Black Creek Canal virus

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Black Creek Canal orthohantavirus
Virus classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Negarnaviricota
Class: Ellioviricetes
Order: Bunyavirales
Family: Hantaviridae
Genus: Orthohantavirus
Species:
Black Creek Canal orthohantavirus
Synonyms [1]
  • Black Creek Canal hantavirus
  • Black Creek Canal virus

Black Creek Canal orthohantavirus (BCCV) is a single-stranded, negative sense RNA virus species of New World Orthohantavirus . It was first isolated in cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) found in the Black Creek Canal area of Dade County, Florida, in 1995. The discovery followed from an isolated case of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome diagnosed in a Dade County resident. [2] [3] [4] [5]

Contents

Natural reservoir

While several species are responsible for Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever syndrome (HFS) and Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), each species of hantavirus is unique to a single reservoir. This makes host evolution and geography important factors in understanding transmission and prevention of spread of disease to humans. [6]

Transmission

BCCV, like other species of hantavirus, is transmitted via droplet respiration when rodent excreta becomes aerosolized. The greater the concentration of rodent excreta, as occurs in seasonal use structures such as sheds, vacation cabins, and camp grounds, the greater the likelihood of transmission and infection. [7]

The Dade County patient is thought to have contracted the previously undocumented BCCV in the seven weeks prior to his hospitalization. The 33-year-old man resided in a semirural area of southern Dade County. The residence was surrounded by grassy fields observed to have active rodent populations of several species. The patient reported observing rodents in both his home and the fields immediately surrounding the residence. [8]

Case Study Dade County

A patient was hospitalized in October 1993 with sepsis, acute kidney injury, acute rhabdomyolysis, and suspected disseminated intravascular coagulation: an overactivity of clotting proteins that can lead to eventual hemorrhage as the proteins are degraded. [8] [9] Self-reported history of illness included a four-day prodrome of fever, malaise, vomiting, muscle aches, chills, and abdominal pain. By the third day of illness, the patient's fever had reached 102 °F (39 °C), blood pressure acutely narrow and hypotensive (74/50 mmHg), elevated breathing rate (24 breaths/min), and exhibited abnormal hematological and chemical profiles. Patient went on to develop acute kidney failure along with pulmonary edema, alveolar edema with small pleural effusions, and resulting severe hypoxia. He was treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics as well as supplemental fluids and oxygen. Patient was intubated for a 12-day period and given vasopressor treatment for three days following continued and severe hypotension. Twelve days after admission patient showed extreme improvement in airway management. Peripheral edema spontaneously diuresed. Patient removed from ventilation and discharged 5 days post-extubation in good condition. [8]

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Orthohantavirus</i> Genus of viruses

Orthohantavirus is a genus of single-stranded, enveloped, negative-sense RNA viruses in the family Hantaviridae within the order Bunyavirales. Members of this genus may be called orthohantaviruses or simply hantaviruses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sin Nombre virus</span> Prototypical agent of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome

Sin Nombre virus (SNV) is the most common cause of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in North America. Sin Nombre virus is transmitted mainly by the eastern deer mouse. In its natural reservoir, SNV causes an asymptomatic, persistent infection and is spread through excretions, fighting, and grooming. Humans can become infected by inhaling aerosols that contain rodent saliva, urine, or feces, as well as through bites and scratches. In humans, infection leads to HPS, an illness characterized by an early phase of mild and moderate symptoms such as fever, headache, and fatigue, followed by sudden respiratory failure. The case fatality rate from infection is high, at 30–50%.

Andes virus (ANDV) is the most common cause of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in South America. Andes virus is transmitted mainly by the long-tailed pygmy rice rat. In its natural reservoir, ANDV causes an asymptomatic, persistent infection and is spread through excretions, fighting, and grooming. Humans can become infected by inhaling aerosols that contain rodent saliva, urine, or feces, as well as through bites and scratches. In humans, infection leads to HPS, an illness characterized by an early phase of mild and moderate symptoms such as fever, headache, and fatigue, followed by sudden respiratory failure. The case fatality rate from infection is high, at about 40%.

Playa de Oro virus (OROV) is a probable species of orthohantavirus found in the rodents Oryzomys couesi and Sigmodon mascotensis in the Mexican state of Colima. The former is thought to be the main host. The sequences of parts of the virus's RNA-based genome have been determined; they differ by 7–10% in amino acid composition and 22–24% in nucleotide composition from closely related viruses.

Bayou orthohantavirus (BAYV) is a species of Orthohantavirus comprising enveloped and spherical viruses. It was first identified in 1993 in Louisiana and later confirmed by other investigators. BAYV was recognized as a distinct form of hantavirus disease, now known as hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). It now represents the second most common hantavirus in the United States behind the Sin Nombre orthohantavirus[]. In 1996, the marsh rice rat, which is seen in marshes in the southeast and mountain streams in the northeast, was identified as the natural reservoir of the virus. Due to the virus being first identified in Louisiana, this indicated the virus to be widespread throughout the Southeastern United States. This hantavirus disease is known as a severe and sometimes fatal respiratory disease, and HPS has a case-rate fatality of almost 50%.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1993 Four Corners hantavirus outbreak</span> 1993 disease outbreak

The 1993 Four Corners hantavirus outbreak was a disease outbreak caused by a hantavirus that occurred in the Four Corners region of the US states in Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico. The outbreak marked the discovery of hantaviruses in the Western Hemisphere that could cause disease and revealed the existence of a novel type of disease caused by hantaviruses: hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). Hantaviruses that cause disease in humans are native to rodents and, prior to the outbreak, were known to exist in Asia and Europe, but previously were only associated with a different disease called hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS).

Sangassou orthohantavirus(SANGV) is single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus species of the genus Orthohantavirus in the Bunyavirales order. It was first isolated in an African wood mouse (Hylomyscus simus) in the forest in Guinea, West Africa in 2010. It is named for the village near where the mouse was trapped. It is the first indigenous Murinae-associated African hantavirus to be discovered.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome</span> Group of clinically similar illnesses caused by species of hantaviruses

Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a group of clinically similar illnesses caused by species of hantaviruses. It is also known as Korean hemorrhagic fever and epidemic hemorrhagic fever. It is found in Europe, Asia, and Africa. The species that cause HFRS include Hantaan orthohantavirus, Dobrava-Belgrade orthohantavirus, Saaremaa virus, Seoul orthohantavirus, Puumala orthohantavirus and other orthohantaviruses. Of these species, Hantaan River virus and Dobrava-Belgrade virus cause the most severe form of the syndrome and have the highest morbidity rates. When caused by the Puumala virus, it is also called nephropathia epidemica. This infection is known as sorkfeber in Swedish, myyräkuume in Finnish, and musepest in Norwegian.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome</span> Viral pulmonary disease of humans

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is one of two potentially fatal syndromes of zoonotic origin caused by species of hantavirus. These include Black Creek Canal virus (BCCV), New York orthohantavirus (NYV), Monongahela virus (MGLV), Sin Nombre orthohantavirus (SNV), and certain other members of hantavirus genera that are native to the United States and Canada.

Soochong virus (SOOV) is a zoonotic negative sense single-stranded RNA virus. It may be a member of the genus Orthohantavirus, but it has not be definitively classified as a species and may only be a strain. It is one of four rodent-borne Hantaviruses found in the Republic of Korea. It is the etiologic agent for Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). The other species responsible for HFRS in Korea are Seoul virus, Haantan virus, and Muju virus.

Muju virus(MUV) is a zoonotic negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus of the genus Orthohantavirus. It is a member virus of Puumala orthohantavirus. It is one of four rodent-borne Hantaviruses found in the Republic of Korea. It is the etiologic agent for Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). The other species responsible for HFRS in Korea are Seoul orthohantavirus, Hantaan orthohantavirus, and Soochong virus.

Monongahela virus (MGLV) is a single-stranded, negative-sense Orthohantavirus virus of zoonotic origin that causes hantavirus pulmonary syndrome.

Tula orthohantavirus, formerly Tula virus (TULV), is a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus species of orthohantavirus first isolated from a European common vole found in Central Russia and primarily carried by rodents. It causes Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. The Microtus species are also found in North America, Europe, Scandinavia, Slovenia, Asia, and Western Russia. Human cases of Tula orthohantavirus have also been reported in Switzerland and Germany.

Limestone Canyon virus (LSC) is a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA zoonotic Orthohantavirus that is genetically similar to Sin Nombre orthohantavirus which causes Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in humans. HPS causing hantaviruses are found only in the United States and South America.

Choclo orthohantavirus (CHOV) is a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA zoonotic New World hantavirus. It was first isolated in 1999 in western Panama. The finding marked the first time Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) was found in Central America.

Oxbow virus(OXBV) is a single-stranded, enveloped, negative-sense RNA orthohantavirus.

Gou virus (GOUV) is a single-stranded, negative-sense, enveloped novel RNA orthohantavirus. It is one of the known hantaviruses responsible for hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in humans.

Hantavirus vaccine is a vaccine that protects in humans against hantavirus infections causing hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) or hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). The vaccine is considered important as acute hantavirus infections are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is estimated that about 1.5 million cases and 46,000 deaths occurred in China from 1950 to 2007. The number of cases is estimated at 32,000 in Finland from 2005 to 2010 and 90,000 in Russia from 1996 to 2006.

Blue River virus (BRV) is a single-stranded, negative sense RNA virus of New World hantavirus isolated from a white-footed mouse near the Blue River in Jackson County, Missouri in 1995. Its genome is similar to Sin Nombre orthohantavirus (SNV) but varies in the S1 and S2 segments. Like Sin Nombre orthohantavirus, Blue River virus causes Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in humans.

Bloodland Lake virus (BLLV) is a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus of New World Orthohantavirus first isolated in a Prairie vole near Bloodland Lake, Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri in 1994. BLLV has also been isolated in Prairie voles in St. Louis County, Missouri.

References

  1. ↑ Briese, Thomas; et al. (15 June 2015). "Implementation of non-Latinized binomial species names in the family Bunyaviridae" (PDF). International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  2. ↑ E. V. Ravkov, S. T. Nichol and R. W. Compans. Polarized entry and release in epithelial cells of Black Creek Canal virus, a New World hantavirus. Journal of Virology, Feb. 1997. Vol. 71, no 2. 1147–1154
  3. ↑ Zaki SR, Albers RC, Greer PW, Coffield LM, Armstrong LR, Khan AS, Khabbaz R, Peters CJ. Retrospective diagnosis of a 1983 case of fatal hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Lancet. 1994 Apr 23;343(8904):1037–1038.
  4. ↑ Zaki SR, Greer PW, Coffield LM, Goldsmith CS, Nolte KB, Foucar K, Feddersen RM, Zumwalt RE, Miller GL, Khan AS, et al. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Pathogenesis of an emerging infectious disease. Am J Pathol. 1995 Mar;146(3):552–579.
  5. ↑ Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG, Elliott LH, Ravkov EV, Martin ML, Morzunov S, Livingstone W, Monroe M, Glass G, Ruo S, et al. Isolation of black creek canal virus, a new hantavirus from Sigmodon hispidus in Florida. J Med Virol. 1995 May;46(1):35–39.
  6. ↑ Klein SL, Calisher CH. Emergence and persistence of hantaviruses.Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2007;315:217–52.
  7. ↑ "CDC—How People Get Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)—Hantavirus". Cdc.gov. 2012-08-29. Retrieved 2014-02-10.
  8. 1 2 3 Khan, A. (January 1996). "Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in Florida: Association with the Newly Identified Black Creek Canal Virus". The American Journal of Medicine. 100 (1): 46–48. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(96)90010-8. PMID   8579086. S2CID   20426529.
  9. ↑ "Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)". www.nhlbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2018-11-07.
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