This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
|
This article is part of a series on the |
Politics of Colombia |
---|
The politics of Colombia take place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Colombia is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is carried out by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of congress, the Senate and the House of Representatives of Colombia. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.
The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Colombia a " flawed democracy " in 2022. [1] [2]
Colombia's present constitution, enacted on July 5, 1991, strengthened the administration of justice with the provision for introduction of an adversarial system which ultimately is to entirely replace the existing Napoleonic Code. Other significant reforms [3] under the new constitution provide for civil divorce, dual nationality, the election of a vice president, and the election of departmental governors. The constitution expanded citizens' basic rights, including that of "tutela," under which an immediate court action can be requested by individuals feeling that their constitutional rights are being violated and if there is no other legal recourse.
The national government has separate executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
The president is elected for a single four-year term. Between 2005 and 2015, the president could be re-elected for a second term. The 1991 constitution reestablished the position of vice president, who is elected on the same ticket as the president. By law, the vice president will succeed in the event of the president's resignation, illness, or death.
Since 2015, the president is barred from running for reelection, even for a nonconsecutive term. [4]
Colombia's bicameral Congress consists of a 108-member Senate of Colombia and a 172-member Chamber of Representatives of Colombia. Senators are elected on the basis of a nationwide ballot, while representatives are elected in multi member districts co-located within the 32 national departments. The country's capital is a separate capital district and elects its own representatives. Members may be re-elected indefinitely, and, in contrast to the previous system, there are no alternate congressmen. Congress meets twice a year, and the president has the power to call it into special session when needed.
Parts of this article (those related to documentation) need to be updated.(November 2023) |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic Center | Iván Duque | 4,044,509 | 67.76% | ||
Independent | Marta Lucía Ramírez | 1,538,882 | 25.78% | ||
La Patria de Pie | Alejandro Ordóñez | 385,110 | 6.45% | ||
Source: Semana |
Duque won the nomination, and following his victory, he selected the runner-up, Ramírez, to be the alliance's vice presidential nominee. [5]
{{#section-h:2018 Colombian par
Party | Votes | % | Seats | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Colombian Liberal Party | 2,447,298 | 16.53 | 35 | |
Democratic Center | 2,380,290 | 16.08 | 32 | |
Radical Change | 2,141,108 | 14.47 | 30 | |
Social Party of National Unity | 1,824,570 | 12.33 | 25 | |
Colombian Conservative Party | 1,802,894 | 12.18 | 21 | |
Green Alliance | 880,354 | 5.95 | 9 | |
Independent Movement of Absolute Renovation | 576,998 | 3.90 | 1 | |
Alternative Democratic Pole | 438,283 | 2.96 | 2 | |
Citizen Option | 307,478 | 2.08 | 2 | |
List of Decency Coalition (ASI–UP–MAIS) | 260,712 | 1.76 | 2 | |
Fair and Free Colombia | 191,109 | 1.29 | 1 | |
AV–PDA | 173,706 | 1.17 | 0 | |
Partido Somos | 159,967 | 1.08 | 0 | |
Independent Social Alliance Movement | 109,258 | 0.74 | 0 | |
Alternative Santandereana Coalition (AV–PDA–ASI) | 70,502 | 0.48 | 1 | |
List of Decency Coalition (UP–MAIS) | 48,318 | 0.33 | 0 | |
Indigenous and Social Alternative Movement | 43,776 | 0.30 | 1 | |
Patriotic Union | 42,114 | 0.28 | 0 | |
Common Alternative Revolutionary Force | 33,951 | 0.23 | 5 | |
AV–PDA–UP | 17,732 | 0.12 | 0 | |
Todos Somos Colombia | 16,271 | 0.11 | 0 | |
Indigenous Authorities of Colombia | 11,082 | 0.07 | 0 | |
ASI–AV–UP | 4,902 | 0.03 | 0 | |
Regional Integration Movement | 3,123 | 0.02 | 0 | |
Vice-presidential runner-up | 1 | |||
Vacant [lower-alpha 1] | 1 | |||
Blank votes | 815,502 | 5.51 | – | |
Total | 14,801,298 | 100.00 | 169 | |
Valid votes | 14,801,298 | 86.95 | ||
Invalid votes | 2,222,411 | 13.05 | ||
Total votes | 17,023,709 | 100.00 | ||
Registered voters/turnout | 36,025,318 | 47.25 | ||
Afro-Colombian seats | ||||
C.C. Ancestral De Comunidades Negras Playa Renaciente | 32,243 | 8.12 | 1 | |
Consejo Comunitario La Mamuncia | 25,428 | 6.40 | 1 | |
C.C. De La Comunidad Negra De La Plata Bahía Málaga | 17,477 | 4.40 | 0 | |
Consejo Comunitario Del Rio Yurumangui | 14,048 | 3.54 | 0 | |
C.C. De Comun. Negras Palenque Vda. Las Trescientas Y Mun. Galapa | 13,122 | 3.30 | 0 | |
Consejo Comunitario Mayor De Certegui | 11,340 | 2.86 | 0 | |
Consejo Comunitario De Alejandro Duran Diaz | 8,604 | 2.17 | 0 | |
Todos Somos Colombia | 7,578 | 1.91 | 0 | |
Corporación Poder Ciudadano | 7,048 | 1.78 | 0 | |
Consejo Comunitario Renacer Negro | 6,414 | 1.62 | 0 | |
Consejo Comunitario Bocas Del Atrato Y Leoncito | 4,219 | 1.06 | 0 | |
Consejo Comunitario Ma Kankamana De San Basilio De Palenque | 4,179 | 1.05 | 0 | |
C.C. De La Comunidad Negra De La Calle Larga Rio Dagua | 3,539 | 0.89 | 0 | |
C.C. De Los Corregimientos De San Antonio Y El Castillo | 3,437 | 0.87 | 0 | |
Consejo Comunitario Los Andes | 3,391 | 0.85 | 0 | |
C. C. De La Comun. Negra De Tierra Baja Mi Territorio Ancestral | 3,325 | 0.84 | 0 | |
Consejo Comunitario Veredas Unidas Un Bien Común | 3,201 | 0.81 | 0 | |
Consejo Comunitario Imbilpi Del Carmen | 2,711 | 0.68 | 0 | |
Consejo Comunitario De La Comunidad Negra De Limones | 2,618 | 0.66 | 0 | |
Consejo Comunitario Tablon Salado | 2,225 | 0.56 | 0 | |
Fund. Afrocolombiana Liberal De Desarrollo Social (Afrocodes) | 2,162 | 0.54 | 0 | |
Kusuto Magende Cokumalu De Luruaco | 2,136 | 0.54 | 0 | |
Consejo Comunitario De Las Baras | 1,989 | 0.50 | 0 | |
Consejo Comunitario De Comunidades Negras Obatala | 1,766 | 0.44 | 0 | |
Cuenca Del Rio Iscuande | 1,667 | 0.42 | 0 | |
Org. Social De Comunidades Negras "Nelson Mandela" | 1,619 | 0.41 | 0 | |
Consejo Comunitario De Comunidades Negras Santo Domingo | 1,505 | 0.38 | 0 | |
C.C. General Del Río Baudó Y Sus Afluentes "Acaba" | 1,428 | 0.36 | 0 | |
Blank votes | 206,635 | 52.04 | – | |
Total | 397,054 | 100.00 | 2 | |
Indigenous seat | ||||
Indigenous and Social Alternative Movement | 99,182 | 25.68 | 1 | |
Indigenous Authorities of Colombia | 45,358 | 11.75 | 0 | |
ANICOL | 4,409 | 1.14 | 0 | |
UAIZSACOR | 4,156 | 1.08 | 0 | |
Taita Zipa Foundation | 2,610 | 0.68 | 0 | |
Casiyouren Traditional Authority | 1,946 | 0.50 | 0 | |
Blank votes | 228,488 | 59.17 | – | |
Total | 386,149 | 100.00 | 1 | |
Source: MOE, MOE |
The civilian judiciary is a separate and independent branch of government. Guidelines and the general structure for Colombia's administration of justice are set out in Law 270 of March 7, 1996. Colombia's legal system has recently begun to incorporate some elements of an oral, accusatory system. The judicial branch's general structure is composed of four distinct jurisdictions (ordinary, administrative, constitutional, and special). Colombia's highest judicial organs are the Supreme Court, the Council of State, the Constitutional Court, and the Superior Judicial Council. Although all the high courts technically oversee separate jurisdictions, the Constitutional Court has a broad spectrum of judicial oversight which often allows it to rule on issues overseen by different jurisdictions and even weigh in directly in the rulings of other high courts. [6]
Other
The politics of Ecuador are multi-party. The central government polity is a quadrennially elected presidential, unicameral representative democracy. The President of Ecuador is head of state and head of the army on a multi-party system, and leads a cabinet with further executive power. Legislative power is not limited to the National Assembly, as it may to a lesser degree be exercised by the executive which consists of the President convening an appointed executive cabinet. Subsequent acts of the National Assembly are supreme over Executive Orders where sufficient votes have been cast by the legislators. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. Ecuador is also considered a constitutional republic.
Politics of Lesotho takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic constitutional monarchy, whereby the Prime Minister of Lesotho is the head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of Parliament, the Senate and the National Assembly. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.
Separation of powers refers to the division of a state's government into branches, each with separate, independent powers and responsibilities, so that the powers of one branch are not in conflict with others. The typical division into three branches of government, sometimes called the trias politica model, includes a legislature, an executive, and a judiciary. It can be contrasted with the fusion of powers in monarchies, but also parliamentary and semi-presidential systems where there can be overlap in membership and functions between different branches, especially the executive and legislative.
The politics of Zimbabwe occurs in a society deeply divided along lines of race, ethnicity, gender and geography. The ZANU–PF party has historically been dominant in Zimbabwe politics. The party, which was led by Robert Mugabe from 1980 to 2017, has used the powers of the state to intimidate, imprison and otherwise hobble political opposition in Zimbabwe, as well as use state funds and state media to advance the interests of the party.
Politics of Ghana takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the president of Ghana is both head of state and head of government, and of a two party system. The seat of government is at Golden Jubilee House. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and Parliament. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.
The government of Italy is in the form of a democratic republic, and was established by a constitution in 1948. It consists of legislative, executive, and judicial subdivisions, as well as a Head of State, or President.
The Government of Colombia is a republic with separation of powers into executive, judicial and legislative branches. Its legislature has a congress, its judiciary has a supreme court, and its executive branch has a president.
The Dominican Republic is a representative democracy, where the President of the Dominican Republic functions as both the head of the government and head of the multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in the bicameral National Congress. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.
The federal government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a federal republic located primarily in North America, composed of 50 states, five major self-governing territories, several island possessions, and the federal district and national capital of Washington, D.C., where most of the federal government is based.
A presidency is an administration or the executive, the collective administrative and governmental entity that exists around an office of president of a state or nation. Although often the executive branch of government, and often personified by a single elected person who holds the office of "president", in practice, the presidency includes a much larger collective of people, such as chiefs of staff, advisers and other bureaucrats. Although often led by a single person, presidencies can also be of a collective nature, such as the presidency of the European Union is held on a rotating basis by the various national governments of the member states. Alternatively, the term presidency can also be applied to the governing authority of some churches, and may even refer to the holder of a non-governmental office of president in a corporation, business, charity, university, etc. or the institutional arrangement around them. For example, "the presidency of the Red Cross refused to support his idea." Rules and support to discourage vicarious liability leading to unnecessary pressure and the early termination of term have not been clarified. These may not be as yet supported by state let initiatives. Contributory liability and fraud may be the two most common ways to become removed from term of office and/or to prevent re-election.
Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws, in which he argued for a constitutional government with three separate branches, each of which would have defined abilities to check the powers of the others. This philosophy heavily influenced the drafting of the United States Constitution, according to which the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches of the United States government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power. The American form of separation of powers is associated with a system of checks and balances.
The Political Constitution of Colombia of 1991, is the Constitution of the Republic of Colombia. It was promulgated in Constitutional Gazette number 114 on Thursday, July 4, 1991, and is also known as the Constitution of Human Rights. It replaced the Political Constitution of 1886 and was issued during the presidency of the liberal César Gaviria, with ideas from the also liberal Luis Carlos Galán.
The government of the Philippines has three interdependent branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The Philippines is governed as a unitary state under a presidential representative and democratic constitutional republic in which the president functions as both the head of state and the head of government of the country within a pluriform multi-party system.
In most legal jurisdictions, a supreme court, also known as a court of last resort, apex court, and highcourt of appeal, is the highest court within the hierarchy of courts. Broadly speaking, the decisions of a supreme court are not subject to further review by any other court. Supreme courts typically function primarily as appellate courts, hearing appeals from decisions of lower trial courts, or from intermediate-level appellate courts.
The Constitutional Court is the supreme interpreter of the Spanish Constitution, with the power to determine the constitutionality of acts and statutes made by any public body, central, regional, or local in Spain. It is defined in Part IX of the Constitution of Spain, and further governed by Organic Laws 2/1979, 8/1984, 4/1985, 6/1988, 7/1999 and 1/2000. The court is the "supreme interpreter" of the Constitution, but since the court is not a part of the Spanish Judiciary, the Supreme Court is the highest court for all judicial matters.
The judiciary of Colombia is a branch of the State of Colombia that interprets and applies the laws of Colombia, to ensure equal justice under law, and to provide a mechanism for dispute resolution. The judiciary comprises a hierarchical system of courts presided over by judges, magistrates and other adjudicators.
The government of the U.S. state of Kansas, established by the Kansas Constitution, is a republican democracy modeled after the Federal Government of the United States. The state government has three branches: the executive, the legislative, and the judicial. Through a system of separation of powers, or "checks and balances," each of these branches has some authority to act on its own, and also some authority to regulate the other two branches, so that all three branches can limit and balance the others' authority.
The Constitution of the Philippines is the constitution or the supreme law of the Republic of the Philippines. Its final draft was completed by the Constitutional Commission on October 12, 1986, and ratified by a nationwide plebiscite on February 2, 1987.
The Federal Government of Brazil is the national government of the Federative Republic of Brazil, a republic in South America divided into 26 states and a federal district. The Brazilian federal government is divided into three branches: the executive, which is headed by the President and the cabinet; the legislative, whose powers are vested by the Constitution in the National Congress; and the judiciary, whose powers are vested in nine organs, including the Supreme Federal Court and lower federal courts. The seat of the federal government is located in Brasília.
National Iranian Congress (NIC) is a U.S.-based political organization founded in 2013. Led by Amir-Abbas Fakhravar as an offshoot of his Confederation of Iranian Students (CIS), it is a proponent of regime change in Iran and has drafted a constitution for the future regime. It is cofounded by Arzhang Davoodi.
Media related to Politics of Colombia at Wikimedia Commons