Colombian peace agreement referendum, 2016

Last updated
Colombian peace agreement referendum, 2016
Do you support the final agreement to end the conflict and build a stable and lasting peace?
Location Colombia
Date October 2, 2016 (2016-10-02)
Results
Votes%
Yes check.svg Yes6,382,90149.78%
X mark.svg No6,438,55250.22%
Valid votes12,821,45398.15%
Invalid or blank votes241,4641.85%
Total votes13,062,917100.00%
Registered voters/turnout34,899,94537.43%
Results by department
Mapa de Colombia (resultados plebiscito acuerdo de paz 2016 por departamentos).svg
  Yes    No

The Colombian peace plebiscite to ratify the final agreement on the termination of the Colombian conflict between the Colombian government and the FARC guerillas was held on October 2, 2016. [1] It failed with 50.2% voting against it and 49.8% voting in favor. [2]

Colombian conflict low-intensity asymmetric war, beginning in 1964, between Colombian governments, paramilitary groups, crime syndicates and far-left guerrillas (FARC, ELN, etc.)

The Colombian conflict began in the mid-1960s and is a low-intensity asymmetric war between Colombian governments, paramilitary groups, crime syndicates and far-left guerrillas such as the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), and the National Liberation Army (ELN), fighting each other to increase their influence in Colombian territory. Two of the most important international actors that have contributed to the Colombian conflict are multinational companies and the United States.

Contents

Background

Colombia
Coat of arms of Colombia.svg
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Colombia

The aim of this vote was the direct approval or rejection by voters of the agreements signed between the Colombian government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) in Cartagena de Indias, September 27, 2016. The peace negotiations began on August 26, 2012, in Havana, and concluded on August 25, 2016. [3] [4] [5] The final agreement included topics of rural reform, political participation, the end of hostilities, solutions to the production of illicit drugs, the rights of victims, and the mechanisms of implementation and verification. [6] On July 18, 2016 the Constitutional Court approved the holding of a national plebiscite to validate the peace agreement. [7] The ballot paper consisted of a single question for voters to approve or reject the signed peace agreements:

Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia irregular military

The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia—People's Army was a guerrilla movement involved in the continuing Colombian armed conflict from 1964 to 2017. It was known to employ a variety of military tactics in addition to more unconventional methods, including terrorism. The FARC–EP was formed during the Cold War period as a Marxist–Leninist peasant force promoting a political line of agrarianism and anti-imperialism.

Havana Capital city in La Habana, Cuba

Havana is the capital city, largest city, province, major port, and leading commercial center of Cuba. The city has a population of 2.1 million inhabitants, and it spans a total of 781.58 km2 (301.77 sq mi) – making it the largest city by area, the most populous city, and the fourth largest metropolitan area in the Caribbean region.

Constitutional Court of Colombia

The Constitutional Court of Colombia is the supreme constitutional court of Colombia. Part of the Judiciary, it is the final appellate court for matters involving interpretation of the Constitution with the power to determine the constitutionality of laws, acts, and statutes.

¿Apoya el acuerdo final para terminación del conflicto y construcción de una paz estable y duradera? [8]

(Do you support the final agreement to end the conflict and build a stable and lasting peace?)

For the agreement to be approved, the "Yes" votes had to account for at least 13% of the electorate (i.e., 4,396,626 votes out of a total of 34,899,945 registered voters [9] ) and outnumber the "No" votes.

Campaign

Yes

President Juan Manuel Santos, who was a promoter of the peace talks, announced the support for the 'Yes' option. [10] The 'Yes' campaign received the support of many members of the Colombian community from the political left (Gustavo Petro, César Gaviria, Antonio Navarro Wolff, Piedad Cordoba), centre (Antanas Mockus, Sergio Fajardo, Lucho Garzon, Claudia López Hernández) and right (German Vargas Lleras, Enrique Peñalosa, Mauricio Cárdenas). The political parties that were in favour are the Alternative Democratic Pole, the Social Party of National Unity, Radical Change, the Independent Movement of Absolute Renovation, the Indigenous Social Alliance Movement, the Green Party of Colombia, the Colombian Conservative Party and the Liberal Party of Colombia. [11] [12]

Juan Manuel Santos former President of Colombia

Juan Manuel Santos Calderón is a Colombian politician. From 2010 to 2018, he was the President of Colombia. He was the sole recipient of the 2016 Nobel Peace Prize.

Gustavo Petro Colombian politician and economist

Gustavo Francisco Petro Urrego is a Colombian politician, economist, and presidential candidate who previously served as mayor of Bogotá. As a left-wing politician, Petro was a member of the guerrilla group M-19 in the 1980s, which later evolved into the Alianza Democrática M-19, a political party in which Petro also participated as a member of the national congress in the 1990s. Petro also served as a senator as a member of the Alternative Democratic Pole party following the 2006 legislative elections with the second largest vote in the country. In 2009, he resigned his position to aspire to the presidency of Colombia in the 2010 Colombian presidential election, finishing fourth in the race.

César Gaviria President of Colombia

César Augusto Gaviria Trujillo is a Colombian economist and politician who served as the President of Colombia from 1990 to 1994, Secretary General of the Organization of American States from 1994 to 2004 and National Director of the Colombian Liberal Party from 2005 to 2009. During his tenure as president, he summoned the Constituent Assembly of Colombia that enacted the Constitution of 1991.

Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos signing the peace treaty with FARC leader Rodrigo Londono Echeverri, also known as Timochenko Jefa de Estado participa en ceremonia de la Firma de la Paz entre el Gobierno de Colombia y las FARC E.P. (29953487045).jpg
Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos signing the peace treaty with FARC leader Rodrigo Londono Echeverri, also known as Timochenko

Although most public figures in Colombia refused to explicitly declare their support for either the 'Yes' or 'No' vote, many indicated their support for 'Yes' through various messages. Colombia's best-known singers Shakira, Carlos Vives, Juanes and Fonseca all posted messages of support and hope for peace on their Twitter accounts. [13] [14] International footballer Falcao wrote a letter to the newspaper El Tiempo in which he stated that he imagined "a country with the capacity to forgive", [15] while former Colombian striker Carlos Valderrama was more outspoken in his support, appearing at campaign rallies for the 'Yes' vote and saying he wanted a better country for his children. [16] Cyclist Nairo Quintana, who had won the Vuelta a España and come second in the Tour de France in 2016, asked his fellow Colombians to support the peace accord, describing it as "a step we had to take". [17] Novelist Héctor Abad Faciolince, whose father Héctor Abad Gómez had been murdered for his stance on human rights, expressed his happiness that an accord had been reached. [18] Internationally renowned sculptor Fernando Botero sent a sculpture of a white dove to the Colombian presidential palace, created in his signature "fat" style of portraying people and animals. It was accompanied by a message that he had wanted to create "this present for my country in order to express my support and my solidarity with this [peace] process". [19] A Twitter campaign to promote the peace process outside Colombia, entitled "#Peace4Colombia", attracted the support of Colombian-born Hollywood actor John Leguizamo and Spanish singer Miguel Bose, who holds honorary Colombian nationality. [20] Most displaced Colombian victims living outside of the country supported the Yes vote, and voted accordingly, although some were critical of having been excluded from the peace process. [21]

Shakira Colombian singer

Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll is a Colombian singer, songwriter, dancer, businesswoman, and philanthropist. Born and raised in Barranquilla, her first studio albums, Magia and Peligro, failed to attain commercial success in the 1990s; however, she rose to prominence in Latin America with her major-label debut, Pies Descalzos (1996), and her fourth album, Dónde Están los Ladrones? (1998).

Carlos Vives Colombian singer

Carlos Alberto Vives Restrepo is a Colombian singer, songwriter and actor.

Juanes Colombian musician and singer

Juan Esteban Aristizábal Vásquez, known professionally as Juanes, is a Colombian musician who was a member of the rock band Ekhymosis and is now a solo artist. In 2000, his solo debut album Fíjate Bien won three Latin Grammy Awards. According to his record label, Juanes has sold more than 15 million albums worldwide.

No

The most prominent campaigner for the 'No' vote was current senator and former president Álvaro Uribe. [22] Uribe built his career, including two terms as president, on promises to tackle the guerrilla groups in the country, and had been an outspoken critic of Santos, his successor as president, ever since Santos began negotiations with the FARC. Uribe was supported by senior members of his Democratic Center party, including the 2014 presidential candidate Óscar Iván Zuluaga, 2014 vice-presidential candidate Carlos Holmes Trujillo, and senator Iván Duque Márquez. The party presented several arguments against the peace deal, among them that the guerrillas would not serve time in prison, that they would automatically be awarded ten seats in Congress, that the deal would legalize narcotrafficking, and that in pursuing the negotiations Santos had gone beyond the terms of the Colombian constitution. [23] [24]

Álvaro Uribe Colombian lawyer and politician

Álvaro Uribe Vélez is a Colombian politician who served as the 31st President of Colombia from 7 August 2002 to 7 August 2010.

Democratic Center (Colombia) Colombian political party

Democratic Centre is a conservative political party in Colombia founded by Álvaro Uribe, former President, former Vice President Francisco Santos Calderón and former Finance Minister Óscar Iván Zuluaga. It is a self-described party of the centre, although in opinion groups it is often considered a right-wing party. Iván Duque, the incumbent President of Colombia is a member of the party.

Óscar Iván Zuluaga Colombian politician

Óscar Iván Zuluaga Escobar is a Colombian economist and politician who was the Democratic Center's nominee for President of Colombia in the 2014 election. He won the most votes in the first round of the election and but went on to lose to the incumbent Juan Manuel Santos Calderón in the second round.

Other senior political figures who spoke out against the peace accord were conservative former Inspector General Alejandro Ordóñez, who feared it would legitimize violence within the country, [25] and former president Andrés Pastrana, rejecting the position of his own Conservative Party. [26] As Uribe's predecessor as president, Pastrana had himself attempted to negotiate a peace deal with the FARC between 1999 and 2002.

Outside of politics, other well-known Colombians also rejected the peace deal. Novelist and filmmaker Fernando Vallejo, who was born in Colombia but who became a naturalized Mexican citizen in 2007, launched a strong attack against the negotiations during a debate at the World Summit of Art and Culture for Peace in Bogotá on April 6, 2016, describing president Santos as "shameless" and calling the FARC "thugs". [27] The strongly religious footballer Daniel Alejandro Torres, a regular starter in the Colombian national football team during 2016, published a video on his Instagram account in which he accused Santos of not placing Jesus at the heart of the negotiations. [28] John Jairo Velásquez (known as "Popeye"), the former hitman for Pablo Escobar and the Medellín drug cartel, also expressed his opposition to the accord. [14]

Opinion polls

Attitudes among Colombians have matched the elite cues from Santos and Uribe: those who support Uribe's party and preferred candidates dropped down in support for the peace process, while those who continued to support Santos did the opposite. [29] Moreover, messaging can shift support on the peace process: support for a peace process is higher than specific policies included in the peace process, and support is even lower if the policies are tied to the FARC. [30]

The following table shows the results of opinion polling from the date of the announcement of the wording of the referendum question on August 30, 2016 up to the date of the referendum on October 2, 2016. [8]

Date(s) conductedSample sizeMargin of errorPolling organisation/clientYesNo
Aug 31–Sep 1, 201621092.13% Datexco/W Radio & El Tiempo [31] 59.5%33.2%
Sep 1–5, 201615264.9% Ipsos Napoleón Franco/RCN, La FM & Semana [32] 72%28%
Sep 6–8, 201621092.13% Datexco/W Radio & El Tiempo [33] 64.8%28.1%
Sep 13–15, 201621092.13% Datexco/W Radio & El Tiempo [34] 55.3%38.3%
Sep 14–18, 201612004.9% Invamer–Gallup Colombia/Caracol Televisión, Blu Radio & El Espectador [35] 67.6%32.4%
Sep 15–20, 201630072.0% Cifras & Conceptos/Caracol Radio & Red + Noticias [36] 54%34%
Sep 21–25, 201615243.5% Ipsos Napoleón Franco/RCN, La FM & Semana [37] 66%34%
Sep 25–26, 201614713.7% Cifras & Conceptos/Caracol Radio & Red + Noticias [38] 62%38%

Results

Votes from Colombians abroad (Colombia in yellow). Map of the World (Colombian peace agreement referendum).svg
Votes from Colombians abroad (Colombia in yellow).
ChoiceVotes%
X mark.svg No6,438,55250.22
Yes6,382,90149.78
Valid votes12,821,45398.15
Invalid or blank votes241,4641.85
Total votes13,062,917100.00
Registered voters and turnout34,899,94537.43
Source: CNE

Related Research Articles

Íngrid Betancourt Colombian-French politician

Ingrid Betancourt Pulecio is a Colombian-French politician, former senator and anti-corruption activist, especially opposing political corruption.

Humberto De la Calle former Vice President of Colombia

Humberto de la Calle Lombana is a Colombian lawyer and politician. He served as Vice President of Colombia from 1994 to 1997. De La Calle served in the cabinet as Interior Minister under two Presidents, Andrés Pastrana and César Gaviria. He also served as Ambassador to Spain and the United Kingdom. After 2003, De La Calle worked at his own Law firm which specialises in advising and representing international clients in Colombia. In October 2012 he was appointed by President Juan Manuel Santos as the chief negotiator in the peace process with the FARC.

Humanitarian exchange

The Humanitarian Exchange or Humanitarian Accord referred to a possible accord to exchange hostages for prisoners between the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) guerrilla group and the Government of Colombia.

Colombia–Venezuela relations Diplomatic relations between the Republic of Colombia and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

Colombia–Venezuela relations refers to the diplomatic relations between the Republic of Colombia and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. The relationship has developed since the early 16th century, when Spanish empire colonizers created the Province of Santa Marta and the Province of New Andalucia. The countries share a history for achieving their independence under Simón Bolívar and becoming one nation—the Gran Colombia—which dissolved in the 19th century. Following then, the overall relationship between the two countries has vacillated between cooperation and bilateral struggle.

Operation Emmanuel was a humanitarian operation that rescued politician Clara Rojas, her son Emmanuel, and former senator Consuelo González from the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) in Colombia. The operation was proposed and set up by Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, with the permission of the Colombian government of Álvaro Uribe. Chávez's plan was supported by the governments of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, and France, as well as the Red Cross, which also participated in the operation. Venezuelan aircraft were flown to an airport in the Colombian town of Villavicencio, were resupplied, and from there flew to the secret rescue point set up by the FARC. On December 26, 2007, through the Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Colombian government approved the mission, only requesting that the aircraft used for the operations were labelled with Red Cross insignias.

2008 Andean diplomatic crisis

The 2008 Andean diplomatic crisis was a diplomatic stand-off between the South American countries of Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela. It began with an incursion into Ecuadorian territory across the Putumayo River by the Colombian military on March 1, 2008, leading to the deaths of over twenty militants, including Raúl Reyes and sixteen other members of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). This incursion led to increased tension between Colombia and Ecuador and the movement of Venezuelan and Ecuadorian troops to their borders with Colombia.

ANNCOL is a non-commercial alternative news agency based in Stockholm, Sweden. It was founded in 1996 by Latin American and European journalists and maintains inttermitently a web portal since May, 1998. Its aims are "... to inform about Colombia... to be a voice for the voiceless sectors of Colombia and to provide a platform for ... actions of popular movements, trade unions and the progressive communities of the Latin American countries... that are fighting against neoliberalism and the exploitation of the people".

The El Aro massacre was a massacre in Colombia which occurred on October 22, 1997 in the municipality of Ituango, Department of Antioquia. 15 individuals accused of being leftist supporters of FARC were massacred by paramilitary groups with support from members of the Colombian Army. Perpetrators also raped women, burned down 43 houses, stole cattle and forcibly displaced 900 people.

2010 Colombian presidential election presidential election in Colombia

Presidential elections were held in Colombia in 2010. They took place under a two-round system, with an initial vote held on May 30 and a second poll held three weeks later on June 20. A referendum proposal that would have allowed incumbent President Álvaro Uribe the opportunity to run for a third term was rejected by the Constitutional Court of Colombia in a 7–2 ruling on February 26, 2010. Because no candidate received a majority of the votes cast in the May 30 poll, the candidates with the two highest vote totals competed in a runoff election on June 20: Juan Manuel Santos of the liberal-conservative Social Party of National Unity which unites supporters of former President Uribe, and Antanas Mockus from the Green Party. Santos won the election with 69% of the votes.

Nariño massacres massacres of indigenous Awá people in the Nariño Department of Colombia

The Nariño massacres were two massacres of indigenous Awá people in the Nariño Department of Colombia perpetrated by members of the rebel Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) in February 2009. A total of 27 Awás were massacred, including women and young children.

Andrés Felipe Arias Leiva Colombian politician

Andrés Felipe Arias Leiva is a Colombian economist, sentenced to 17 years and 4 months of prison for a corruption scandal during his time as Minister of Agriculture. He served as the 8th Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development of Colombia from 2005 to 2009, and was a candidate for the Conservative Party nomination in the 2010 Colombian presidential election, ultimately losing to Noemí Sanín Posada.

2014 Colombian presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Colombia on May 25, 2014. Since no candidate received 50% of the vote in the first round, a run-off between the two candidates with the most votes took place three weeks later on June 15, 2014. According to the official figures released by the National Registry office, as of May 22, 2014 32,975,158 Colombians were registered and entitled to vote in the 2014 presidential election, including 545,976 Colombians resident abroad. Incumbent president Juan Manuel Santos was allowed to run for a second consecutive term. In the first round, Santos and Óscar Iván Zuluaga of the Democratic Center were the two highest-polling candidates and were the contestants in the June 15 run-off. In the second round, Santos was re-elected president, gaining 50.95% of the vote compared with 45.00% for Zuluaga.

The Colombian peace process refers to the peace process between the Colombian government of President Juan Manuel Santos and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC–EP) to bring an end to the Colombian conflict. Negotiations began in September 2012, and mainly took place in Havana, Cuba. Negotiators announced a final agreement to end the conflict and build a lasting peace on August 24, 2016. However, a referendum to ratify the deal on October 2, 2016 was unsuccessful after 50.2% of voters voted against the agreement with 49.8% voting in favor. Afterward, the Colombian government and the FARC signed a revised peace deal on November 24 and sent it to Congress for ratification instead of conducting a second referendum. Both houses of Congress ratified the revised peace agreement on November 29–30, 2016, thus marking an end to the conflict.

2016 Nobel Peace Prize

The 2016 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the President of Colombia Juan Manuel Santos "for his resolute efforts to bring the country’s more than 50-year-long civil war to an end, a war that has cost the lives of at least 220,000 Colombians and displaced close to six million people." The conflict is the longest running war, and last remaining guerrilla struggle, in the Americas. The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded annually to those who have "done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses". The announcement was made on 7 October at a press conference at the Nobel Peace Center, and the formal award ceremony took place on 10 December at the Oslo City Hall.

Common Alternative Revolutionary Force Colombian political party

The Common Alternative Revolutionary Force is a communist political party in Colombia, established in 2017 as the political successor of the former rebel group the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). The peace accords agreed upon by the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia and the Colombian government in 2016 provided for the FARC's participation in politics as a legal, registered political party following its successful disarmament.

Claudia López Hernández Colombian politician

Claudia Nayibe López Hernández is a Colombian politician. She was a Senator of the Republic of Colombia and was the vice-presidential candidate in the 2018 presidential election for the Green Alliance party.

References

  1. ↑ "Colombia decide el próximo 2 de octubre en referéndum si avala el acuerdo de paz con las FARC". El Mundo (in Spanish). August 25, 2016. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
  2. ↑ Colombia referendum: Voters reject Farc peace deal BBC News, 3 October 2016
  3. ↑ "Colombia - FARC: La cronología del proceso de paz". El Comercio (in Spanish). August 25, 2016. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
  4. ↑ "El Gobierno colombiano y las FARC firman el pacto definitivo por la paz". ABC (in Spanish). August 25, 2016. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
  5. ↑ "Colombia abre una nueva era al lograr un acuerdo de paz con las FARC tras 52 años de guerra". El País (in Spanish). August 25, 2016. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
  6. ↑ "Histórico: El Gobierno de Colombia y las FARC ponen fin a más de 50 años de conflicto armado". RT (in Spanish). August 24, 2016. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
  7. ↑ "Colombia decide el próximo 2 de octubre en referéndum si avala el acuerdo de paz con las FARC". El Tiempo (in Spanish). July 18, 2016. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
  8. 1 2 "Oficial: esta es la pregunta para el plebiscito por la paz". El Tiempo (in Spanish). August 30, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
  9. ↑ Registraduría Nacional del Estado Civil
  10. ↑ "Presidente Santos oficializó la campaña por el 'Sí' en el plebiscito en Palmira". W Radio (in Spanish). August 30, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
  11. ↑ "Partido de la U inicia gran campaña en favor del plebiscito por la paz". lafm.com.co (in Spanish). April 12, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
  12. ↑ "Cambio Radical defiende su sí al plebiscito por la paz". El Espectador (in Spanish). August 30, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
  13. ↑ "Shakira, Carlos Vives y Fonseca hicieron llamado de paz tras la firma de los acuerdos" (in Spanish). RCN Radio. September 27, 2016. Retrieved October 2, 2016.
  14. 1 2 "Desde Juanes al Pibe, los famosos le dan el Sí a la paz". Semana (in Spanish). September 30, 2016. Retrieved October 2, 2016.
  15. ↑ Falcao García (September 28, 2016). "'Me imagino un país que tenga la capacidad de perdonar': Falcao". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Retrieved October 2, 2016.
  16. ↑ "Todo bien, todo bien a la paz" (in Spanish). Caracol Radio. September 29, 2016. Retrieved October 2, 2016.
  17. ↑ "El mensaje de paz de Nairo Quintana tras su victoria". El Espectador (in Spanish). August 29, 2016. Retrieved October 2, 2016.
  18. ↑ "Fin de las negociaciones de paz es un día de alegría, dice Héctor Abad Faciolince" (in Spanish). Caracol Radio. August 25, 2016. Retrieved October 2, 2016.
  19. ↑ "Pintor Fernando Botero regala 'Paloma de la paz' como homenaje a acuerdo en Colombia". El Universo (in Spanish). September 27, 2016. Retrieved October 2, 2016.
  20. ↑ Avila, Deisy Alejandra (September 22, 2016). "#Peace4Colombia, la campaña que une al mundo por la paz del país". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Retrieved October 2, 2016.
  21. ↑ Pugh, Jeffrey D. "What displaced Colombians living abroad think about the peace efforts". The Conversation. Retrieved 2017-06-15.
  22. ↑ "Uribe dice que nada justifica participación de las Farc en política". El Tiempo (in Spanish). August 26, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
  23. ↑ "Centro Democrático promoverá el "no" en el plebiscito por la paz". RCN Radio (in Spanish). August 2, 2016. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
  24. ↑ Duque Márquez, Iván; Holmes Trujillo, Carlos; Zuluaga, Óscar Iván (August 27, 2016). "'La verdadera paz empieza con el No'". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Retrieved October 2, 2016.
  25. ↑ "'Si el 'No' pierde sería legitimar la violencia': Alejandro Ordóñez". El Tiempo (in Spanish). September 29, 2016. Retrieved October 2, 2016.
  26. ↑ Cantillo Barrios, Jorge (September 29, 2016). "Pastrana se une a Uribe para apoyar el 'no' en el plebiscito". El Heraldo (in Spanish). Retrieved October 2, 2016.
  27. ↑ "La violenta diatriba del escritor Fernando Vallejo". Semana (in Spanish). April 6, 2016. Retrieved October 2, 2016.
  28. ↑ ""Señor presidente, el centro de esta negociación no es Jesucristo"". Semana (in Spanish). September 27, 2016. Retrieved October 2, 2016.
  29. ↑ Matanock, Aila M.; Garcia-Sanchez, Miguel (2017). "The Colombian Paradox: Peace Processes, Elite Divisions & Popular Plebiscites". Deadalus. 146 (4): 152–166. doi:10.1162/DAED_a_00466.
  30. ↑ Matanock, Aila M.; Garbiras-Diaz, Natalia. "Considering Concessions: A Survey Experiment on the Colombian Peace Process". Conflict Processes and Peace Science. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
  31. ↑ "El 'sí' al plebiscito por la paz se impone en gran encuesta de Datexco". El Tiempo (in Spanish). September 2, 2016. Retrieved September 22, 2016.
  32. ↑ "El Sí va ganando en el plebiscito". Semana (in Spanish). September 10, 2016. Retrieved September 22, 2016.
  33. ↑ "Costa Caribe, donde más votarían 'Sí' en el plebiscito". El Tiempo (in Spanish). September 9, 2016. Retrieved September 22, 2016.
  34. ↑ "Tercera gran encuesta: 'Sí', 55,3 %; 'No', 38,3 %". El Tiempo (in Spanish). September 16, 2016. Retrieved September 22, 2016.
  35. ↑ "A 11 días del plebiscito por la paz, el "Sí" sigue siendo mayoría". El Espectador (in Spanish). September 20, 2016. Retrieved September 22, 2016.
  36. ↑ "El Sí en el plebiscito lograría el 54% según encuesta sobre intención de voto" (in Spanish). Caracol Radio. September 23, 2016. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
  37. ↑ "El Sí pierde fuerza, pero le sigue ganando al NO". Semana (in Spanish). September 27, 2016. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
  38. ↑ "El Sí logra el 62% en intención de voto para el plebiscito del domingo" (in Spanish). Caracol Radio. September 27, 2016. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.