Coffee filter

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Ground coffee being poured into a paper filter inserted in a Chemex filter holder and caraffe Die Chemex 6 Cup.jpg
Ground coffee being poured into a paper filter inserted in a Chemex filter holder and caraffe

A coffee filter is a filter used for various coffee brewing methods including but not limited to drip coffee filtering. Filters made of paper (disposable), cloth (reusable), or plastic, metal or porcelain (permanent) are used. [nb 1] Paper and cloth filters require the use of some kind of filter holder, whereas filters made out of other materials may present an integral part of the holder or not, depending on construction. The filter allows the liquid coffee to flow through, but traps the coffee grounds.

Contents

Overview

Used coffee filter Coffee Filter 2006 09 09.JPG
Used coffee filter
Micro photo of a paper filter Coffeefilterar.jpg
Micro photo of a paper filter

Paper filters remove oily components called diterpenes (like cafestol and kahweol). [1] Metal, nylon or porcelain mesh filters do not remove these components. [2] [nb 1] These organic compounds, present in unfiltered coffee, have anti-inflammatory properties. [3] [nb 2] Several studies also indicate that the mild consumption of paper-filtered coffee may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease due to reducing these compounds. [4] [5]

Coffee filters of paper are made from about 100 g/m2 filter paper. The raw materials (pulp) for the filter paper are coarse long fiber, often from fast-growing trees, e.g. Melitta uses up to 60% of bambus in their filters since 1998. [6] Both bleached and unbleached filters are made. [7]

Typically, coffee filters are made up of filaments approximately 20 micrometres wide, which allow particles through that are less than approximately 10 to 15 micrometres. [8] [9]

Some baristas claim that paper filters exhibit a "paperish" taste [10] and recommend to wash out the filter with a flush of hot water before filling the ground coffee into the filter.

Since paper filters filter out some components the resulting coffee is said to taste somewhat fruitier compared to permanent filters.

For a filter to be compatible with a filter holder (in the case of drip coffee preparation also called a dripper) or coffee maker, the filter needs to be a specific shape and size.

Disposable paper filters

History of paper filters

In 1782, Johann Georg Krünitz described a then-new method to extract coffee utilizing blotting paper in a (tinned) metal filter cone. [11] [12] [13] : 139–140  [14]

In Germany and the Netherlands, filter paper inserts were used in narrow conical metal filter holders called "Hamburger Spitztrichter" (Hamburg filter) to extract drip coffee. [15] : 977  [12] : 77ff.  [13] : 139  In 1785, a silver filter was manufactured by Johann Christopher Hellmers, suggesting that porcelain versions existed even earlier. [16] : 63–64  Hamburg filters made out of (enameled) metal or porcelain were still very common in the early 1900s in Germany. [16] : 162–163 

In 1847, Elard Römershausen  [ d ] (aka Elard Romershausen and Elard [von] Rommershausen) experimented with paper filters while constructing an early "air press coffee machine". [13] : 137, 139 

In 1885, Heinrich Böhnke-Reich (aka Boehnke-Reich) warned of using old wall paper as coffee filters, [nb 1] but favourably described sheets of thick wool-style greyish paper which could be cut into shape for use as quick filters in a conical filter holder. [17] : 107–120  [16] : 162 

In 1894, the Wilda'sche coffee filter device by Eugen Wilda used single-use cloth filter bags, which, in the corresponding patent, were considered to be superior to paper filter bags presumably already in use at the time. [16] : 163  [13] : 139 

On 8 July 1908, the first commercial paper coffee filter was a 94 mm round filter disk devised by the German entrepreneur Melitta Bentz. [13] : 140–  [18] She wanted to remove the bitter taste caused by overbrewing. [18] [19] She patented her invention and formed a company, Melitta, to sell the coffee filters (in a format and size later named "1" [nb 3] ), hiring her husband and two sons to assist her as the first employees. [13] [20]

Filter shapes and sizes

Cone-, fan- or boat-shaped filters

Melitta filter systems and derivatives

Since 1930 [21] /1931, there was a conical paper coffee filter named "Blitz-Filter" (English: flash filter) featuring rims manufactured by the Berlin-based [18] : 33–34, 36 Blitz-Filter GmbH, [22] a filter paper manufacturer, holding a D.R.G.M. utility patent [22] on their filter. [21] In 1931, Paul Ciupka proposed conical paper coffee filters, [23] : 214  [13] : 141  which reportedly led to the construction of another coffee filter named "Brasil Kaffeefilter" at the Göttinger Aluminiumwerke  [ de ] (now Alcan) in 1932. [16] : 166  [13] : 141  [21] It was recommended by the press. [24] Melitta bought the rights to the Göttingen D.R.G.M. filter patent [16] : 166  [13] : 141  [21] and, still in 1932, [25] introduced their Schnell-Filter (English: quick filter), [13] : 141  [18] : 33–34, 36  [21] a cone-shaped filter holder looking almost identical to the Brasil filter [22] with a circular bottom with 8 (later 4) holes suitable for use with squarish sheets of filter paper, which still had to be pressed into shape through a metal cone (a so called Eindrücker (presser), a type of filter shaping tool also known as "negotiator" today). [13] : 141–142  [26] These quick filter holders were manufactured of porcelain or metal, available in sizes named "100", "101", "102", and "103". This system was available up to 1939. [27]

Fan- or boat-shaped coffee filter, made of unbleached paper Koffiefilter RA.jpg
Fan- or boat-shaped coffee filter, made of unbleached paper

Patented in 1935, [18] Melitta introduced the Filtertüte (English: filter bag) in various sizes in 1936 or 1937 [13] : 141  [18] [6] In Germany, Melitta holds a trademark on the term "Filtertüte" (English: filter bag) for the conical fan- or boat-shaped paper filter introduced in 1937, [28] that is why other manufacturers use terms like coffee filter, paper filter, etc.

In 1936, [22] Melitta also took over the manufacturer of the "Blitz-Filter". [18] : 33–34, 36  The cone-shaped filter holders were refined in 1936 to get a slot-shaped bottom (originally with 4 holes) more suitable for the filter bags, now looking more fan- or boat-shaped. [18] Over the years the system was expanded to eventually consist of filter bag sizes "100" (for 1–2 cups à 1⁄6 [29] –1⁄8 litre[ clarification needed ] [30] [31] [29] ), "101" (for 2–3 [30] or 2–4 cups [31] [29] [32] ), "102" (for 3–6, [30] 4–6 [33] or 4–8 cups [31] [29] ), "103" (for 6–15, [30] 8–15 cups [31] [29] [34] or 10–15 [35] ), "104" (for 15–25 [31] [29] or 15–30 cups [30] ), "105" (for 25–50 [31] [29] [36] or 30–60 cups [30] ), "106" (for 50–80 [31] [29] or 60–100 cups [37] ), "112" (for 2 cups, with pot mount [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] ) and "123" [44] (for 6–10 cups [45] ). The system also included special types like tea filters "401" (1–6 cups, [46] compatible with "101" [44] [29] ) and "402" (for 3–9 cups, [47] compatible with "102" [48] ) and the miniature filter "801" (for 1–2 or 1–3 [49] small cups for children, or 1 normal cup [49] ). Brigitta once marketed a fan- or boat-shaped filter size "502". [50] [51] A disadvantage of the system was that one had to pour water continuously or several times while the proper amount of necessary water could only be guessed.

Therefore, in 1963 [18] or 1965 [6] Melitta developed a new fan- or boat-shaped filter system with corresponding "1×" nomenclature: In this system the filters are sized big enough so that the whole amount of water (except for the water needed for blooming) can be poured in one go. Consequently, the filter sizes "1×2", "1×4", "1×6" and "1×10" [52] result in 2, 4, [53] 6, and 10 cups of coffee when filling the filter once. Since these filters only differ in height and have otherwise the exact same geometry, bottom width (about 49 mm) and angle (about 54°), the filter bags are interchangeable between filter holders of different sizes.

Both systems are still in use today in principle, but the sizes "103", "104", "105", "106", "112", "123", "401", "402", ("502",) "801" and "1×10" are no longer manufactured.

Common in the US are fan- or boat-shaped filters "#0" (similar to "100"), "#1" (similar to "101"), [nb 3] "#2" (similar to "102"), [nb 4] "#4" (similar to "1×4"), [nb 5] and "#6" (similar to "1×6"), [nb 6] [nb 7] with "#2", "#4" and "#6" being particularly popular, as well as basket-shaped filters in an 8–12 cup home size and larger restaurant sizes.

Hario filter system
A Hario V60 permanent filter holder placed on a mug. Hario V60 dripper (30519007832).jpg
A Hario V60 permanent filter holder placed on a mug.

The Hario "vector 60" V60 is a cone-shaped brewer (with 60° angle), with ribs along the wall (to prevent the paper sticking and allowing air through) and a single large hole (to allow water to pass through unrestricted). [54] Hario began designing brewers in 1980; the V60 design was released in 2004. [54] [55] The brewer received the Japanese Good Design Award in 2007 [56] and is used by many of the winners in the World Brewers Cup. In partnership with 2013 World Barista Champion Pete Licata it was further developed into the Hario W60, a brewer with a flat-bottomed mesh filter, to "address the concern baristas have with 'flat bed' brewing". [57] The Hario Switch combines steeping with drip filtering.

Hario has cone-shaped paper filter bag sizes "01" (for 1 cup), "02" (for 1–4 cups) and "03" (for 1–6 cups). [58] [55]

Other filter shapes

A basket-type coffee filter, here made of bleached paper Coffee-filter.jpg
A basket-type coffee filter, here made of bleached paper

Saint Anthony Industries (SAI) introduced a conical filter called "C70" (2018) and a flat-bottom filter "F70" (2019) with a steep 70° angle.

Other Melitta filter sizes include the pyramid filters "202s", "203", "206(G)", "220(G)", "240(G)" and "270(G)", round filter disks "1" (94 mm), "1a" (60 mm), "2" (120 mm) and "2b", and "50", [6] [59] circle filter rings (for percolators) "3 1⁄2 in." (89 mm), [60] "164mm", "190mm", "203mm", "235mm", "240mm", "244mm", "256mm", "260mm", "290mm", "330mm", "400mm" and "440mm", prepleated flat-bottom basket filters "(A)250/90" (250 mm/90 mm, also known as "90/250") and "(A)250/110" (250 mm/110 mm), roll filters "2004" as well as wrap filters (for percolators, 232 × 241 mm). [61] [62] While some of them are still available today, most of them have fallen out of use for long.

A squarish pyramid filter Filtra "602" was available as well. [63]

Other basket filter sizes include "101/317", "152/350", "152/457", "203/533" and "280/635".

Other round filter disks include 160 mm, 220 mm, 195 mm, 230 mm.

The Aeropress and Ceado Hoop use round paper filter disks with a diameter of c. 63 mm.

The German Tricolate coffee dripper uses round paper filter disks with a diameter of 88 mm.

The Kanas-based NextLevel drippers use proprietary round disk paper filters as well (95 mm for the LVL-10 and 77 mm for the Pulsar). [64]

The Hario cold brew dripper Slow Brew "Shizuku" (WDC-6) and Water Dripper Clear (WDW-6) take 58 mm round filter disks.

Chemex filter system

The six conical filter holder sizes for the Chemex coffee maker (originally introduced in 1941) and the Funnex utilize two different sizes of paper filters. A half-moon shaped filter paper (bleached: FP-2, unbleached: FP-2N) is used for the 3-cup holders (CM-1, CM-1C, CM-1GH) and the Funnex (CM-FNX), which must be folded before use. The larger holders for 5 (CM-2), 6 (CM-6A, CM-6GH), 8 (CM-3, CM-8A, CM-8GH), 10 (CM-10A, CM-10GH) and 13 cups (CM-4) can alternatively use prefolded square sheets (bleached: FS-100, unbleached: FSU-100), prefolded circle filters (bleached: FC-100) or unfolded circle filters (bleached: FP-1). The paper is 20–30% thicker than regular paper filters.

Other filter parameters and properties

Other important coffee filter paper parameters are strength, compatibility, efficiency and capacity.

If a coffee filter is not strong enough, it will tear or rupture, allowing coffee grains through to the coffee pot. Compatibility describes a filter medium's resistance to degradation by heat and chemical attack; a filter that is not compatible with the liquid passing through it is likely to break down, losing strength (structural failure). Efficiency is the retention of particles in a target (size) category. The efficiency is dictated by the particles or substances to be removed. A large-mesh filter may be efficient at retaining large particles but inefficient at retaining small particles. Capacity is the ability to "hold" previously removed particles while allowing further flow. A very efficient filter may show poor capacity, causing increased resistance to flow or other problems as it plugging up prematurely and increasing resistance or flow problems. A balance between particle capture and flow requirements must be met while ensuring integrity.

Reusable cloth filters

Flannel filter placed on a metal support in 1868. Filtre-pour-une-tasse-cafe.jpg
Flannel filter placed on a metal support in 1868.

Reusable cloth (such as cotton, [17] [16] : 62, 162  hemp, [65] [17] [66] : 47  [16] : 162  linen, [11] [65] [66] : 47  [16] : 64  silk, [65] [66] : 47  [16] : 64  wool, [65] [66] : 47  [16] : 64  hair cloth, [11] [16] : 64  horse hair, [65] [66] : 47  [16] : 64  fustian, muslin [16] : 62  or flannel [16] : 62 ) has been used to filter coffee for a very long time. [11] [67] [68] Like paper, it strains out the coffee grounds, but the cloth filter allows more of the oil to come through than paper filters. [69] An example of a cloth filter is the bolsita in Costa Rican chorreador coffee makers.

Permanent filters

Vietnamese Phin metal filter Vietnamese coffee gear.jpg
Vietnamese Phin metal filter
Indian permanent metal filter Disassembled South Indian coffee filter.jpg
Indian permanent metal filter

Permanent filters can be divided into two groups:

The first type integrates the filter sieve with the holding mechanism into one part.

The second type of permanent filters are inserts to be used with a separate filter holder. For this, they are resembling the shape of disposable paper or reusable cloth filters otherwise used with those filter holders. Like them they can exhibit some amount of water bypass.

Permanent metal filters are also used to prepare filtered coffee, including Vietnamese iced coffee and Indian filter coffee. The "French press" (also referred to as cafetière) uses a metal filter. Other types of permanent filters are made of plastic, porous ceramics, or porcelain (like the double-layered cross-slitted strainer made from through-glazed porcelain of Karlsbad-style coffee makers or the special porcelain filter sieves of Büttner system coffee makers). [nb 1]

Filter holders

Filter holders are made out of plastic (including Makrolon/Exolon, Tritan, Ecozen), metal (stainless steel, copper, aluminium, emaille), ceramics, porcelain or glass, or, rarely, wood. [nb 1] Most of them are designed to be used with disposable paper and reusable cloth filter inserts, but there is also an after-market of permanent filter inserts made out of plastic, metal or ceramics which can be used in filter holders originally designed for paper or cloth filters. [nb 1] Another type of permanent filters combines the actual filter sieve with its holding mechanism into one integral part.

Filter holders for cone-, fan- or boat- as well as for flat-bottom shaped (paper) filters can be distinguished by features of their mechanical construction, some of which also have a significant influence on taste, brewing time, utility and how (easy) to clean the filter holder:

Metal and porcelain filter holders store more heat than glass or plastic filters and therefore should be pre-heated to avoid too large temperature drops during pouring.

See also

Notes

Melitta porcelain filter holder "102" with too large paper filter bag "1x4" Kaffeefilter.jpg
Melitta porcelain filter holder "102" with too large paper filter bag "1×4"
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Since filters and filter holders get in direct contact with hot water and coffee, an acidic solution, they should meet all criteria for food contact materials, which some materials, depending on local regulatories, may not. This holds particularly true for materials used in some older or historic filters. Metal alloys may contain problematic ingredients like lead (Pb), nickel (Ni) or chromium (Cr). Aluminium (Al) is suspected to cause Alzheimer disease. Various plastics may contain bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol S (BPS), phthalates, etc. Food-grade stainless steel and ceramics, and in particular silicate-based glass and porcelain are considered safe.
  2. ↑ Cafestol has also shown anticarcinogenic and neuroprotective properties at least in animals like rats and fruit flies.
  3. 1 2 Fan- or boat-shaped filters of size #1 (Melitta 101) must not be confused with paper filter sizes Melitta 1 for round filter disks or Hario 01 for cone-shaped filters.
  4. 1 2 Fan- or boat-shaped filters of size #2 (Melitta 102) must not be confused with the fan- or boat-shaped paper filter size Melitta 1×2, cone-shaped filter size Hario 02, or with Melitta 2 round filter disks. Melitta 102 has a different geometry and is significantly larger than Melitta 1×2, almost as large as Melitta 1×4. The size #2 Ritzenhoff & Breker "Rio 101" porcelain filter holder incorrectly associates this with size 101.
  5. ↑ Fan- or boat-shaped filters of size #4 (Melitta 1×4) must not be confused with the much larger fan- or boat-shaped filter size Melitta 104. Still, the size #4 Ritzenhoff & Breker "Rio 104" porcelain filter holder incorrectly associates this with size 104.
  6. ↑ Fan- or boat-shaped filters of size #6 (Melitta 1×6) must not be confused with the much larger fan- or boat-shaped filter size Melitta 106.
  7. ↑ Another reason for this easier nomenclature becoming more popular is because Melitta has trademarked the names of their filter bag sizes at least in Germany.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Melitta</span> German coffee company

Melitta is a German company selling coffee, paper coffee filters, and coffee makers, part of the Melitta Group, which has branches in other countries. The company is headquartered in Minden, North Rhine-Westphalia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Filter paper</span> Semi-permeable paper barrier

Filter paper is a semi-permeable paper barrier placed perpendicular to a liquid or air flow. It is used to separate fine solid particles from liquids or gases.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tea bag</span> Small sealed bag or packet containing tea leaves

A tea bag or teabag is a small, porous, sealed bag or packet, typically containing tea leaves or the leaves of other herbs, which is immersed in water to steep and make an infusion. Originally used only for tea, they are now made with other tisanes as well.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Drip coffee</span> Drink made by pouring hot water onto ground coffee beans

Drip coffee is made by pouring hot water onto ground coffee beans, allowing it to brew while seeping through. There are several methods for doing this, including using a filter. Terms used for the resulting coffee often reflect the method used, such as drip-brewed coffee, or, somewhat inaccurately, filtered coffee in general. Manually brewed drip coffee is typically referred to as pour-over coffee. Water seeps through the ground coffee, absorbing its constituent chemical compounds, and then passes through a filter. The used coffee grounds are retained in the filter, while the brewed coffee is collected in a vessel such as a carafe or pot.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coffee percolator</span> Coffee brewing device

A coffee percolator is a type of pot used for the brewing of coffee by continually cycling the boiling or nearly boiling brew through the grounds using gravity until the required strength is reached. The grounds are held in a perforated metal filter basket.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coffee cup</span> Tableware product

A coffee cup is a cup for serving coffee and coffee-based drinks. There are three major types: conventional cups used with saucers, mugs used without saucers, and disposable cups. Cups and mugs generally have a handle. Disposable paper cups used for take-out sometimes have fold-out handles, but are more often used with an insulating coffee cup sleeve.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coffee preparation</span> Process of turning coffee beans into a beverage

Coffee preparation is the making of liquid coffee using coffee beans. While the particular steps vary with the type of coffee and with the raw materials, the process includes four basic steps: raw coffee beans must be roasted, the roasted coffee beans must then be ground, and the ground coffee must then be mixed with hot or cold water for a specific time (brewed), the liquid coffee extraction must be separated from the used grounds, and finally, if desired, the extracted coffee is combined with other elements of the desired beverage, such as sweeteners, dairy products, dairy alternatives, or toppings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coffee substitute</span> Non-coffee products used to imitate coffee

Coffee substitutes are non-coffee products, usually without caffeine, that are used to imitate coffee. Coffee substitutes can be used for medical, economic and religious reasons, or simply because coffee is not readily available. Roasted grain beverages are common substitutes for coffee.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Melitta Bentz</span> German entrepreneur and inventor of the coffee filter

Amalie Auguste Melitta Bentz, best known as Melitta Bentz, was a German inventor and entrepreneur known for revolutionizing the process of coffee brewing with her innovation of the coffee filter. This was an outstanding achievement that stemmed from her desire to make a cleaner cup of coffee. Her company, Melitta Company, remains a significant leader in the coffee industry nowadays. Her contributions effectively enhanced coffee preparation methods while significantly influencing coffee culture globally.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">AeroPress</span> Manual coffee brewer (developed 2004)

The AeroPress is a manual coffeemaker invented by Alan Adler, founder of AeroPress, Inc. It consists of a cylindrical chamber, and a plunger with an airtight silicone seal, similar to a syringe. Ground coffee beans and water are steeped inside, then forced through a filter at the bottom of the chamber by pressing the plunger down through the chamber. It is capable of brewing highly concentrated coffee, which the manufacturer describes as "espresso style", but can also be used to brew filter strength coffee, or cold brew coffee.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Single-serve coffee container</span> Soft or hard container filled with a single portion of coffee grounds for brewing

A single-serve coffee container is a container filled with coffee grounds, used in coffee brewing to prepare only enough coffee for a single portion. Single-serve coffee containers come in various formats and materials, often either as hard and soft pods or pads made of filter paper, or hard aluminium and plastic capsules.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chemex Coffeemaker</span> Pour-over style glass coffeemaker

The Chemex Coffeemaker is a manual pour-over style glass coffeemaker, invented by Peter Schlumbohm in 1941, manufactured by the Chemex Corporation in Chicopee, Massachusetts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coffeemaker</span> Cooking appliance used to brew coffee

A coffeemaker, coffee maker or coffee machine is a cooking appliance used to brew coffee. While there are many different types of coffeemakers, the two most common brewing principles use gravity or pressure to move hot water through coffee grounds. In the most common devices, coffee grounds are placed into a paper or metal filter inside a funnel, which is set over a glass or ceramic coffee pot, a cooking pot in the kettle family. Cold water is poured into a separate chamber, which is then boiled and directed into the funnel and allowed to drip through the grounds under gravity. This is also called automatic drip-brew. Coffee makers that use pressure to force water through the coffee grounds are called espresso makers, and they produce espresso coffee.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Teapot effect</span> Phenomenon in fluid dynamics

The teapot effect, also known as dribbling, is a fluid dynamics phenomenon that occurs when a liquid being poured from a container runs down the spout or the body of the vessel instead of flowing out in an arc.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Karlsbad-style coffee maker</span> Special drip coffee maker utilizing a double-layered cross-slitted through-glazed porcelain filter

A variant of the category of French drip coffee pots is the group of so-called Bohemian coffee pots, manual zero-bypass flat bottom coffee makers made out of porcelain only, including Karlsbad coffee makers (1878), Bayreuth coffee makers (2007), the Walküre cup filter (2010) and the Walküre aroma-pot (2015). In contrast to French drip coffee pots, they all use a special double-layered conically cross-slitted strainer made from through-glazed porcelain as well as a water spreader with six large round holes to ensure an even water distribution and reduce the agitation of the coffee bed, a method sometimes also called cake filtration. In particular before World War I, but still up to the advent of the Espresso machine in the 1950s, they were very popular in the Viennese coffee house culture. The special kind of drip coffee they produce is called a Karlsbader. In Vienna, the Kleiner Schwarzer, a black coffee without milk or sugar, was often prepared in Karlsbad coffee makers as well, hence they were sometimes incorrectly also called Vienna coffee-making machines. Once manufactured by many porcelain manufacturers, demand gradually dropped and eventually production stopped when electrical coffee makers became more and more common, so that Karlsbad coffee makers were only available on the used market for a couple of decades. However, experiencing a renaissance since about the millennium as part of the so-called third-wave of coffee one manufacturer restarted production of them. They are also used in restaurants and by connoisseurs, coffee sommeliers, coffee roasters and in coffee tasting laboratories.

"System Büttner" coffee makers have been a type of manual and semi-automatic coffee makers combining coffee steeping with drip-filtering (percolation).

Thun 1794 was a German and Czech porcelain manufacturer using the porcelain mark "TK". Originally founded in 1793/1794 as Thun'sche Porcellanfabrik and, after many restructurings, finally closed in 2024 after 230 years, it was the oldest and largest Czech porcelain manufacturer. It operated in three locations: Klášterec nad Ohří, Sadov-Lesov and Nová Role.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Porzellanfabrik Walküre</span> German porcelain manufacturer

The Erste Bayreuther Porzellanfabrik "Walküre" Siegmund Paul Meyer, commonly known as Porzellanfabrik Walküre and historically as Porzellanfabrik Siegmund Paul Meyer, was a porcelain factory in Bayreuth, Germany, that existed for 120 years from 1899 to 2019. In 2020, Friesland Porzellan GmbH secured the rights to the "Walküre" brand.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Friesland Porzellan</span> German porcelain and ceramics manufacturer

Friesland Porzellanfabrik GmbH & Co. KG, based in Varel-Rahling, Germany, in the Friesland district, is a German manufacturer of porcelain, stoneware and earthenware, in particular coffee and table services for everyday and upscale needs. It was originally founded in 1953 as a subsidiary of Melitta-Werke Bentz & Sohn producing under the "Melitta" label. In 1982, they started to also manufacture under their own "Friesland Germany" brand, finally becoming independent of Melitta in 1995. After several refirmations in the 2000s, Friesland Porzellanfabrik GmbH was taken over by the Dutch company Royal Goedewaagen in spring 2019. The headquarters of the new corporate group RGW Friesland Porzellan Gruppe is still in Varel. The Royal Goedewaagen Group became the Bornego Group in 2021.

References

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  2. ↑ Cornelis, Marilyn C.; El-Sohemy, Ahamed (November 2007). "Coffee, caffeine, and coronary heart disease". Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care . 10 (6). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.: 745–751. doi:10.1097/MCO.0b013e3282f05d81. ISSN   1363-1950. PMID   18089957. S2CID   35221890. Diterpenes present in unfiltered coffee and caffeine each appear to increase risk of coronary heart disease. A lower risk of coronary heart disease among moderate coffee drinkers might be due to antioxidants found in coffee.
  3. ↑ Cárdenas, Casimiro; Quesada, Ana R.; Medina, Miguel A. (2011-08-09). McCormick, David L. (ed.). "Anti-Angiogenic and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Kahweol, a Coffee Diterpene". PLoS One . 6 (8): e23407. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...623407C. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023407 . PMC   3153489 . PMID   21858104. Correction
  4. ↑ Tverdal, Aage; Selmer, Randi; Cohen, Jacqueline M.; Thelle, Dag S. (2020-04-22). "Coffee consumption and mortality from cardiovascular diseases and total mortality: Does the brewing method matter?". European Journal of Preventive Cardiology . 27 (18). SAGE Publishing: 1986–1993. doi: 10.1177/2047487320914443 . eISSN   2047-4881. ISSN   2047-4873. PMID   32320635. S2CID   216083549. Unfiltered brew was associated with higher mortality than filtered brew, and filtered brew was associated with lower mortality than no coffee consumption.
  5. ↑ LaMotte, Sandee (2022-04-22). "The healthiest way to brew your coffee – and possibly lengthen your life". CNN . Archived from the original on 2023-12-26. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "Jahre Melitta Zeitstrahl Allgemein" (PDF). www.melitta-group.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-03-10.
  7. ↑ Paulapuro, Hannu Viljami [in Finnish] (2000). "5". Paper and Board grades. Papermaking Science and Technology. Vol. 18. Finland: Fapet Oy. p. 114. ISBN   952-5216-18-7.
  8. ↑ "Mixtures and Solutions – Coffee Filter and Diatomaceous Earth". Science Curriculum Support Project. Princeton Materials Institute, Princeton University. 2003. Archived from the original on 2012-01-07.
  9. ↑ "Seal face lubrication". McNally Institute. Archived from the original on 2011-01-10.
  10. ↑ "Tassenfilter – Der neue Tassenfilter Marke Rosenthal" [The new cup filter] (in German). Nürnberg, Germany: Rosenthal. Archived from the original on 2023-12-31. Retrieved 2023-12-31. Der Kaffee kommt mit keinem Metall in Berührung, behält daher sein natürliches Aroma. […] Durch Verwendung des doppelt geschlitzten, durchaus glasierten Siebes, kommt das lästige Filtrierpapier, das dem Kaffeearoma schädlich ist, in Fortfall.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Krünitz, Johann Georg (1784). "Kaffe" [Coffee]. In von Pfeiffer, Johann Friedrich (ed.). Oekonomische Encyklopädie, oder allgemeines System der Stats- Stadt- Haus- u. Landwirthschaft, in alphabetischer Ordnung [Economic encyclopedia] (in German). Berlin: Joachim Pauli  [ de ]. pp. 100–264 [172]. Archived from the original on 2023-06-03. Retrieved 2023-06-03. pp. 172–173: Die neuerlich eingeführte Weise, den Kaffetrank durch das Filtriren zu verfertigen, ist wohl unstreitig die beste. Man legt nähmlich in einen dazu gemachten blechernen, wohl verzinnten, Filtrirhut oder Trichter, (Kaffe-Sieb) ein reines, feines Leinwand-Tüchlein oder Haartuch, oder, weil dieses durch den öfteren Gebrauch leicht unrein gemacht werden könnte, lieber weißes Lösch- und Druck-Papier, und nimmt jedes Mahl neues; in dieses schüttet man den gemahlenen Kaffe, setzt den Trichter über einen erwärmten Topf oder Kanne, und gießt allmählich siedendes Wasser darauf. Auf solche Art zieht das Wasser aus dem Kaffe die Kräfte, und filtrirt ganz klar durch das Tuch oder Papier. Das Wasser aber muß langsam aufgegossen werden; man könnte auch, um die Kraft destobesser auszuziehen, diesen durchgeseiheten Trank nochmahl in den Trichter zurück gießen, und durch den gemahlenen Kaffee zum zweiten Mahl laufen lassen. Ein solcher filtrirter Kaffe ist nicht nur gesunder, als der abgekochte, sondern hat auch noch andere Vorzüge. Man kann solchen nicht nur nach Belieben wieder erwärmen und aufkochen, und er bleibt immer klar, sondern der Geschmack ist auch besser, welches leicht daraus abzunehmen ist, weil der in dem Trichter zurück gebliebene Kaffe nicht, wie der andere, der im Topfe sich zu Boden setzt, nochmahl auf- und ausgekochet werden kann, und, wenn solches ja geschähe, man ein Getränk erhält, welches gar nicht nach Kaffee schmeckt, sondern einen recht wiederlichen Geschmack hat.
  12. 1 2 Bramah, Edward Roderick; Bramah, Joan (1995) [1989]. Coffee Makers – 300 years of art & design. Translated by Auerbach, Georg (2 ed.). London, UK: Quiller Press Ltd. ISBN   1-870948-33-5. (2+2+166+8+2 pages) (NB. Original 1989 edition was by Lucchetti editore, Bergamo, Italy.); Bramah, Edward Roderick; Bramah, Joan (1995) [1989]. Kaffeemaschinen - Die Kulturgeschichte der Kaffeeküche[Coffeemachines - The cultural history of the coffee kitchen] (in German). Translated by Auerbach, Georg (Special ed.). Stuttgart, Germany (originally: Munich, Germany): Parkland Verlag (originally: Blanckenstein Verlag). p. 152. ISBN   3-88059-826-6. (168+2 pages) (NB. The German translation contains many typographical errors.)
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Beutelspacher, Martin (July 2006). "Techniken der Kaffeezubereitung. Auf dem Weg zu einer Optimierung des Kaffeegenusses". In Mohrmann, Ruth-Elisabeth [in German] (ed.). Essen und Trinken in der Moderne. Beiträge zur Volkskultur in Nordwestdeutschland (in German) (1 ed.). Münster, Germany; New York, USA: Waxmann Verlag GmbH / Waxmann Publishing Co.  [ de ]. pp. 125–146. ISBN   978-3-8309-1701-4. ISSN   0724-4096 . Retrieved 2023-06-09. (159+1 pages)
  14. ↑ jam (2008-06-19). "Kaffee-Revolution mit Blechdose und Löschpapier". Saarland. Saarbrücker Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 2023-06-03. Denn die Methode, mittels Löschpapier und einem blechernen Trichter Kaffee zuzubereiten, wird bereits in der 1784 erschienenen "Oeconomischen Encyclopädie" von Johann Georg Krünitz unter dem äußerst ausführlichen Eintrag "Kaffe" als bekannt vorausgesetzt – und als beste Art der Kaffeebereitung gepriesen. Aber offenbar hatte sich zuvor noch niemand die Mühe gemacht, diese Idee zu Geld zu machen.
  15. ↑ Holzborn, Adolf (c. 1928). Der Eisenwarenhandel. Ein Lehr- u. Nachschlagewerk für den Handel mit Eisenwaren und Haus- und Küchengeräten (in German) (1 ed.). Nordhausen, Germany: Heinrich Killinger Verlagsgesellschaft. p. 977.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Bersten, Ian; Bersten, Helen (1993). Coffee floats, tea sinks. Through History and Technology to a Complete Understanding (1 ed.). Sydney / Roseville, Australia: Helian Books. ISBN   0-646-09180-8. (284+4 pages)
  17. 1 2 3 Böhnke-Reich, Heinrich (1885). Der Kaffee in seinen Beziehungen zum Leben. Für Haus und Familie und für Gebildete aller Stände. Festschrift zum zweihundertjährigen Jubiläum des Kaffee's in Österreich und Deutschland (in German) (2nd expanded ed.). Berlin & Leipzig, Germany: Verlag von Fr. Thiel. (xii+224 pages)
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Hempe, Mechthild (2008). Written at Minden, Germany. Melitta Unternehmensgruppe (ed.). 100 Jahre Melitta – Geschichte eines Markenunternehmens[100 years Melitta – History of a brand company] (in German) (1 ed.). Cologne, Germany: Geschichtsbüro Verlag / Geschichtsbüro Reder, Roeseling & Prüfer GbR. ISBN   978-3-940371-12-6. (2+140+2 pages) (NB. There is also a French translation named 100 années Melitta - L'histoire d'une marque. Reportedly, English and Brazilian translations exist as well.)
  19. ↑ Bellis, Maria (2017-04-07). "Love Your Latte? This is the History of Coffee". Humanities: History & Culture. ThoughtCo. Archived from the original on 2023-03-19. Retrieved 2023-03-19.
  20. ↑ "The invention of the coffee filters – Melitta Bentz, mother of filter coffee: Inventor and entrepreneur". German Patent and Trade Mark Office (DPMA). 2023-01-27. Archived from the original on 2023-01-29. Retrieved 2023-01-29.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 "Selten! Melitta Urfilter "Brasilfilter" "Brasil" Kaffeefilter, Größe 2, 30er J. • EUR 289,80". PicClick DE.
  22. 1 2 3 4 Personal correspondence with Astrid and Günther Kampmann, Willich, Germany. September 2024. See also: Treffer 2016.
  23. ↑ Ciupka, Paul (1931). "Vor- und Nachteile des Filtrierpapierverfahrens" [Advantages and disadvantages of the paper filter method]. Taschenbuch des Kaffee-Fachmanns[Pocketbook of the coffee expert] (in German) (1 ed.). Hamburg, Germany: Otto Meissners Verlag  [ de ] / Herrosé & Ziemsen GmbH. pp. 213–214 [214]. (viii+319 pages)
  24. ↑ "(unknown)". Eberswalder Offertenblatt - Organ für die deutschen Eisen-, Stahl-, Kurzwaren- u. Haushaltungs-Geschäfte sowie für die Werkzeug- u. Werkzeugmaschinen-Branche (in German). Vol. 55, no. 4xxx. Eberswalde, Germany. September 1931. OCLC   183226441. ZDB-ID   614542-5. DNB-IDN   013563963. gut und zweckmäßig{{cite news}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  25. ↑ "Melitta-Schnellfilter". Archived from the original on 2022-03-13.
  26. 1 2 Treffer, Bianca (2016-03-01). "Erst mahlen, dann filtern – Astrid und Günther Kampmann haben ein Faible: Kaffeefilter. Das Willicher Ehepaar besitzt eine Melitta-Filter-Sammlung von rund 600 Exemplaren". NRW > Städte > Stadt Willich. Rheinische Post (in German). Vol. 70. Rheinische Post Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. Archived from the original on 2024-09-10. Retrieved 2024-09-10.
  27. ↑ "Melitta-Schnellfilter". Archived from the original on 2022-03-31.
  28. ↑ "Melitta Bentz und die Geschichte des Kaffeefilters | MDR.DE". 2022-12-15. Archived from the original on 2022-12-15. Retrieved 2024-10-28.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Original Melitta Kaffee-Schnellfilter 100 und 401". Archived from the original on 2023-03-02.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Tag des Kaffees, Mein Sammlerportal, Kaffee, Berlin, alte Reklame auf sampor.de / MSP". 2023-02-26. Archived from the original on 2023-02-26. Retrieved 2024-03-01.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Kaffeefilter Original Melitta 102 in Frankfurt am Main – Bockenheim | eBay Kleinanzeigen". 2023-02-26. Archived from the original on 2023-02-26. Retrieved 2024-03-01.
  32. ↑ "Melitta – Produktwelt – Melitta Kaffeefilter Porzellan 101". Archived from the original on 2016-04-24.
  33. ↑ "Melitta – Produktwelt – Melitta Kaffeefilter Porzellan 102". Archived from the original on 2016-10-16.
  34. ↑ "kaffeefilter_melitta_13b". Archived from the original on 2023-02-26.
  35. ↑ "Melitta Schnellfilter 103 Dreiloch 10–15 Tassen". Archived from the original on 2023-03-01.
  36. ↑ "Vintage Melitta Kipp- Warmhaltekanne Typ 905 + Schnellfilter Alu Porzellan 1950 | eBay". Archived from the original on 2023-02-26.
  37. ↑ "Interessengemeinschaft "RETTET DEN HUELBACH"". Archived from the original on 2017-03-16.
  38. ↑ "Gebrauchsanleitung der Melitta - Filter und Kanne 112". Archived from the original on 2023-03-28.
  39. ↑ "Und darauf müssen Sie besonders achten". Archived from the original on 2023-03-28.
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  42. ↑ "Melitta Filter No. 112 – Etsy.de". Archived from the original on 2023-03-01.
  43. ↑ "Melitta Porzellan Filter Schnellfilter 112 weiß 3-Loch grüne Schrift 50er/ 60erJ". Archived from the original on 2023-03-01.
  44. 1 2 Sander, Antje; Siems, Maren; Wördemann, Wilfried; Meyer, Stefan; Janssen, Nina (2015). Siems, Maren (ed.). Melitta und Friesland Porzellan - 60 Jahre Keramikherstellung in Varel[Melitta and Friesland Porzellan - 60 years manufacturing of ceramics in Varel]. Schloss Museum Jever  [ de ] (in German). Vol. Jever Heft 33 (1 ed.). Oldenburg, Germany: Isensee Verlag  [ de ]. pp. 23, 42. ISBN   978-3-7308-1177-1. Begleitkatalog zur Ausstellung: Jeverland – in Ton gebrannt. (48 pages)
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  46. ↑ "SUCHE alte Melitta Kaffeefilter Porzellan". Archived from the original on 2023-03-02.
  47. ↑ "Melitta Teefilter 402 mit Brühstab". Archived from the original on 2023-03-01.
  48. ↑ "Tag des Kaffees, Mein Sammlerportal, Kaffee, Berlin, alte Reklame auf sampor.de / MSP". 2023-03-28. Archived from the original on 2023-03-28. Retrieved 2024-10-28.
  49. 1 2 "Original Melitta Puppenkaffee 801 Sammlerstücke". Archived from the original on 2023-04-02.
  50. ↑ "Kaffeefilter aus Kunststoff – Größe 502 – Bisher Unbenutzt". Archived from the original on 2023-04-12. Retrieved 2023-04-13.
  51. ↑ "Brigitta Filtertüten Gr. 502 Pack 80 [4006508124473] – Angebote – YouPickIt". Archived from the original on 2023-03-01.
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  59. ↑ "SP_Melitta_0051_20x20cm_300dpi (download)". www.melitta-group.com.
  60. ↑ "Melitta Rundfilter in der geschlossenen Originalverpackung (149)". Archived from the original on 2023-05-07.
  61. ↑ "1300_1300_90/584-008". Archived from the original on 2023-02-26.
  62. ↑ "Melitta|Rapid". Archived from the original on 2023-02-26.
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  65. 1 2 3 4 5 Jöcher, G. A., ed. (1825). "Kaffee, Thee und Chocolade". Jöchers gemeinnützige Magie (in German). No. Heft 17. Leipzig, Germany: Literarisches Central-Comptoir.
  66. 1 2 3 4 5 Ciupka, Paul (1949). Kaffee-Ersatz und Kaffee-Zusatz (in German). Vol. 1. Hamburg, Germany: Otto Meissners Verlag  [ de ]. p. 47.
  67. ↑ "Kaffee". Bilder-Conversations-Lexikon für das deutsche Volk (in German) (1 ed.). Leipzig, Germany: F. A. Brockhaus. 1837. Archived from the original on 2021-09-27. Retrieved 2018-07-02. Besser ist es, den Kaffee in einen Filtrirsack zu thun und das siedende Wasser darauf zu gießen.
  68. ↑ "Kaffee". Pierer's Universal-Lexikon der Vergangenheit und Gegenwart (in German) (4 ed.). Altenburg, Germany: Verlagsbuchhandlung von H. A. Pierer. 1865 [1857]. Archived from the original on 2022-01-28. Retrieved 2018-07-02. Gewöhnlich aber filtrirt man ihn noch vor dem Gebrauch, Andere aber bereiten ihn auch durch mehrmaliges Aufgießen siedenden Wassers über, in seine Leinwand gethanen gemahlenen K.
  69. ↑ Hoffmann, James Alexander (2018). The World Atlas of Coffee (2 ed.). Great Britain: Mitchell Beazley. p. 84. ISBN   978-1-78472-429-0.
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  71. ↑ "Oslo - Form 23 - Friesland Porzellan ...hol ich mir nach Hause!". friesland-porzellan.de. Retrieved 2024-10-28.
  72. ↑ "KPM: Café Berlin". stil & markt (in German). 2015-10-17. Retrieved 2024-10-28.
  73. ↑ "KPM KAFFEEFILTER" (PDF). www.weitz-porzellan.de (in German). Retrieved 2024-11-01.
  74. ↑ "Barista-Filter 2 M5324 00003 No Limits | SELTMANN WEIDEN". hotel.seltmann.com.
  75. ↑ "IDEEN FÜR IHRE PROMOTION" (PDF). www.topp-and-more.de (in German). 2017. Retrieved 2024-11-01.
  76. ↑ "eBay Kleinanzeigen ist jetzt Kleinanzeigen". Kleinanzeigen.
  77. ↑ "eBay Kleinanzeigen ist jetzt Kleinanzeigen". Kleinanzeigen.
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