Ben Hodges

Last updated

Ben Hodges
Frederick B. Hodges.jpg
Born (1958-04-16) April 16, 1958 (age 66)
Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.
AllegianceUnited States
Service / branch United States Army
Years of service1980–2018
Rank Lieutenant general
Commands United States Army Europe
Allied Land Command
Pakistan Afghanistan Coordination Cell
1st Brigade, 101st Airborne Division
Battles / wars
Awards Defense Distinguished Service Medal
Army Distinguished Service Medal
Defense Superior Service Medal
Legion of Merit (3)
Bronze Star Medal (4)

Frederick Benjamin "Ben" Hodges III [1] (born 16 April 1958) is a retired United States Army officer who served as commanding general, United States Army Europe. He has been Senior Advisor to Human Rights First since June 2022 and also serves as NATO Senior Mentor for Logistics. [2] He previously held the Pershing Chair in Strategic Studies at the Center for European Policy Analysis. [3]

Contents

A 1980 United States Military Academy graduate, Hodges became an infantry officer, serving as a platoon leader and company executive officer in the 2nd Armored Division (Forward) in Germany. After completing the Infantry Officer Advanced Course in 1984, he served with the 101st Airborne Division. In March 1989 Hodges became an instructor at the United States Army Infantry School. He studied at the Command and General Staff College and graduated from the School of Advanced Military Studies in 1993, becoming G-3 (Chief of Plans) of the 2nd Infantry Division in South Korea.

Hodges served as a battalion executive officer with the 101st Airborne before becoming aide-de-camp to the Supreme Allied Commander Europe in August 1995. He became a battalion commander in the 101st Airborne in 1997. He was Congressional Liaison Officer at the Office of the Chief of Legislative Liaison between 1999 and 2000. After graduating from the National War College in 2001, Hodges served at the Joint Readiness Training Center at Fort Polk. Taking command of the 1st Brigade of the 101st Airborne in 2002, Hodges led the brigade in Operation Iraqi Freedom.

In 2004, Hodges became G-3 of the XVIII Airborne Corps and later simultaneously served as CJ3 of Multi-National Corps – Iraq. He became chief of staff of the XVIII Airborne Corps and was deputy chief of Legislative Liaison at the Office of the Secretary of the Army from 2007. In August 2009, Hodges became director of operations of Regional Command South in Afghanistan. In December 2010 he became director of the Pakistan Afghanistan Coordination Cell at the Joint Staff and in November 2012 took command of Allied Land Command. Hodges became commander of United States Army Europe in November 2014, holding that position for three years until retiring from the United States Army in January 2018. [3]

Early life and education

Hodges was born on 16 April 1958 [4] in Jacksonville, Florida, the son of army veteran and life insurance agent Frederick Benjamin Hodges Jr. and Nell Davis Hodges. [5] [6] He graduated from James A. Shanks High School in Quincy, Florida, in 1976. [7] Hodges entered the United States Military Academy, graduating in early May 1980 with a commission in the infantry. [8]

Career

In February 1981, Hodges became a platoon leader in A Company of the 3d Battalion, 41st Infantry (Mechanized), 2nd Armored Division, stationed in Germany. On 28 November, he was promoted to first lieutenant. Hodges later became an executive officer in the company, serving there until March 1984. He was promoted to captain on 1 February. He took the Infantry Officer Advanced Course at the United States Army Infantry School, completing it in September. [9]

In December 1984, Hodges became assistant S4 of the 101st Airborne Division's 1st Brigade. He later became brigade assistant S-3. In May 1986, he took command of C Company of the 1st Battalion, 327th Infantry of the division. He later became S-3 of the battalion. Between July 1988 and March 1989 Hodges served as assistant S-3 of the division's 1st Brigade. In March, he became a small group instructor at the United States Army Infantry School. He was later Chief of the Tactics Team there. In August 1991, he became a student at the Command and General Staff College, being promoted to major on 1 September. Hodges later graduated from the School of Advanced Military Studies. In June 1993, he became chief of the Plans Division and G-3 of the 2nd Infantry Division in South Korea. [9]

In July 1994, Hodges became executive officer of the 327th Infantry's 3d Battalion. He became aide-de-camp to the Supreme Allied Commander Europe in August 1995, serving there until June 1997.

On 1 July 1996 he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. In June 1997, Hodges took command of the 3d Battalion of the 187th Infantry with the 101st Airborne. He was Congressional Liaison Officer at the Office of the Chief of Legislative Liaison between July 1999 and July 2000. In August of that year he entered the National War College, graduating in June 2001. In July Hodges became Senior Battalion Observer and Controller of the Operations Group at the Joint Readiness Training Center at Fort Polk. On 1 March 2002 he was promoted to colonel. [9]

Iraq and Afghanistan

Hodges and Jeffrey L. Bannister in Kandahar, Afghanistan, 2010 USFOR-A South leaders in Kandahar 101020-A-FN852-019.jpg
Hodges and Jeffrey L. Bannister in Kandahar, Afghanistan, 2010

In June 2002, Hodges took command of the 101st Airborne's 1st Brigade, leading it in Operation Iraqi Freedom. On 23 March 2003, before the start of the operation, Sergeant Hassan Akbar attacked other soldiers of the brigade, killing two and injuring fourteen. Hodges suffered a minor shrapnel wound in the attack and testified at Akbar's court-martial in April 2005. [10] The brigade fought in the Battle of Najaf in late March and early April. [11] [12]

In August 2004, Hodges became assistant chief of staff and G-3 of the XVIII Airborne Corps. Between January 2005 and January 2006 he simultaneously served as assistant chief of staff and CJ3 of Multi-National Corps – Iraq. In July, Hodges became chief of staff of the XVIII Airborne Corps. In August 2007, he became deputy chief of Legislative Liaison at the Office of the Secretary of the Army.

General staff

On 14 May 2008, he was promoted to brigadier general. In August 2009, Hodges became director of operations of Regional Command South [8] in Afghanistan.

In December 2010 he became director of the Pakistan Afghanistan Coordination Cell at the Joint Staff. Hodges was promoted to major general on 2 February 2011. [9]

On 22 September 2012 he was promoted to lieutenant general. [13] On 30 November 2012, Hodges became the first commander of NATO's Allied Land Command. [14] Hodges replaced Lieutenant General Donald M. Campbell Jr. in command of United States Army Europe on 5 November 2014. [15] [16]

Hodges retired from the army and relinquished command of USAREUR on 15 December 2017. [17]

Awards and decorations

Hodges is a recipient of the following awards and decorations: [9]

Combat Infantry Badge.svg Combat Infantryman Badge
Ranger Tab.svg Ranger tab
United States Air Force Parachutist Badge.svg Basic Parachutist Badge
AirAssault.svg Air Assault Badge
USAREUR Insignia.svg United States Army Europe Badge
Joint Chiefs of Staff seal.svg Joint Chiefs of Staff Identification Badge
United States Army Staff Identification Badge.png Army Staff Identification Badge
US 101st Airborne Division patch.svg 101st Airborne Division Combat Service Identification Badge
327InfRegtDUI.jpg 327th Infantry Regiment Distinguished Member of the Regiment [18]
ArmyOSB.svg 6 Overseas Service Bars
Defense Distinguished Service ribbon.svg Defense Distinguished Service Medal
Distinguished Service Medal ribbon.svg Army Distinguished Service Medal [19]
US Defense Superior Service Medal ribbon.svg Defense Superior Service Medal
Legion of Merit ribbon.svg Bronze oak leaf-3d.svg Bronze oak leaf-3d.svg Legion of Merit with two bronze oak leaf clusters
Bronze Star ribbon.svg Bronze oak leaf-3d.svg Bronze oak leaf-3d.svg Bronze oak leaf-3d.svg "V" device, brass.svg Bronze Star Medal with "V" device and three oak leaf clusters
Defense Meritorious Service ribbon.svg Defense Meritorious Service Medal
Meritorious Service ribbon.svg Silver oakleaf-3d.svg Bronze oak leaf-3d.svg Meritorious Service Medal with one silver and one bronze oak leaf clusters
Bronze oakleaf-3d.svg
Army Commendation Medal ribbon.svg
Army Commendation Medal with oak leaf cluster
Army Achievement Medal ribbon.svg Bronze oak leaf-3d.svg Bronze oak leaf-3d.svg Army Achievement Medal with two oak leaf clusters
Joint Meritorious Unit Award ribbon.svg Joint Meritorious Unit Award
Meritorious Unit Commendation ribbon.svg Meritorious Unit Commendation
Ribbonstar-bronze.svg
National Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg
National Defense Service Medal with one bronze service star
Iraq Campaign Medal ribbon.svg Iraq Campaign Medal
Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary ribbon.svg Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal
Global War on Terrorism Service ribbon.svg Global War on Terrorism Service Medal
Korea Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg Korea Defense Service Medal
Army Service Ribbon.svg Army Service Ribbon
Army Overseas Service Ribbon.svg Army Overseas Service Ribbon
GER Bundeswehr Honour Cross Gold ribbon.svg Badge of Honour of the Bundeswehr in gold (Germany)
CZE Rad Bileho Lva 3 tridy BAR.svg Order of the White Lion, Commander (Czech Republic)
Noribbon.svg Unidentified Czech decoration
GEO Golden Fleece Order BAR.svg Order of the Golden Fleece (Georgia) [20]
POL Order Zaslugi RP kl2 BAR.svg Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland [21]

Later life

Hodges retired to Florida and began work for the think tank Center for European Policy Analysis, [17] [22] becoming the latter's Pershing Chair in Strategic Studies. [23] At CEPA, Hodges has advocated for a stronger NATO. [24] On defense expenditures, Hodges has said, “We need a more sophisticated approach to the spending guideline. The 2-percent number gets tossed around like dues in a club, which is unhelpful... I think the Alliance should take a hard look at the 2-percent calculus to redefine it.” [25]

He has argued for including dual-use infrastructure in the 2-percent, a "win-win" that would address "the most urgent problem in European security" in military mobility, while also offering benefits to civilian life. [26] On Iran, Hodges said, "I was disappointed that we were leaving the agreement with Iran. Not because it's a good deal, but because cooperation with our allies is very important... It worries me when we show contempt for such important allies as Great Britain, Germany or France. The cohesion of our nations was our strength and advantage. Considering all the factors, one must remember that one must not stand against the allies." [27] He has also advocated for placing greater priority on the Black Sea region. [28] [29]

His comments on NATO and European security have appeared in several international media outlets, including an interview on LNK Info TV in Lithuania [30] and Anne Will, [31] and articles in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung in Germany. [26] In a BBC interview, Hodges stated that Brexit could threaten the NATO alliance. [32] He coauthored a book with General John R. Allen and Julian Lindley-French, Future War and the Defence of Europe, in 2021. [33]

He endorsed Joe Biden in the 2020 U.S. presidential election in an op-ed with Ambassador Robert A. Mandell and Lieutenant General Donald M. Campbell Jr. [34] He has spoken about the 1st South Carolina Volunteer Infantry Regiment (Colored). [35] As of 2018, he is an Advisory Board Member of Spirit of America, a 501(c)(3) organization. [36]

Hodges' commentary on foreign militaries, such as his assessment on the strategic weaknesses of Russia's armed forces, has been distributed by news agencies such as Times Radio. [37] [38] In September 2022, he penned an op-ed for the British publication The Daily Telegraph in which he argued that Russia would lose in its war against Ukraine at a comprehensive level that will then be followed by the disintegration of the Russian Federation. He labeled the failures of governance under Russian leader Vladimir Putin as the trigger of a current "crisis of confidence" without an easy or simple outcome. [39]

In October 2023, Hodges claimed that Russia was working with Iran to orchestrate the Israel–Hamas war. [40] In November 2023, he opposed a permanent ceasefire in Israel's war against Hamas in Gaza. [41]

Personal life

Hodges has two adult children. [7] [42] [43] He also speaks German. [9] He is a Democrat. [44] [45] Hodges endorsed Kamala Harris in the 2024 presidential election.[ citation needed ]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">101st Airborne Division</span> Active United States Army formation

The 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) ("Screaming Eagles") is a light infantry division of the United States Army that specializes in air assault operations. It can plan, coordinate, and execute battalion-sized air assault operations to seize terrain. These operations can be conducted by mobile teams covering large distances or areas, fighting behind enemy lines, and working in austere environments with limited or degraded infrastructure. For example, it was active in foreign internal defense and counterterrorism operations in Iraq, in Afghanistan in 2015–2016, and in Syria, as part of Operation Inherent Resolve in 2018–2021.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Galen B. Jackman</span> American military officer

Galen Bruce Jackman is a retired United States Army Major General. His last assignment in the Army was serving in the Pentagon as the Army's Chief Legislative Liaison. Prior to that assignment, he was the first commanding general of the Joint Force Headquarters National Capital Region (JFHQ-NCR), a dual-hatted role combined with commanding the Military District of Washington (MDW).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">327th Infantry Regiment (United States)</span> Military unit

The 327th Infantry Regiment is an infantry regiment of the 101st Airborne Division of the United States Army. During World War II, the 327th was a glider-borne regiment of the 101st Airborne Division. It fought during World War I as part of the 82nd Division. It has also been deployed in the Vietnam War, Gulf War, and most recently to Iraq and Afghanistan. The song "Glider Rider" describes (humorously) some of the slights that glider-borne troops felt they received from the Army during World War II; though the regiment's public fame rose with the 1949 movie Battleground about the Siege of Bastogne in late 1944.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Melvin Zais</span> United States Army general

Melvin Zais was a United States Army general who served in the Second World War and Vietnam War.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas R. Turner II</span> United States Army general

Lieutenant General Thomas R. Turner II is a retired United States Army officer, who served as the commander of the 101st Airborne Division and United States Army North, Fort Sam Houston, Texas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert T. Clark</span> United States Army general

Lieutenant General Robert T. Clark is a retired United States Army officer. His last assignment was as the Commanding General, Fifth United States Army which he commanded from December 5, 2003, to December 2006.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William F. Kernan</span> United States Army general

General William F. "Buck" Kernan was born in Fort Sam Houston, Texas. He was commissioned in November 1968 from Officer Candidate School at Fort Benning, Georgia. He holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in history from Our Lady of the Lake University and a Master of Arts degree in personnel administration from Central Michigan University. His military education includes the Infantry Advanced Course, the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, and the U.S. Army War College.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stephen Twitty</span> Senior American army officer

Stephen M. Twitty is a retired lieutenant general in the United States Army. Twitty assumed command of First United States Army on July 15, 2016, relinquishing command to become deputy commander of United States European Command on 9 August 2018. Previously, he was commanding general of Fort Bliss and the 1st Armored Division. Twitty was awarded the Silver Star during Operation Iraqi Freedom. Noted for his relationship with journalist David Bloom, who was embedded with his battalion during the invasion of Iraq in 2003, Twitty has served in five combat deployments, including tours in the Gulf War, Afghanistan, Iraq, and Kuwait. He has commanded at the company, battalion, and brigade level during the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Twitty is a graduate of South Carolina State University and a member of the Omega Psi Phi fraternity. He was inducted into the South Carolina State University ROTC Hall of Fame in 2009, and selected as one of the university's Distinguished Alumni in 2004.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James C. Yarbrough</span> United States Army general

James C. Yarbrough is a retired brigadier general in the United States Army.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">David A. Bramlett</span> United States Army general

David Anthony Bramlett is a retired United States Army four-star general who commanded United States Army Forces Command from July 1, 1996, to August 31, 1998, after serving as Deputy Commander in Chief and Chief of Staff, United States Pacific Command at Camp H. M. Smith, Hawaii. During his tenure as Deputy Commander, he was the interim commander of Pacific Command after the commander, Admiral Richard C. Macke, came under fire for comments he had made in regard to the 1995 rape scandal in Okinawa that involved three United States servicemen.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Daniel P. Bolger</span> United States Army general

Daniel P. Bolger is an American author, historian, and retired a lieutenant general of the United States Army. He held a special faculty appointment in the Department of History at North Carolina State University, where he taught military history until his retirement in 2023.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Benjamin R. Mixon</span> US Army general

Benjamin Randaulph "Randy" Mixon is a retired lieutenant general in the United States Army who last served as commanding general of United States Army Pacific. Prior to that, Mixon served as the commander of the Multi-National Division North in Iraq.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James L. Terry</span> US Army general

James L. Terry is a retired lieutenant general of the United States Army. Terry has commanded at multiple levels across the Army. Terry's last assignment was as the commanding general of United States Army Central, retiring 17 November 2015. Terry served as the last commander of V Corps before its inactivation in 2013. While commanding V Corps, he concurrently served as Commander, International Security Assistance Force Joint Command (IJC), and as deputy commander of United States Forces Afghanistan. He was the Commanding General of the 10th Mountain Division from 2009 to 2011.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alan R. Lynn</span> United States Army general

U.S. Army Lieutenant General Alan R. Lynn was the Director, Defense Information Systems Agency at Fort Meade, MD.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John F. Campbell (general)</span> United States Army general

John Francis Campbell is a retired United States Army general who was commander of the Resolute Support Mission and United States Forces – Afghanistan. He was the 16th and last commander of the International Security Assistance Force. Prior to this, he served as the 34th Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army. He is currently a member of the board of directors of IAP, and BAE Systems, and serves on the advisory board of Code of Support Foundation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Michael D. Barbero</span> United States Army general

Michael Douglas Barbero is a retired United States Army Lieutenant General and consultant.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stephen J. Townsend</span> United States Army four-star general

Stephen J. Townsend is a retired United States Army four-star general who served as Commander United States Africa Command from 26 July 2019 to 8 August 2022. He previously commanded the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command from March 2018 until June 2019 and XVIII Airborne Corps from May 2015 until January 2018.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ronald P. Clark</span> United States Army general

Ronald Patrick "Ron" Clark is a United States Army general who has served as the commanding general of United States Army Pacific since 8 November 2024. He most recently served as the senior military assistant to the secretary of defense from 2022 to 2024. He previously commanded United States Army Central from 2021 to 2022. He also served as Chief of Staff, United States Indo-Pacific Command, commanding general of the 25th Infantry Division, and before that, as Chief of Staff, United States Army Pacific.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brian E. Winski</span> American general

Major General Brian Edward Winski is a decorated commander in the U.S. Army. He was appointed commander of the 101st Airborne Division in 2019 and succeeded by Major General Joseph P. McGee in 2021.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Frank R Hancock</span> United States Army officer (born 1949)

Frank Rapier Hancock is a retired United States Army officer who served as battalion commander of the 1-327th Infantry Regiment during Desert Shield / Desert Storm, 101st Airborne Division. Colonel Hancock received notoriety when his Infantry Battalion, 1-327th Infantry, was the lead battalion of the 101st Airborne Division's invasion of Iraq in Desert Storm. The Division's attack would be the first part of Gen Norman Schwarzkopf Jr's "Hail Mary" flanking maneuver. during Desert Storm. On 24 February 1991, the 101st Airborne Division (AASLT) conducted the largest helicopter air assault in military history as it struck 93 miles inside Iraq with over 2,000 men. The Division's assault established a Forward Operating Base which allowed the attack to sever Highway 8 in the Euphrates River Valley. Colonel Hancock's battalion was the lead battalion of the air assault and subsequently captured 344 prisoners in combat operations at FOB Cobra after attacking an Iraqi battalion-size strongpoint position which had not been identified in pre-combat intelligence analysis.

References

  1. ↑ The Register of Graduates and Former Cadets of the United States Military Academy 2007. West Point, New York: West Point Association of Graduates. 2007. p. 541.
  2. ↑ "Our Staff". Human Rights First. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  3. 1 2 "Ben Hodges". CEPA. 21 August 2020. Archived from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
  4. ↑ Register of Graduates and Former Cadets, United States Military Academy. West Point, New York: West Point Association of Graduates. 1989.
  5. ↑ "Frederick Hodges Jr". Tallahassee Democrat. 16 December 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  6. ↑ Metcalf, Clayton G. (1975). The Gillis family in the South. Enterprise, Alabama: Metcalf. p. 377. OCLC   1959807.
  7. 1 2 Eubanks, Teresa (19 February 2016). "Army General visits his Quincy hometown, visits restored arsenal". Calhoun-Liberty Journal. Archived from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
  8. 1 2 "Commanding General Fact Sheet" (PDF). Headquarters, US Army Europe. 27 September 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-20. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Major General Frederick B. Hodges" (PDF). Foreign Area Officer Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
  10. ↑ "Colonel says assignment was hampered". Associated Press. 26 April 2005. Archived from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  11. ↑ Komorow, Steven; Zoroya, Greg (1 April 2003). "Strategic Najaf 'very much contained'". USA Today. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  12. ↑ Atkinson, Rick (2007). In the Company of Soldiers: A Chronicle of Combat. New York: Henry Holt. pp. 127–137, 260. ISBN   9781429900010.
  13. ↑ "PN1887 – Nomination of Maj. Gen. Frederick B. Hodges for Army, 112th Congress (2011–2012)". www.congress.gov. 2012-09-22. Retrieved 2016-10-21.
  14. ↑ "Allied Land Command – History". www.lc.nato.int. Retrieved 2016-10-21.
  15. ↑ "New commander takes over at U.S. Army Europe". Army Times. 5 November 2014.
  16. ↑ Cole, Daniel (5 November 2014). "U.S. Army Europe welcomes new commander in Wiesbaden ceremony". U.S. Army Europe Public Affairs. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  17. 1 2 Stoutamire, Dan (15 December 2017). "USAREUR's Hodges retires after 3 busy years at the helm". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
  18. ↑ "327th Infantry Regiment MOH, DMORs, HMORs". 327th Infantry Veterans. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
  19. ↑ "Lt. Gen. Frederick 'Ben' Hodges Retirement Ceremony". DVIDS. Retrieved Aug 11, 2020.
  20. ↑ "Giorgi Margvelashvili Awarded Lieutenant General Frederick Hodges with Golden Fleece Order". Administration of the President of Georgia. 23 May 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2020.[ permanent dead link ]
  21. ↑ "US Army commander in Europe honored on Poland's army day". Army Times. 17 August 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
  22. ↑ "Center for European Policy Analysis (CEPA)" . Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  23. ↑ "Lieutenant General Frederick Benjamin "Ben" Hodges to Join CEPA". Center for European Policy Analysis. 28 June 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-07-01. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
  24. ↑ ""Ben Hodges" Center for European Policy Analysis (CEPA)" . Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  25. ↑ "Waiting for Europe's Budgetary Chickens to Roost—or Roast—At NATO". May 10, 2018. Retrieved Aug 11, 2020.
  26. 1 2 Hodges, Ben; Braw, Elisabeth. "Neue Verteidigungsausgaben: Deutschland sollte Autobahnen bauen". Faz.net. Retrieved Aug 11, 2020– via www.faz.net.
  27. ↑ "Generał Hodges dla TVN24 BiS: byłem rozczarowany wycofaniem się z porozumienia z Iranem". TVN24.pl. Retrieved Aug 11, 2020.[ permanent dead link ]
  28. ↑ "One Flank, One Threat, One Presence". Center for European Policy Analysis. 26 May 2020. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
  29. ↑ "The Black Sea … or a Black Hole?". Center for European Policy Analysis. 21 January 2021. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
  30. ↑ "Lnk.lt". lnk.lt. Retrieved Aug 11, 2020.
  31. ↑ "Erdoğans Siegeszug – schaut Europa weiter hilflos zu?". Anne Will. Archived from the original on November 12, 2019. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
  32. ↑ Hope, Christopher (15 March 2016). "Brexit could threaten the Nato alliance, says top US general". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  33. ↑ Allen, John R.; Hodges, Frederick Ben; Lindley-French, Julian (11 March 2021). Future War and the Defence of Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-885583-5 . Retrieved February 8, 2021.
  34. ↑ "Two retired generals, retired ambassador, all with Florida ties: Trump is unfit to lead" . Retrieved February 8, 2021.
  35. ↑ "The Union's 1st Black Regiment & the U.S. Army's Linkage to the Emancipation Proclamation". YouTube . 28 January 2021. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
  36. ↑ "Lt. Gen. Ben Hodges | Spirit of America". Archived from the original on 2018-09-05. Retrieved 2018-09-04.
  37. ↑ "'The Russians will break' - General Ben Hodges". Times Radio . August 23, 2022. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  38. ↑ "'Yes to conversation with Putin, no to compromise' - General Ben Hodges". Times Radio . December 3, 2022. Retrieved December 4, 2022.
  39. ↑ Hodges, Ben (September 13, 2022). "Prepare for Russia itself to disintegrate". The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved December 5, 2022.
  40. ↑ "Russia, Iran orchestrating Israel-Hamas war — ex-US general". Deutsche Welle. 24 October 2023.
  41. ↑ Hodges, Ben (13 November 2023). "As a former US general, I know the West can and must stand against both Russia and Iran". The Daily Telegraph.
  42. ↑ "Biography: Lieutenant General Frederick Ben Hodges, US Army: Commander, Allied Land Command" (PDF). Headquarters Allied Land Command. Retrieved 29 April 2017.
  43. ↑ "LTG (Ret.) Frederick Benjamin "Ben" Hodges III" (PDF). Center for European Policy Analysis. 1 June 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
  44. ↑ https://x.com/JanelleStelson/status/1823492444736118896 [ bare URL ]
  45. ↑ "Instagram".
Attribution

PD-icon.svg This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.