Central America bioregion

Last updated

The Central America bioregion is a biogeographic region comprising southern Mexico and Central America.

Contents

The bioregion covers the southern portion of Mexico, all of Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua, and all but easternmost Panama.

WWF defines bioregions as "geographic clusters of ecoregions that may span several habitat types, but have strong biogeographic affinities, particularly at taxonomic levels higher than the species level (genus, family)." [1]

The bioregion lies in the tropics, and is home to tropical moist broadleaf forests, tropical dry broadleaf forests, and tropical coniferous forests. The higher mountains are home to cool-climate montane forests, grasslands and shrublands.

Origins and prehistory

Central America connects North America to South America. The land bridge was completed 2.8 million years ago, when the Isthmus of Panama was formed, linking the two continents for the first time in tens of millions of years. The resulting Great American Interchange of animals and plants shaped the flora and fauna of the Central America bioregion. [2]

Flora

Plants of South American origin came to dominate the tropical lowlands of Central America. [2] [3]

The montane vegetation of the region is distinct from the lowland vegetation, and includes species with origins in temperate North America, including oaks (Quercus), Pines (Pinus) and alders (Alnus). It also includes relict taxa which were once more widespread in North America, and spread southwards into the Central American highlands during cooler climate periods, some reaching as far as the northern Andes of northwestern South America. These include the genus Ticodendron (Ticodendraceae), Matudaea (Hamamelidae), Trigonobalanus excelsa of Colombia (Fagaceae), and Nyssa talamancala (Cornaceae). Other montane species are tropical lowland taxa which adapted to the cooler highlands, as well as taxa with origins in temperate South America like Weinmannia and Drimys . [3]

Fauna

Large mammals include the white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari), Baird's tapir (Tapirus bairdii), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), Central American red brocket (Mazama temama), Yucatan brown brocket (Odocileus pandora), giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), brown-throated sloth (Bradypus variegatus), jaguar (Panthera onca), cougar (Puma concolor), and ocelot (Leopardus pardalis).[ citation needed ]

Central America's freshwater fish and invertebrates are mostly of South American origin. 95% of Central American freshwater fish are South American in origin, with only the tropical gar (Atractosteus tropicus), three clupeids (Dorosoma), a catostomid (Ictiobus), and an ictalurid (Ictalurus) of North American origin. [2]

Ecoregions

Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests

Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests

Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests

Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands

Flooded grasslands and savannas

Montane grasslands and shrublands

Deserts and xeric shrublands

Mangrove

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Central America</span> Subregion of the Americas

Central America is a subregion of the Americas. Its political boundaries are defined as bordering Mexico to the north, Colombia to the south, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Central America usually consists of seven countries: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama. Within Central America is the Mesoamerican biodiversity hotspot, which extends from northern Guatemala to central Panama. Due to the presence of several active geologic faults and the Central America Volcanic Arc, there is a high amount of seismic activity in the region, such as volcanic eruptions and earthquakes, which has resulted in death, injury, and property damage.

The Global 200 is the list of ecoregions identified by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), the global conservation organization, as priorities for conservation. According to WWF, an ecoregion is defined as a "relatively large unit of land or water containing a characteristic set of natural communities that share a large majority of their species dynamics, and environmental conditions". For example, based on their levels of endemism, Madagascar gets multiple listings, ancient Lake Baikal gets one, and the North American Great Lakes get none.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inter-American Division of Seventh-day Adventists</span> Sub-entity of the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists

The Inter-American Division of Seventh-day Adventists is a sub-entity of the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, which oversees the Church's work in Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, and Northern South America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pale-billed woodpecker</span> Species of bird

The pale-billed woodpecker is a species of bird in subfamily Picinae of the woodpecker family Picidae. It is found from Mexico to Panama.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Petén–Veracruz moist forests</span> Tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion in Belize, Guatemala, and Mexico

The Petén–Veracruz moist forests is an ecoregion of the tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest biome found in Belize, Guatemala, and Mexico.

<i>Podocarpus matudae</i> Species of conifer

Podocarpus matudae is a species of conifer in the family Podocarpaceae. It is found in Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and Mexico.

<i>Scinax staufferi</i> Species of frog

Scinax staufferi is a species of frog in the family Hylidae. It is found in Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, and Nicaragua. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, moist savanna, subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, pastureland, rural gardens, heavily degraded former forest, ponds, and canals and ditches.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rusty sparrow</span> Species of bird

The rusty sparrow is a species of bird in the family Passerellidae that is found in Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico and Nicaragua. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forest, subtropical or tropical moist montane forest, and subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northern bentbill</span> Species of bird

The northern bentbill is a species of bird in the family Tyrannidae. It is found in Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forest, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, and heavily degraded former forest.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eye-ringed flatbill</span> Species of bird

The eye-ringed flatbill is a species of bird in the family Tyrannidae. It is found in Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama, with a slight incursion into Colombia at the south end of its range. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mangrove vireo</span> Species of bird

The mangrove vireo is a species of bird in the family Vireonidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Central American pine–oak forests</span> Ecoregion in Mexico and Central America

The Central American pine–oak forests is a tropical and subtropical coniferous forests ecoregion in the mountains of northern Central America and Chiapas state in southern Mexico.

<i>Drimys granadensis</i> Species of flowering plant

Drimys granadensis is a broadleaf evergreen tree of family Winteraceae. it is native to tropical montane forests from Peru to southern Mexico.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Index of Central America–related articles</span>

This is an index of Central America-related articles. This index defines Central America as the seven nations of Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama.

<i>Quercus sapotifolia</i> Species of oak tree

Quercus sapotifolia is a species of oak. It is native to southern and western Mexico as well as Central America. It is threatened by habitat loss.

<i>Quercus corrugata</i> Species of oak tree

Quercus corrugata is a species of oak found in Central America and Mexico.

References

  1. Dinerstein, Eric; David Olson; Douglas J. Graham; et al. (1995). A Conservation Assessment of the Terrestrial Ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean. World Bank, Washington DC.
  2. 1 2 3 Flannery, Tim (2001). The Eternal Frontier: An Ecological History of North America and its Peoples. Grove Press, New York.
  3. 1 2 Nyssa talamancana Hammel & N.Zamora WFO Monograph Details, The William and Lynda Steere Herbarium, New York Botanical Garden. Accessed 27 January 2023.