Buellia

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Buellia
Buellia chloroleuca 19318.jpg
Buellia chloroleuca
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Caliciales
Family: Caliciaceae
Genus: Buellia
De Not. (1846)
Type species
Buellia disciformis
(Fr.) Mudd (1861)
Species

about 300

Synonyms [1]
List
  • Anapyrenium Müll.Arg. (1880)
  • Aplotomma A.Massal. ex Beltr. (1858)
  • Buelliopsis A.Schneid. (1897)
  • ChrismofulveaMarbach (2000)
  • Hafellia Kalb, H.Mayrhofer & Scheid. (1986)
  • Kemmleria Körb. (1861)
  • Lepropinacia Vent. (1799)
  • Mattickiolichen Tomas. & Cif. (1952)
  • MattickiomycesCif. & Tomas. (1953)
  • Melanaspicilia Vain. (1909)
  • SamboaTomas. & Cif. (1952)
  • SamboamycesCif. & Tomas. (1953)
  • SambomycesCif. & Tomas. (1952)

Buellia is a genus of mostly lichen-forming fungi in the family Caliciaceae. The fungi are usually part of a crustose lichen. [2] In this case, the lichen species is given the same name as the fungus. But members may also grow as parasites on lichens (lichenicolous). [2] The algae in the lichen (the photobiont partner) is always a member of the genus Trebouxia . [2]

Contents

Lichens in the genus are commonly called disc lichens, [3] or button lichens. [4] : 229  The genus has a widespread distribution and contains about 450 species. [5]

Genetic studies indicate that the genus Amandinea and Buellia may be the same, [6] although this is not widely accepted. [7]

Description

Genus Buellia consists of lichens that are either lichenised or occasionally lichenicolous. This means they typically form a symbiotic relationship with a photosynthetic partner, or in some cases, parasitise other lichens. Most Buellia species are independent, forming their own visible thallus (lichen body), but some start as parasites and eventually develop independent thalli. [8]

The thallus of Buellia species is crustose, meaning it forms a crust-like layer. Its appearance can range from continuous to patchy, and it may be cracked or broken into small, tile-like segments ( areolate ). In some cases, the thallus may develop into small scales or lobes . Often, there is a prothallus , which is a preliminary growth stage that typically appears dark and may form a thin outline or a more extensive network between the areoles . The surface of the thallus can be colourless or various shades of brown, yellow, or green, and it may be smooth, rough, or covered in a fine powder ( pruinose ). The margins of the thallus can be clearly defined or blend seamlessly into the substrate. [8]

The primary photobiont (symbiotic partner conducting photosynthesis) in Buellia is usually a species of Trebouxia . The medulla, or inner tissue, is typically white but may contain yellow or orange pigments. Calcium oxalate crystals, which are colourless and needle-shaped, are often present in the medulla. [8]

Apothecia, the reproductive structures where spores are formed, are common in Buellia. They can be flat, slightly concave, or convex, and are usually black or dark brown. The margin of the apothecium can vary in appearance, sometimes containing remnants of the thallus or being edged with thallus material. The hymenium (spore-producing layer) is clear but may contain oil droplets, and the paraphyses (filamentous structures) often have a distinct pigment cap, contributing to the colouration of the epihymenium (top layer of the hymenium). [8]

The spores of Buellia are initially clear, turning olive gray and eventually dark brown, although in some species, they remain clear. They can have one or several partitions (septa) and come in various shapes, often being straight but sometimes curved. The development of the spores involves forming the septum before or after the development of pigmentation and wall differentiation. The spore wall is multilayered, sometimes with distinct thickening at the sides or septa. [8]

In addition to apothecia, Buellia may also reproduce asexually through structures called pycnidia, which produce simple, bacilliform (rod-shaped), or filiform (thread-like) conidia (asexual spores). The conidiophores (structures that bear the conidia) within these pycnidia can vary in length and branching. [8]

Species

Related Research Articles

<i>Psora</i> Genus of lichens

Psora is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Psoraceae. Members of the genus are commonly called fishscale lichens. Lichens in the genus Psora generally have a squamulose thallus and anthraquinones in the hymenium. Photobiont partners of Psora lichens include members of the green algal genera Asterochloris, Chloroidium, Myrmecia, and Trebouxia.

<i>Acolium</i> Genus of lichens

Acolium is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Caliciaceae. The genus has a widespread distribution and contains six species. These lichens are found on bark and wood, occasionally on rocks, or growing on other lichens.

<i>Phaeophyscia</i> Genus of lichens

Phaeophyscia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Physciaceae.

<i>Immersaria</i> Genus of lichen

Immersaria is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Lecideaceae. It has eight species of crustose lichens.

Teuvoa is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Megasporaceae. It was first classified by lichenologists Mohammad Sohrabi and Steven Leavitt in 2013, with Teuvoa uxoris asigned as the type species. This genus was delineated from the larger genus, Aspicilia, following a molecular phylogenetic analysis which revealed that the Aspicilia uxoris species group constituted a distinct lineage in the Megasporaceae. Initially containing three species, two additional species native to China were added in 2018. Teuvoa is characterised by its small ascospores and conidia, and the absence of secondary metabolites.

<i>Lathagrium</i> Genus of lichen

Lathagrium is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has 10 species of gelatinous lichens. Species in this genus typically grow on calcareous rocks, often amidst mosses, but can also be found on siliceous or serpentine rocks, mortar, or soil.

Asterothyrium vezdae is a species of foliicolous (leaf-dwelling) lichen in the family Gomphillaceae. It is found in Bolivia, where it grows on the leaves of vascular plants in the Amazon rainforest. The lichen is distinguished from its closest relative, Asterothyrium octomerum, by the larger number of septa in its ascospores, and its and black apothecia.

Follmannia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It has three species. All three species are crustose lichens, and all occur in South America.

<i>Buellia frigida</i> Species of lichen

Buellia frigida is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Caliciaceae. It was first described from samples collected from the British National Antarctic Expedition of 1901–1904. It is endemic to maritime and continental Antarctica, where it is common and widespread, at altitudes up to about 2,000 m (6,600 ft). The characteristic appearance of this lichen features shades of grey and black divided into small polygonal patterns. The crusts can generally grow up to 7 cm in diameter, although neighbouring individuals may coalesce to form larger crusts. One of the defining characteristics of the lichen is a textured surface with deep cracks, creating the appearance of radiating lobes. These lobes, bordered by shallower fissures, give the lichen a distinctive appearance and textured surface.

Placolecis kunmingensis is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Catillariaceae. It is found in Yunnan, China. The lichen is characterised by a thallus that is areolate to squamulose in its centre, forming irregular patches or clumps 10–50 mm wide, as well as its ellipsoid or spherical ascospores with slightly thickened wall.

Tetramelas flindersianus is a saxicolous (rock-dwelling) crustose lichen species in the family Physciaceae. First described scientifically in 2020, it is found in Australia.

Tetramelas gariwerdensis is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Physciaceae, described in 2020. It is found in the Grampian Mountains in western Victoria, Australia.

Buellia cravenii is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Caliciaceae. It is found in Australia. The lichen spreads up to 3.5 cm wide thick, forming a continuous, grey-white cracked pattern of areoles.

Buellia kowenensis is a rare species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Caliciaceae. It is only known to occur at its original collection site in the Australian Capital Territory of Australia.

Buellia lordhowensis is a little-known saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen species in the family Caliciaceae, first described in 2020. It is only known to occur on Lord Howe Island, Australia.

Buellia phillipensis is a little-known species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Caliciaceae, described in 2020. It is only known to occur on Phillip Island in the Southwest Pacific.

Amandinea pilbarensis is a little-known species of crustose lichen in the family Physciaceae, First described in 2020, it is found in Australia. It is similar to Amandinea polyxanthonica, but can be distinguished by its smaller ascospores and the presence of calcium oxalate and thiophanic acid in the medulla.

<i>Glaucomaria carpinea</i> Species of lichen

Glaucomaria carpinea is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Lecanoraceae. It is a widely distributed species.

Buellia subalbula is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Caliciaceae. It occurs in coastal southern Africa, South America, and Australia, where it grows on calcareous rocks.

References

  1. ↑ "Synonymy: Buellia De Not., G. bot. ital. 2(1.1): 195 (1846)". Species Fungorum . Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 "Disc Lichen (Buellia), US Department of Agriculture".
  3. ↑ "Plants 3". plants.usda.gov.
  4. ↑ Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, ISBN   978-0-300-19500-2
  5. ↑ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford: CABI. p. 105. ISBN   978-0-85199-826-8.
  6. ↑ Scheidegger, C. 2009. Amandinea Choisy ex Scheid. & H. Mayrhofer (1993). In: C. W. Smith, A. Aptroot, B. J. Coppins, A. Fletcher, O. L. Gilbert, P. W. James and P. A. Wosley (eds.) The Lichens of Great Britain and Ireland. The British Lichen Society, Natural History Museum Publications, United Kingdom, pp. 142–144
  7. ↑ Amandinea punctata in the Joshua Tree National Park (California, U.S.A.) Map collection: Kerry Knudsen, Kocourková Jana; Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Ecology, Czech Republic; 2012
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Nash III, Thomas H.; Gries, Corrina; Bungartz, Frank, eds. (2002). "Buellia". Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. III. Tempe, Arizona: Lichens Unlimited & Arizona State University. pp. 113–178. ISBN   978-0-9716759-1-9.
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