ancient Greek word πόρος ("pore").

<i>Skeletocutis</i> Genus of fungi

Skeletocutis is a genus of about 40 species of poroid fungi in the family Polyporaceae. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, although most species are found in the Northern Hemisphere. It causes a white rot in a diverse array of woody substrates, and the fruit bodies grow as a crust on the surface of the decaying wood. Sometimes the edges of the crust are turned outward to form rudimentary bracket-like caps.

<i>Tyromyces</i> Genus of fungi

Tyromyces is a genus of poroid fungi in the family Polyporaceae. It was circumscribed by mycologist Petter Karsten in 1881. The type species is the widely distributed Tyromyces chioneus, commonly known as the white cheese polypore. The phylogenetic position of Tyromyces within the Polyporales is uncertain, but it appears that it does not belong to the "core polyporoid clade". Tyromyces is polyphyletic as it is currently circumscribed, and has been described as "a dumping place for monomitic white-rot species with thin-walled spores."

<i>Picipes badius</i> Species of fungus

Picipes badius, commonly known as the black-footed polypore or black-leg, is a species of fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It causes a white rot of hardwoods and conifers. The species is found in temperate areas of Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America. It has a dark brown or reddish-brown cap that reaches a diameter of 25 cm (9.8 in), and a stipe that is often completely black or brown at the top and black at the base.

<i>Pycnoporellus alboluteus</i> Species of fungus

Pycnoporellus alboluteus, commonly known as the orange sponge polypore, is a species of polypore fungus in the family Fomitopsidaceae. Distributed throughout the boreal conifer zone, the fungus is found in mountainous regions of western North America, and in Europe. It causes a brown cubical rot of conifer wood, especially spruce, but also fir and poplar. The soft, spongy orange fruit bodies grow spread out on the surface of fallen logs. Mature specimens have tooth-like or jagged pore edges. A snowbank mushroom, P. alboluteus can often be found growing on logs or stumps protruding through melting snow. Although the edibility of the fungus and its usage for human culinary purposes are unknown, several species of beetles use the fungus as a food source.

<i>Boletopsis grisea</i> Species of fungus

Boletopsis grisea is a species of fungus in the family Bankeraceae. The fruit bodies are gray, fleshy polypores that grow on the ground in a mycorrhizal association with Scots pine. It is found in Asia, North America, and Europe.

<i>Nigroporus vinosus</i> Species of fungus

Nigroporus vinosus is a species of poroid fungus in the family Steccherinaceae, and the type species of the genus Nigroporus. Its fruit bodies have brownish caps with tinges of purple or red. The cap underside has a pore surface the same colour as the cap, and minute pores. Nigroporus vinosus has a pantropical distribution. It has been recorded from Africa, North America, Central America, South America, Asia, and Oceania. It is a wood-decay fungus that causes a white rot.

Amyloporia is a genus of five species of crust fungi in the family Polyporaceae. Its main distinguishing characteristic is the amyloid reaction of the skeletal hyphae, although some authors do not consider this to be sufficient to distinguish Amyloporia from the related genus Antrodia.

<i>Loweomyces fractipes</i> Species of fungus

Loweomyces fractipes is a species of poroid fungus in the family Steccherinaceae, and the type species of the genus Loweomyces. It is a widely distributed species, found in North America, Europe, Central America, South America, and Korea.

<i>Tyromyces pulcherrimus</i> Species of fungus

Tyromyces pulcherrimus, commonly known as the strawberry bracket, is a species of poroid fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It is readily recognisable by its reddish fruit bodies with pores on the cap underside. The fungus is found natively in Australia and New Zealand, where it causes a white rot in living and dead logs of southern beech and eucalyptus. In southern Brazil, it is an introduced species that is associated with imported eucalypts.

<i>Anthoporia</i> Genus of fungi

Anthoporia is a fungal genus in the family Meripilaceae. It is a monotypic genus, circumscribed in 2016 to contain the single species Anthoporia albobrunnea.

<i>Diplomitoporus flavescens</i> Species of fungus

Diplomitoporus flavescens is a species of poroid crust fungus in the family Polyporaceae.

References

  1. 1 2 "GSD Species Synonymy: Amylocystis lapponica (Romell) Bondartsev & Singer". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2018-01-07.
  2. ↑ Romell, L. (1911). "Hymenomycetes of Lappland". Arkiv før Botanik. 11 (3): 1–35.
  3. ↑ Pilát, A. (1933). "Additamenta ad floram Sibiriae Asiaeque orientalis mycologicam". Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France. 49: 256–339.
  4. ↑ Kavina, Karel; Pilát, Albert (1938). Atlas des champignons de l'Europe. Polyporaceae II. Vol. 3. Prague. p. 179.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ↑ Lowe, J.L. (1975). "Polyporaceae of North America. The genus Tyromyces". Mycotaxon. 2 (1): 1–82 (see p. 26).
  6. ↑ Singer, R. (1944). "Notes on taxonomy and nomenclature of the polypores". Mycologia. 36 (1): 65–69. doi:10.2307/3754880. JSTOR   3754880.
  7. ↑ Lloyd, C.G. (1915). "Synopsis of the section Apus of the genus Polyporus". 7: 319.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. 1 2 3 4 Ryvarden, L.; Melo, I. (2014). Poroid Fungi of Europe. Synopsis Fungorum. Vol. 31. Oslo, Norway: Fungiflora. p. 53. ISBN   978-8290724462.
  9. ↑ Domański, Stanisław (1972). "Wood-inhabiting fungi of the Białowieża virgin forest in Poland. XVIII. Amylocystis lapponica (Romell) Bond. & Sing". Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae. 41 (3): 425–431. doi: 10.5586/asbp.1972.034 .
  10. 1 2 Holec, Jan; Kučera, Tomáš (2007). "Remarks to the ecology of the boreo-montane polypore Amylocystis lapponica based on data from the Czech Republic and Poland". Acta Mycologica. 42 (2): 161–168. doi: 10.5586/am.2007.017 .
  11. 1 2 Dahlberg, A.; Croneborg, B. (2006). The 33 Threatened Fungi in Europe. Council of Europe. pp. 28–30. ISBN   978-92-871-5928-1.
  12. ↑ Bredesen, B.; Haugan, R.; Aanderaa, R.; Lindblad, I.; Økland, B.; Røsok, Ø. (1997). "Wood-inhabiting fungi as indicators on ecological continuity within spruce forests of southeastern Norway". Blyttia. 54: 131–140.
  13. ↑ Røsok, Ø. (1998). "Amylocystis lapponica in Norway, an indicator species for species-rich continuity forests". Blyttia. 56: 154–165.
  14. ↑ Ginns, James (2017). Polypores of British Columbia (Fungi: Basidiomycota). Technical Report 104 (Report). Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development Contacts. ISBN   978-0-7726-7054-0.
  15. ↑ Dai, Yu-Cheng; Penttilä, Reijo (2005). "Polypore diversity of Fenglin Nature Reserve, northeastern China". Annales Botanici Fennici. 43 (2): 81–96. JSTOR   23727192.
  16. ↑ Huhtinen, Seppo (1989). "A monograph of Hyaloscypha and allied genera" (PDF). Karstenia. 29 (2): 45–252. doi: 10.29203/ka.1989.274 .
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