Chicago Boys

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The Chicago Boys were a group of Chilean economists who rose to prominence in the 1970s and 1980s. Most were educated at the University of Chicago Department of Economics under influential figures like Milton Friedman, Arnold Harberger, and Larry Sjaastad, or at its academic partner, the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. After returning to Latin America, they assumed key roles as economic advisors in several South American governments, most notably the military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990), where many attained the highest economic offices. [1] Their free-market policies later influenced conservative governments abroad, including those of Ronald Reagan in the United States and Margaret Thatcher in the United Kingdom. [2]

Contents

Origins and the Chile Project

The term "Chicago Boys" emerged in the 1980s [3] to describe Latin American economists who espoused the liberal economic theories taught at the University of Chicago. Their training stemmed from the "Chile Project," an initiative organized in the 1950s by the U.S. State Department under the Point Four Program, the first U.S. global economic development scheme. [4] Funded by the Ford Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation, the project aimed to reshape Chilean economic thought. [5]

The University of Chicago's Economics Department established scholarship programs with Chile's Catholic University. Between 1957 and 1970, approximately one hundred selected Chilean students underwent training, first in Chile and then in postgraduate studies at Chicago. Professor Larry Sjaastad was a central figure, supervising 139 doctoral dissertations, many for Latin American students, [6] during his 42-year tenure. [7]

Rise to power

The Chicago Boys' ideas remained marginal in Chilean politics until the early 1970s. A group of them prepared a comprehensive 189-page economic blueprint titled El ladrillo ("the brick"), [8] which was presented during Jorge Alessandri's unsuccessful 1969 presidential campaign. Alessandri rejected the plan, but it was revived following the 1973 Chilean coup d'état that brought General Augusto Pinochet to power, ultimately forming the basis of the new regime's economic policy. As Milton and Rose Friedman noted in their memoir: "In 1975, when inflation still raged and a world recession triggered a depression in Chile, General Pinochet turned to the 'Chicago Boys'; he appointed several of them to powerful positions in the government." [9]

Economic policies and impact

As the principal economic architects of the Pinochet regime, the Chicago Boys implemented a radical program of neoliberal reforms. Their policies, often described as "shock therapy," aimed to curb hyperinflation and stimulate growth through severe austerity, deep cuts in government spending, widespread deregulation, and the privatization of state-owned enterprises. [10] They also liberalized trade, dismantling protectionist barriers to integrate Chile into the global market.

The immediate results were severe. By 1982, Chile's GDP had contracted by approximately 15%, [10] and the reforms exacerbated income inequality, a legacy that continues to affect the country. However, these market-oriented policies, underpinned by the anti-Marxist ideology of the junta, were framed as a necessary corrective to the preceding socialist policies and a bulwark against communism during the Cold War.

The relationship between the Chicago Boys and international financial institutions like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) was complex, marked by both alignment and rivalry. [11] The combination of free-market capitalism with authoritarian political control became a hallmark of Pinochetism, and the Chicago Boys' policies remain deeply controversial in Chile and internationally. [12]

International influence

The perceived economic success of the Chicago Boys, often termed the "Chilean Miracle," provided the Pinochet regime with a degree of international legitimacy, helping to offset criticism of its human rights record. Their pioneering use of structural adjustment, tax cuts, and free-trade policies attracted the attention of conservative leaders worldwide. [2] The Chilean experiment served as a key case study for the application of Chicago School principles and influenced the neoliberal turn in the United States and United Kingdom during the 1980s.

Scholars have extensively analyzed the long-term significance of this influence. The Chicago Boys' restructuring of Chile's economy is a pivotal chapter in the history of neoliberal policy. [13] While credited by supporters with creating a stable and growing economy, critics highlight the social costs, including increased inequality and the implementation of these policies under a repressive dictatorship. [14]

Later history and legacy

Following the end of military rule and the return to democracy in 1990, the Chicago Boys as a cohesive group lost direct political power, with many moving into the private sector. However, the core tenets of their economic model remained largely in place. [15]

The academic connection between Chile and the University of Chicago endured beyond the original Chile Project. Alumni networks, including the Chicago Boys, are maintained through organizations like the "Latin American Business Group at Chicago Booth School of Business." The term "Chicago Boys" persists in popular culture, media, and academic discourse, and was the title of a 2015 Chilean documentary film. [16] [17]

Notable members

In Chile

  • Jorge Cauas, Minister of Finance (1975–1977)
  • Sergio de Castro, Minister of Finance (1977–1982)
  • Pablo Baraona, Minister of Economy (1976–1979)
  • José Piñera, Minister of Labor and Pensions (1978–1980); Minister of Mining (1980–1981)
  • Hernán Büchi, Minister of Finance (1985–1989)
  • Alvaro Bardón, President of the Central Bank of Chile; Minister of Economy (1982–1983)
  • Juan Carlos Méndez, Budget Director (1975–1981)
  • Sergio de la Cuadra, President of the Central Bank of Chile; Minister of Finance (1982)
  • Rolf Lüders, Minister of Economy (1982); Minister of Finance (1982–83)
  • Miguel Kast, Minister of Planning (1978–1980); Labor Minister (1980–1982); Governor of the Central Bank of Chile (1982–83)
  • Joaquín Lavín, Minister of Education (2010–2011); Minister of Planning (2011–2013)
  • Cristián Larroulet Vignau, Minister of the General Secretariat to the Presidency (2010–2014)
  • Ricardo Ffrench-Davis, often termed a "heterodox" or "anti" Chicago Boy for his critical stance. [18] [19]

Elsewhere in Latin America

Graduates from the University of Chicago influenced economic policies across the region, including:

See also

References

  1. ↑ Klein, Naomi (2007). The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. Macmillan. ISBN   978-0-8050-7983-8.
  2. 1 2 O'Brien, Philip J.; Roddick, Jacqueline (1983). Chile, the Pinochet Decade: The Rise and Fall of the Chicago Boys. London: Latin America Bureau. ISBN   0-906156-18-1. OCLC   10830245.
  3. ↑ Gary S. Becker (1997-10-30). "What Latin America Owes to the 'Chicago Boys'". Hoover Digest. Stanford University. Archived from the original on 2014-11-30. Retrieved 2012-11-14.
  4. ↑ Paterson, Thomas G. (1972). "Foreign Aid under Wraps: The Point Four Program". The Wisconsin Magazine of History. 56 (2): 119–126. ISSN   0043-6534. JSTOR   4634774. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2021-12-21.
  5. ↑ Biglaiser, Glen (2002). "The Internationalization of Chicago's Economics in Latin America". Economic Development and Cultural Change. 50 (2): 269–286. doi:10.1086/322875. S2CID   144618482.
  6. ↑ Clements, Kenneth; Tcha, MoonJoong (June 2004). "The Larry Sjaastad Letters, I" (PDF). University of Western Australia. Retrieved September 18, 2024.
  7. ↑ Harms, William (May 9, 2012). "Larry Sjaastad, scholar of international economics, 1934–2012". uchicago news. Archived from the original on September 9, 2024. Retrieved September 18, 2024.
  8. ↑ El Ladrillo. Bases de la política económica del gobierno militar chileno.Santiago: CEP 2nd edition1992
  9. ↑ Two Lucky People: Memoirs. Milton Friedman and Rose D. Friedman. University of Chicago Press, 1998. p. 398.
  10. 1 2 Brender, Valerie (2010-03-01). "Economic Transformations in Chile: The Formation of the Chicago Boys" . The American Economist. 55 (1): 111–122. doi:10.1177/056943451005500112. ISSN   0569-4345. S2CID   156007531.
  11. ↑ Kedar, Claudia (2017-02-03). "The International Monetary Fund and the Chilean Chicago Boys, 1973–7: Cold Ties between Warm Ideological Partners" . Journal of Contemporary History. 54 (1): 179–201. doi:10.1177/0022009416685895. ISSN   0022-0094. S2CID   164694056.
  12. ↑ "Latin American Business Group at Chicago Booth School of Business (Latam Group) Speaker Profile". Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved 2014-01-26.
  13. ↑ Edwards, Sebastian (2023). The Chile Project: The Story of the Chicago Boys and the Downfall of Neoliberalism. Princeton University Press. ISBN   978-0-691-20862-6.
  14. ↑ Van Overtveldt, Johan (2007). The Chicago School: How the University of Chicago Assembled the Thinkers Who Revolutionized Economics and Business. Agate Publishing. ISBN   9781932841145.
  15. ↑ Maxwell, Kenneth; Valdés, Juan Gabriel (1996). "Pinochet's Economists: The Chicago School in Chile" . Foreign Affairs. 75 (2): 157. doi:10.2307/20047535. ISSN   0015-7120. JSTOR   20047535.
  16. ↑ "Chicago Boys". Nov 5, 2015. Archived from the original on December 19, 2015. Retrieved Sep 14, 2020– via IMDb.
  17. ↑ "Latin American Business Group | the University of Chicago Booth School of Business". Archived from the original on 2020-04-17. Retrieved 2019-01-03.
  18. ↑ Rumié Rojo, Sebastián Andrés (2019). "Chicago Boys en Chile: neoliberalismo, saber experto y el auge de una nueva tecnocracia" [Chicago Boys in Chile: Neoliberalism, Expert Knowledge, and the Rise of a New Technocracy]. Revista mexicana de ciencias políticas y sociales (in Spanish). 64 (235). doi: 10.22201/fcpys.2448492xe.2019.235.61782 . hdl: 1887/3152421 .
  19. ↑ Bravo Pou, Ximena (2014-05-26). "Ricardo Ffrench-Davis, el anti Chicago Boy". América Economía (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2022-02-17. Retrieved 2022-02-13.

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