Bothia

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Bothia
Bothia castanella 188132.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Boletales
Family: Boletaceae
Genus: Bothia
Halling, T.J.Baroni & Manfr.Binder (2007)
Species:
B. castanella
Binomial name
Bothia castanella
(Peck) Halling, T.J.Baroni & Manfr.Binder (2007)
Synonyms [1] [2] [3]
Bothia castanella
Information icon.svg
Pores icon.pngPores on hymenium
Convex cap icon.svgFlat cap icon.svg Cap is convex or flat
Decurrent gills icon2.svg Hymenium is decurrent
Bare stipe icon.svg Stipe is bare
Transparent spore print icon.svg
Spore print is yellow-brown
Mycorrhizal fungus.svgEcology is mycorrhizal
Mycomorphbox Question.pngEdibility is unknown

Bothia is a fungal genus in the family Boletaceae. A monotypic genus, it contains the single species Bothia castanella, a bolete mushroom first described scientifically in 1900 from collections made in New Jersey. Found in the eastern United States, Costa Rica, China, and Taiwan, it grows in a mycorrhizal association with oak trees. Its fruit body is chestnut brown, the cap is smooth and dry, and the underside of the cap has radially elongated tubes. The spore deposit is yellow-brown. The edibility of the mushroom is unknown. Historically, its unique combination of morphological features resulted in the transfer of B. castanella to six different Boletaceae genera. Molecular phylogenetic analysis, published in 2007, demonstrated that the species was genetically unique enough to warrant placement in its own genus.

Contents

Taxonomy

Phylogeny of B. castanella and related boletus based on nuclear large subunit (LSU) ribosomal DNA sequences. [3]

The bolete was first named Boletinus castanellus by American mycologist Charles Horton Peck in 1900. The type was collected in New Jersey by botanist Edward Sterling. [4] William Alphonso Murrill transferred it to Boletinellus in 1909; his generic concept of Boletinus included a ring on the stipe. [5] Rolf Singer placed it in Gyrodon in 1938, [6] while Wally Snell and Esther Dick thought the species to be more appropriately placed in Xerocomus , and transferred it to that genus in 1958. [7] Alexander H. Smith and Harry D. Thiers moved it to Suillus in their 1964 treatment of North American species. [8] In more recent history (1996), it has been moved to Chalciporus . [9] Snell and Dick's Boletinus squarrosoides (later moved by different authors to Phylloporus , Xerocomus, and Chalciporus) [10] is a facultative synonym (based on a different type) of B. castanella. [1] In their original 1936 publication, they compared the two species, and noted that Boletinus squarrosoides differed from B. castanellus by "reddish brown color, terete scaliness, and yellow colors of the flesh, tubes and stipe". [11] By 1958, after having examined additional collections, they realized that the two species were conspecific and represented morphological variations of each other. [7]

In 2007, Roy Halling and colleagues published molecular analysis showing that the species was genetically and morphologically distinct enough to deserve placement in a new Boletaceae genus, which they named Bothia. Since the original type has been lost, they designated a neotype from a collection made in Reading, Pennsylvania. Bothia is named in honor of mycologist Ernst E. Both, formerly curator emeritus of the Buffalo Museum of Science, and "promoter, facilitator and consummate student of boletology". [3] The specific epithet castanella, which means "small chestnut", refers to the color of the cap. [12]

Description

The pores are angular to elongated, with a slightly decurrent stipe attachment. Bothia castanella 349577.jpg
The pores are angular to elongated, with a slightly decurrent stipe attachment.

The cap of Bothia castanella is convex at first before flattening out in age, reaching a diameter of 3–8 cm (1.2–3.1 in). The center of the cap sometimes acquires a shallow depression, while the margin ranges from even to wavy and irregular. The cap surface is dry and initially hairy, but becomes smooth in maturity. Its color ranges from reddish brown to burgundy-brown to dark yellowish brown. [13] The flesh is white, and, unlike several other bolete species, does not change color when bruised or injured. It is about 8 mm (0.3 in) thick. [8]

On the cap undersurface are the pores, which are angular to elongated and measure about 2 mm wide. The color of the pore surface is pinkish brown to tan or buff, but it becomes yellowish brown in maturity; bruised areas turn ochre-tawny. The tubes are somewhat decurrent attached to the stipe (i.e., running slightly down its length), and extend about 6 mm (0.24 in) deep. The mushroom lacks any appreciable odor or taste. The dry, solid stipe measures 2–7 cm (0.8–2.8 in) long by 0.6–2 cm (0.2–0.8 in) thick, and is nearly equal in thickness throughout, or slightly tapered on either end. Its surface is more or less smooth except for a reticulate (meshed) area at the apex. The edibility of the mushroom is unknown. [13]

Fruit bodies produce a yellow-brown spore print. Spores are egg-shaped to ellipsoid, smooth, thin-walled, and measure 8.4–10.5 by 4.2–4.9  μm. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped, four-spored, and measure 25–35 by 7–9 μm. Cystidia are present on both the tube walls (as pleurocystidia) and abundantly on the edges (as cheilocystidia). They are somewhat spindle-shaped, sometimes with a central swelling, and measure 45–70 by 7–12 μm. Clamp connections are absent from the hyphae, [3] and all of the hyphae are inamyloid. [8]

Several chemical tests can used to help confirm identification of the mushroom. The cap cuticle turns grayish with the application of a drop of ferrous sulfate (FeSO4), and dark brown to amber with a dilute solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH). The flesh turns pale brown with KOH, and pale yellow with ammonia (NH4OH). [13]

Habitat and distribution

The fruit bodies of Bothia castanella grow singly, scattered, or in groups under oak, although other trees such as birch, beech, hickory, eastern white pine, and hemlock are sometimes present in the area. [3] Typical habitats include woods and parklands. [12] In Asia it has been recorded growing in bamboo forests. [14]

In the United States, where the fruiting season occurs from July to October, [13] its range extends from the Carolinas north to New York and New England, and west to Minnesota. [3] It has also been collected from Costa Rica, [9] China, [15] and Taiwan. [14]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boletaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Boletaceae are a family of mushroom-forming fungi, primarily characterised by small pores on the spore-bearing hymenial surface, instead of gills as are found in most agarics. Nearly as widely distributed as the agarics, the family is renowned for hosting some prime edible species highly sought after by mushroom hunters worldwide, such as the cep or king bolete . A number of rare or threatened species are also present in the family, that have become the focus of increasing conservation concerns. As a whole, the typical members of the family are commonly known as boletes.

<i>Chalciporus piperatus</i> Species of fungus in the family Boletaceae found in mixed woodland in Europe and North America

Chalciporus piperatus, commonly known as the peppery bolete, is a small pored mushroom of the family Boletaceae found in mixed woodland in Europe and North America. It has been recorded under introduced trees in Brazil, and has become naturalised in Tasmania and spread under native Nothofagus cunninghamii trees. A small bolete, the fruit body has a 1.6–9 cm orange-fawn cap with cinnamon to brown pores underneath, and a 4–9.5 cm high by 0.6–1.2 cm thick stipe. The flesh has a very peppery taste. The rare variety hypochryseus, found only in Europe, has yellow pores and tubes.

<i>Boletellus</i> Genus of fungi

Boletellus is a genus of fungi in the family Boletaceae. The genus has a widespread distribution, especially in subtropical regions, and contains about 50 species. The genus was first described by American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill in 1909. The genus name means "small Boletus".

<i>Chalciporus</i> Genus of fungi

Chalciporus is a genus of fungi in the family Boletaceae. There are approximately 25 species in the genus.

<i>Aureoboletus mirabilis</i> Species of fungus

Aureoboletus mirabilis, commonly known as the admirable bolete, the bragger's bolete, and the velvet top, is an edible species of fungus in the Boletaceae mushroom family. The fruit body has several characteristics with which it may be identified: a dark reddish-brown cap; yellow to greenish-yellow pores on the undersurface of the cap; and a reddish-brown stem with long narrow reticulations. Aureoboletus mirabilis is found in coniferous forests along the Pacific Coast of North America, and in Asia. Unusual for boletes, A. mirabilis sometimes appears to fruit on the wood or woody debris of Hemlock trees, suggesting a saprobic lifestyle. Despite the occasional appearances to the contrary, Aureoboletus mirabilis is mycorrhizal, and forms a close association with the tree's roots.

<i>Xerocomellus zelleri</i> Species of fungus

Xerocomellus zelleri, commonly known as Zeller's bolete, is an edible species of mushroom in the family Boletaceae. First described scientifically by American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill in 1912, the species has been juggled by various authors to several genera, including Boletus, Boletellus, and Xerocomus. Found solely in western North America from British Columbia south to Mexico, the fruit bodies are distinguished by their dark reddish brown to nearly black caps with uneven surfaces, the yellow pores on the underside of the caps, and the red-streaked yellow stems. The fungus grows in summer and autumn on the ground, often in Douglas fir forests or on their margins. The development of the fruit bodies is gymnocarpic, meaning that the hymenium appears and develops to maturity in an exposed state, not enclosed by any protective membrane.

<i>Suillus brevipes</i> Species of edible fungus in the family Suillaceae found throughout North America

Suillus brevipes is a species of fungus in the family Suillaceae. First described by American mycologists in the late 19th century, it is commonly known as the stubby-stalk or the short-stemmed slippery Jack. The fruit bodies (mushrooms) produced by the fungus are characterized by a chocolate to reddish-brown cap covered with a sticky layer of slime, and a short whitish stipe that has neither a partial veil nor prominent, colored glandular dots. The cap can reach a diameter of about 10 cm, while the stipe is up to 6 cm long and 2 cm thick. Like other bolete mushrooms, S. brevipes produces spores in a vertically arranged layer of spongy tubes with openings that form a layer of small yellowish pores on the underside of the cap.

<i>Suillus lakei</i> Species of fungus

Suillus lakei, commonly known as the matte Jack, Lake's bolete, or the western painted Suillus, is a species of fungus in the family Suillaceae. It is characterized by the distinctive reddish-brown tufted fibers or small scales on the cap, and the presence of a woolly veil on the stem. The caps can reach diameters of up to 15 cm, while the stems are between 6 and 12 cm long and usually 1–3 cm thick. On the underside of the cap is a layer of spongy yellow to yellow-brown angular pores; these pores are covered with a whitish partial veil when young. A mycorrhizal fungus, S. lakei grows in association with Douglas fir, and is found where this tree occurs. It is native to northwestern North America, but has been introduced to Europe, South America, and New Zealand. The mushroom is edible, but opinions vary considerably as to its quality.

<i>Suillus sibiricus</i> Species of fungus

Suillus sibiricus is a mushroom-forming fungus in the family Suillaceae. It is found in mountains of Europe, North America, and Siberia, strictly associated with several species of pine tree. Due to its specific habitat and rarity in Europe, it has been selected for inclusion in several regional Red Lists. Its fruit bodies are characterised by having slimy caps in wet weather, which can reach diameters of up to 10 cm (3.9 in). On the underside of the cap are yellow angular pores that bruise a pinkish to cinnamon colour. The stem is up to 8 cm (3.1 in) tall and 2.5 cm (1.0 in) wide and typically has a ring, a remnant of the partial veil that covers the fruit body in its early development. In North America, it is commonly called the Siberian slippery jack. Phylogenetic analysis has shown that S. sibiricus is closely related to S. umbonatus and S. americanus, and may in fact be conspecific with the latter species.

<i>Suillus pungens</i> Species of fungus in the family Suillaceae found in California

Suillus pungens, commonly known as the pungent slippery jack or the pungent suillus, is a species of fungus in the genus Suillus. The fruit bodies of the fungus have slimy convex caps up to 14 cm (5.5 in) wide. The mushroom is characterized by the very distinct color changes that occur in the cap throughout development. Typically, the young cap is whitish, later becoming grayish-olive to reddish-brown or a mottled combination of these colors. The mushroom has a dotted stem (stipe) up to 7 cm (2.8 in) long, and 2 cm (0.8 in) thick. On the underside on the cap is the spore-bearing tissue consisting of minute vertically arranged tubes that appear as a surface of angular, yellowish pores. The presence of milky droplets on the pore surface of young individuals, especially in humid environments, is a characteristic feature of this species. S. pungens can usually be distinguished from other similar Suillus species by differences in distribution, odor and taste. The mushroom is considered edible, but not highly regarded.

<i>Suillus salmonicolor</i> Species of fungus in the family Suillaceae

Suillus salmonicolor, commonly known as the Slippery Jill, is a fungus in the family Suillaceae of the order Boletales. First described as a member of the genus Boletus in 1874, the species acquired several synonyms, including Suillus pinorigidus and Suillus subluteus, before it was assigned its current binomial name in 1983. It has not been determined with certainty whether S. salmonicolor is distinct from the species S. cothurnatus, described by Rolf Singer in 1945. S. salmonicolor is a mycorrhizal fungus—meaning it forms a symbiotic association with the roots of plants such that both organisms benefit from the exchange of nutrients. This symbiosis occurs with various species of pine, and the fruit bodies of the fungus appear scattered or in groups on the ground near the trees. The fungus is found in North America, Hawaii, Asia, the Caribbean, South Africa, Australia and Central America. It has been introduced to several of those locations via transplanted trees.

<i>Xerocomus illudens</i> Species of fungus

Xerocomus illudens is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. Described as new to science in 1898, it is found in Asia and North America, where it grows in a mycorrhizal association with oak.

<i>Boletinellus merulioides</i> Species of fungus

Boletinellus merulioides, commonly known as the ash-tree bolete, is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletinellaceae. Described as new to science in 1832, it is found in Asia and eastern North America, where it grows on the ground near ash trees.

<i>Buchwaldoboletus lignicola</i> Species of fungus

Buchwaldoboletus lignicola is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae native to Europe and North America. Found on wood, it is actually parasitic on the fungus Phaeolus schweinitzii. It has a convex yellow- to rusty brown cap, yellow to yellow-brown pores and stipe, and a brown spore print. Its edibility is unknown.

<i>Chalciporus pseudorubinellus</i> Species of fungus

Chalciporus pseudorubinellus is a bolete fungus of the family Boletaceae. It is found in North America and Central America.

<i>Harrya chromapes</i> Species of fungus

Harrya chromapes, commonly known as the yellowfoot bolete or the chrome-footed bolete, is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. The bolete is found in eastern North America, Costa Rica, and eastern Asia, where it grows on the ground, in a mycorrhizal association with deciduous and coniferous trees. Fruit bodies have smooth, rose-pink caps that are initially convex before flattening out. The pores on the cap undersurface are white, aging to a pale pink as the spores mature. The thick stipe has fine pink or reddish dots (scabers), and is white to pinkish but with a bright yellow base. The mushrooms are edible but are popular with insects, and so they are often infested with maggots.

<i>Suillus subaureus</i> Species of fungus

Suillus subaureus is a rare species of bolete fungus in the family Suillaceae. It is found in North America, where it associates with deciduous trees. Originally described in 1887 by Charles Horton Peck, it was transferred to genus Suillus by Wally Snell in 1944. Fruitbodies are pale yellow—reflecting its specific epithet subaureus, which means "somewhat golden yellow". The spore print is olive brown. Spores are smooth and inamyloid, and measure 7–10 by 2.7–3.5 µm. It has also been recorded in Taiwan.

<i>Rheubarbariboletus</i> Genus of fungi

Rheubarbariboletus is a fungal genus in the family Boletaceae. Circumscribed in 2014, it contains two species found in Europe: Rheubarbariboletus persicolor, and the type, R. armeniacus. The generic name is derived from the Latin rheubarbarum, meaning "rhubarb", referring to the color of the flesh at the base of the stipe. The genus is closely related to Xerocomellus, but differs by having smooth spores, the unchanging yellowish to orange-rhubarb coloring of the stipe base, and the distinctive dark-green to black color reaction with iron sulphate on both the surface of the cap and on the flesh of the stipe.

<i>Imleria badia</i> Edible species of fungus in the family Boletaceae found in Europe and North America

Imleria badia, commonly known as the bay bolete, is an edible, pored mushroom found in Eurasia and North America, where it grows in coniferous or mixed woods on the ground or on decaying tree stumps, sometimes in prolific numbers. Both the common and scientific names refer to the bay- or chestnut-coloured cap, which is almost spherical in young specimens before broadening and flattening out to a diameter up to 15 cm (6 in). On the cap underside are small yellowish pores that turn dull blue-grey when bruised. The smooth, cylindrical stipe, measuring 4–9 cm long by 1–2 cm thick, is coloured like the cap, but paler. Some varieties have been described from eastern North America, differing from the main type in both macroscopic and microscopic morphology.

<i>Chalciporus rubinellus</i> Species of fungus

Chalciporus rubinellus, commonly known as the purple-red bolete, is a bolete fungus of the family Boletaceae. It was first described in 1879 as Boletus rubinellus, and later transferred to the genus Chalciporus in 1973.

References

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