Colombian presidential election, 2018

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Colombian presidential election, 2018
Flag of Colombia.svg
←  2014 27 May 2018 (first round)
17 June 2018 (second round)		2022 →
Turnout53.37% (first round) Increase2.svg 13.29%
53.04% (second round) Decrease2.svg 0.33%
  Ivan Duque 2018 (cropped).jpg Gustavo Petro Mayor of Bogota (cropped 2).jpg
Nominee Iván Duque Márquez Gustavo Petro
Party Democratic Center Humane Colombia
AllianceGrand Alliance for ColombiaList of Decency
Home state Bogotá Bogotá
Running mate Marta Lucía Ramírez Ángela María Robledo
Popular vote10,373,0808,034,189
Percentage53.98%41.81%
Colombian Presidential Election First Round Results 2018.svg
Candidate with the most votes in the first round by departments
  Iván Duque
  Gustavo Petro
  Sergio Fajardo
Colombian Presidential Election Second Round Results 2018.svg

Candidate with the most votes in the second round by departments
  Iván Duque
  Gustavo Petro
President before election

Juan Manuel Santos
Social Party of National Unity

Elected President

Iván Duque Márquez
Democratic Center

Colombia
Coat of arms of Colombia.svg
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Colombia

Presidential elections were held in Colombia on 27 May 2018. [1] As no candidate received a majority of the vote, a second round was held on 17 June. [2] Incumbent President Juan Manuel Santos is ineligible for re-election, having already served two terms. President Iván Duque is serving a four-year term from 7 August 2018 to 7 August 2022.

Colombia Country in South America

Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a sovereign state largely situated in the northwest of South America, with territories in Central America. Colombia shares a border to the northwest with Panama, to the east with Venezuela and Brazil and to the south with Ecuador and Peru. It shares its maritime limits with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Jamaica, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic. Colombia is a unitary, constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments, with the capital in Bogota.

Juan Manuel Santos former President of Colombia

Juan Manuel Santos Calderón is a Colombian politician. From 2010 to 2018, he was the President of Colombia. He was the sole recipient of the 2016 Nobel Peace Prize.

Contents

Electoral system

The President of Colombia is elected using the two-round system; if no candidate receives a majority of the vote in the first round, a run-off is held between the top two candidates. [2]

President of Colombia

The President of Colombia, officially known as the President of the Republic of Colombia is the head of state and head of government of Colombia. The office of president was established upon the ratification of the Constitution of 1819, by the Congress of Angostura, convened in December 1819, when Colombia was the "Gran Colombia". The first president, General Simón Bolívar, took office in 1819. His position, initially self-proclaimed, was subsequently ratified by Congress.

Legislation

According to the Colombian constitution, the citizens older than eighteen years old that are not part of the Armed Forces, that are not in an interdiction process and that have not been sentenced can vote. The people that are in detention centers, such as prisons and reformatories, can vote from the establishments determined by the National Civil Registry. The civil registry inscription is not automatic and the citizen must go to the regional office of the Registry to inscribe their personal identification in a polling station. [3]

Colombian Constitution of 1991 constitution

The Constitution of Colombia, better known as the Constitution of 1991, is the current governing document of the Republic of Colombia. Promulgated on July 4, 1991, it replaced the Constitution of 1886. It is Colombia's ninth constitution since 1830. See a timeline of all previous constitutions and amendments here. It has recently been called the Constitution of Rights.

The National Civil Registry is the government agency of Colombia charged with collecting and storing the vital statistics and identifying information of all citizens, and to regulate the distribution and organization of identity documentation for each citizen for legal purposes.

The election of the President is made along with the Vicepresident's and their stay in office will be four years without the possibility of re-election. The election process is not done simultaneously with any other. Article 191 of the constitution establishes that the candidate must be Colombian by birth and be older than thirty years old.

The first round is held on the last Sunday of May, which by 2018 will be the 27th, and the winner will be the candidate that has obtained half plus one of the votes. In case none of the candidates obtains the votes, the two candidates who in the first round obtained the majority of the votes will go to the second round; the winner will be the one who gets the most votes. [4]

The agencies in charge of oversee the event administratively are the National Registry of Civil and the National Electoral Council. [5]

National Electoral Council (Colombia)

The National Electoral Council is a Colombian institution under the Colombian Constitution of 1991 which based in Article 265 is in charge of the supreme inspection and vigilance of the electoral organization. The National Electoral Council is supposed to know and decide when and where an election is going to take place. The entity also watches over the Colombian political parties and political movements, their publicity and marketing, polls to guarantee the opposition or minorities also achieve a fair political aspiration.

In the legislative act number 02 of 2015 establishes that the presidential candidate who obtains the second most votes will obtain a seat in the Senate and their Vicepresident candidate will obtain a seat in the House of Representatives. [6]

Blank vote

According to the sentence C-490 of 2011 of the Constitutional Court, the blank vote is a "political expression of dissent, abstention or nonconformity, with political effects" and adds that "the blank vote constitutes a valuable expression of dissent through which the protection of the voter's freedom is promoted. As a consequence of this recognition, the Constitution ascribes a decisive impact on electoral processes aimed at providing one-person and publicly elected public corporations." [7]

Main candidates

Party/alliancePresidential candidateVice Presidential candidate
Colombia Coalition Sergio Fajardo Claudia López Hernández
Liberal Party/Indigenous Social Alliance Coalition Humberto de La Calle Clara López
List of Decency
  • Alternative Indigenous and Social Movement
  • Human Colombia Movement
  • Patriotic Union
Gustavo Petro Ángela María Robledo
Grand Alliance for Colombia
  • Democratic Center
  • For an Honest and Strong Colombia
  • La Patria de Pie Movement
  • Partido Somos Región Colombia
  • Free and Fair Colombia
  • MIRA Party
Iván Duque Márquez Marta Lucía Ramírez
Mejor Vargas Lleras Germán Vargas Lleras Juan Carlos Pinzón
We Are All ColombiaJorge Antonio TrujilloFredy Obando Pinillo

Retired candidates

The Common Alternative Revolutionary Force declined its presidential aspiration on 9 March 2018, stating health problems of its candidate Rodrigo Londoño, as the reason. [8]

On 16 March 2018 Juan Carlos Pinzón ended his presidential campaign accepting to be Germán Vargas' Vicepresident candidate. [9]

Piedad Córdoba and her Vicepresident candidate Jaime Araújo Rentería  [ es ] retired their candidacy on 9 April 2018. [10]

Viviane Morales and her Vicepresident candidate Jorge Leyva Durán, of the Somos Región Colombia party, retired their candidacy on 2 May 2018. [11] [12] Afterwards, Morales adhered to Iván Duque's campaign, while Leyva joined Germán Vargas Lleras' candidacy. [13]

Opinion polls

First round

2017

Polling organisation/clientDate(s) conductedSample sizeCandidateMargin of errorSource
Alejandro Ordóñez Antonio Navarro Wolf Claudia López Clara López Francisco Santos German Vargas Lleras Gustavo Petro Humberto de La Calle Iván Duque Márquez Jorge Enrique Robledo Juan Manuel Galán Juan Carlos Pinzon Luis Alfredo Ramos Marta Lucia Ramirez Piedad Cordoba Sergio Fajardo OthersBlank voteDon't know/No response
Invamer 2017-05-2212004.9%-6.0%8.4%-21.5%14.2%5.4%-4.0%-2.4%7.7%6.5%2.8%11.0%-6.3%-3.6%Caracol TV, Blu Radio, Semana
Cifras y Conceptos 2017-05-2217696%-10%6%-14%13%4%2%4%4%--3%-5%6%-22%5%Caracol Radio, Red+ Noticias
Datexco 2017-05-269001.1%-3.6%5.9%1.1%16.5%7.6%1.5%0.9%2.4%4.1%1.2%1.6%2.6%1.9%12.1%4.2%-31.3%3.27%El Tiempo, W Radio
EcoAnalitica 2017-07-171285--15.8%--15.1%14.2%3.1%17.4%7.2%-0.9%-2.5%-8.8%-8.2%6.8%3%Guarumo
Cifras y Conceptos 2017-08-0318006%1%10%7%-13%13%3%2%4%5%2%1%1%-8%6%-17%5%Caracol Radio, Red+ Noticias
Datexco 2017-08-029000.6%2.2%4.9%6.7%2.1%5.3%14.3%2.5%0.4%2.9%4.9%2.2%1.1%2.5%1.8%10.3%4.1%-31.4%3.27%El Tiempo, W Radio
Datexco 2017-09-079002.1%1.9%5.3%8.3%-6.7%11.2%3.4%1.3%2.5%5.6%1.7%1.5%2.7%1.3%9.6%5%-29.93.27%El Tiempo, W Radio
EcoAnalitica 2017-09-0816572.0%1.8%9.0%3.3%-8.3%10.1%3.9%7.8%3.7%2.2%1.6%2.5%2.1%0.5%6.9%7.4%20.7%6.2%2.6%Guarumo
YanHass 2017-09-1612503%3%6%3%2%11%9%2%1%2%4%1%1%2%2%7%4.8%23%13%3.3%RCN
Invamer 2017-09-2812003.1%-11.2%3.2%-12.5%10.4%8.3%6.9%5.3%8.8%1.2%-4.6%1.4%21.0%-2.1%8.2%3%Caracol TV, Blu Radio, Semana
Cifras y Conceptos 2017-11-2617952%-7%5%-14%17%10%2%3%-1%-2%1%15%1%-14%4,5%Caracol Radio, Red+ Noticias
Invamer 2017-12-0712001.2%-6.9%2.9%-12%14.3%9.1%8.4%2%3.6%0.9%-8.7%2.2%18.7%2.1%6%14%9.6%Caracol TV, Blu Radio, Semana

2018

Polling organisation/clientDate(s) conductedSample sizeCandidateMargin of errorSource
Alejandro Ordóñez Clara López German Vargas Lleras Gustavo Petro Humberto de La Calle Iván Duque Márquez Juan Carlos Pinzon Marta Lucia Ramirez Piedad Cordoba Sergio Fajardo Viviane Morales Rodrigo Londoño OthersBlank voteDon't know/No response
Guarumo 2018-02-0221872.5%3.2%8.4%12.5%6.5%12.2%1.7%5.8%0.9%14.6%-1.6%1.6%6%16.3%4%El Tiempo, W Radio
YanHass 2018-02-0212513%3%8%13%4%6%2%2%1%14%1%1%2%6%30%2.2%RCN
Invamer 2018-02-021200-4.2%15.6%23.5%11%9.2%3.4%-1.7%20.2%2.2%1.6%-6.7%-3 %Caracol TV, Blu Radio, Semana
Cifras y Conceptos 2018-02-0228133%4%10%16%5%8%1%5%1%19%-1%4%7%16%4.6 %Caracol Radio, Red+ Noticias
Centro Nacional de Consultoría 2018-02-0811871%-10%23%5%8%2%6%2%18%1%1%1%22%-3.6%Noticiero CM&
Centro Nacional de Consultoría 2018-02-2211752%-8%22%5%15%2%6%1%16%2%0%1%20%-3.8%Noticiero CM&
Centro Estratégico Latinoamericano de Geopolítica 2018-02-281200-5.6%13.5%19%7.3%6.2%-8.4%5%24%--3.5%7.5%-1% - 2.8%-
Cifras y Conceptos 2018-03-0129603%-8%22%4%22%1%6%1%11%2%1%1%2%6%4.5%Caracol Radio, Red+ Noticias
Guarumo 2018-03-0434251.5%-6.3%23.1%4.1%23.6%1%5.7%0.3%8.1%0.8%0.3%1.5%13.2%10.5%2.7%El Tiempo, W Radio
Centro Nacional de Consultoría 2018-03-0811923%-7%21%4%38%1%11%1%12%2%1%1%18%-3.6%Noticiero CM&
Invamer 2018-03-271200--6.3%26.7%5%45.9%---10.7%2.5%-----portafolio.co
Invamer 2018-04-271200--7.9%31%2.5%41.3%---13.3%2%-0.1%1.9%46.5%3% Semana

Second round

Former candidate of Sergio Fajardo, leader of Movimiento Compromiso Ciudadano, announced his blank vote for the second round, [14] as well as former liberal candidate Humberto de La Calle, although his party joined Iván Duque's campaign. [15] The Alternative Democratic Pole joined Gustavo Petro's campaign, but a minority sector led by Senator Jorge Robledo (MOIR) decided to vote blank too. [16] The directive of Green Alliance let their followers choose between supporting Gustavo Petro or voting blank, but considered unacceptable to support Iván Duque. [17] Movimiento Mejor Vargas Lleras and the Radical Change party sent the program of their former candidate to Iván Duque to consider it for a future government, although there was not an official adhesion. [18] The Partido de la U and the Social Party of National Unity let their voters choose freely to vote for their preferred option. [19] [20]

Polling organisation/clientDate(s) conductedSample sizeCandidateMargin of errorSource
Gustavo Petro Iván Duque Márquez Blank voteDon't know/No response
Centro Nacional de Consultoría 2018-05-31132335%55%10%-3.05%Noticiero CM&
YanHaas 2018-06-05125134%52%14%-3.2%RCN, La FM, El Colombiano
Mosqueteros 2018-06-07214738.3%50.2%11.5%-2.17%JPG, MSM, Yamil Cure Ruíz
Invamer 2018-06-07120037.3%57.2%5.5%-2.83%Caracol TV, Blu Radio, Semana
Datexco 2018-06-08199340.2%46.2%13.6%-2.31%W Radio
Cifras & Conceptos 2018-06-08198336.4%45.3%18.3%-4.8%Caracol Radio, RED+ Noticias
Centro Nacional de Consultoría 2018-06-09159138%51%11%-2.8%Noticiero CM&
Guarumo 2018-06-10395536%52.5%11.5%-2.1%El Tiempo, W Radio
CELAG / Telesurtv 2018-06-11206340%45.5%7.7%6.8%2.2%Telesurtv

Results

Candidate with the most votes in the first round by municipality: Ivan Duque - Marta Lucia Ramirez Gustavo Petro - Angela Maria Robledo Sergio Fajardo - Claudia Lopez German Vargas Lleras - Juan Carlos Pinzon Colombian Presidential Election First Round Results 2018 (Municipios).svg
Candidate with the most votes in the first round by municipality:
  Iván Duque - Marta Lucía Ramírez
  Gustavo Petro - Ángela María Robledo
  Sergio Fajardo - Claudia López
  Germán Vargas Lleras - Juan Carlos Pinzón
CandidateParty/allianceFirst roundSecond round
Votes%Votes%
Iván Duque Márquez Grand Alliance for Colombia7,569,69339.1410,373,08053.98
Gustavo Petro List of Decency4,851,25425.098,034,18941.81
Sergio Fajardo Colombia Coalition4,589,69623.73
Germán Vargas Lleras Mejor Vargas Lleras1,407,8407.28
Humberto De la Calle PLC–ASI 399,1802.06
Jorge Antonio TrujilloWe Are All Colombia75,6140.39
Promotores Voto En BlancoParty of Ethnic Reclamation "PRE"60,3120.31
Viviane Morales Hoyos Somos Región Colombia 41,4580.21
Blank votes341,0871.76808,1044.21
Invalid votes300,080–295,499–
Total19,336,13410019,510,684100
Registered voters/turnout36,227,26753.3736,783,94053.04
Source: El Tiempo Government

First round votes by department

Department Duque Petro Fajardo Vargas De la Calle Trujillo Morales
Votes%Votes%Votes%Votes%Votes%Votes%Votes%
Amazonas 7,11439.02%5,93132.53%2,69314.77%1,2957.10%7394.05%870.47%510.27%
Antioquia 1,367,74553.10%238,4409.25%731,60928.40%99,6423.86%59,9742.32%7,6260.29%5,2030.20%
Arauca 49,41556.70%17,82420.45%12,03613.81%3,3363.82%1,5881.82%3950.45%2290.26%
Atlántico 234,04527.18%331,68738.52%85,6349.94%171,96819.97%16,7281.94%3,8720.44%2,2440.26%
Bogotá 983,93126.78%1,098,47829.90%1,240,79933.77%172,1584.68%93,8302.55%13,9590.37%6,3540.17%
Bolívar 256,73240.61%242,37838.33%55,4688.77%52,1118.24%10,3041.62%2,5440.40%1,6160.25%
Boyacá 225,14640.81%122,68622.24%148,02926.83%29,9675.43%10,6471.93%1,9590.35%1,3210.23%
Cauca 107,14122.84%230,91949.24%60,89112.98%42,0328.96%13,1282.79%2,5330.54%1,2280.26%
Cesar 171,64743.60%141,50235.94%29,0217.37%39,2819.97%3,1120.79%1,8310.46%9480.24%
Chocó 30,13626.14%49,55242.98%3,8343.32%24,34321.11%3,8433.33%5360.46%5040.43%
Caldas 190,55742.91%34,6947.81%161,42036.35%30,7846.93%14,3223.22%1,4490.32%1,2150.27%
Córdoba 228,19038.70%249,30342.28%22,3963.79%66,72811.31%10,4481.77%3,1860.54%1,3870.23%
Caquetá 67,88452.23%29,96523.05%21,15716.28%3,4972.69%2,6752.05%4430.34%3810.29%
Casanare 107,13160.25%23,13013.00%38,04721.39%3,4451.93%1,4730.82%5790.32%3710.20%
Cundinamarca 475,35940.13%236,86219.99%328,51927.73%85,8627.24%20,5671.73%5,1150.43%2,8100.23%
Guainía 3,87240.92%2,12622.47%1,21812.87%1,83919.43%1851.95%450.47%270.28%
Guaviare 11,48846.13%5,76223.13%3,86915.53%1,6466.60%9273.72%1410.56%850.34%
Huila 240,66953.48%95,27021.17%77,83717.29%17,6233.91%7,1551.59%1,0670.23%7980.17%
La Guajira 76,13738.51%85,14943.07%10,2435.18%18,0109.11%3,4921.76%8890.44%4810.24%
Magdalena 160,75238.23%143,10734.03%28,2336.71%71,89617.10%6,8111.62%1,8330.43%9920.23%
Meta 211,32249.36%75,94517.73%101,98723.82%21,4735.01%4,7371.10%1,8320.42%8550.19%
Nariño 134,45526.09%238,68346.33%70,70713.72%44,7098.67%10,4552.02%1,3760.26%1,3330.25%
Norte de Santander 377,15261.00%56,8489.19%102,21016.53%63,52510.27%6,1080.98%2,4240.39%1,0910.17%
Putumayo 23,13622.81%60,52059.68%9,7889.65%1,8501.82%2,9732.93%2530.24%2000.19%
Quindío 109,07241.92%30,35711.66%97,74137.57%11,8614.55%4,3351.66%1,0100.38%4800.18%
Risaralda 175,15940.38%54,20712.49%164,73637.98%20,6574.76%7,6451.76%1,0540.24%8160.18%
San Andrés y Providencia 5,69144.71%2,36118.55%1,98615.60%1,50711.84%6555.14%1501.17%320.25%
Santander 439,66444.35%171,80617.33%271,84927.42%63,7626.43%17,2501.74%4,1800.42%2,0590.20%
Sucre 129,00437.00%154,20844.23%12,0413.45%40,76111.69%4,8051.37%2,1210.60%9370.26%
Tolima 284,13849.59%95,45816.66%117,87420.57%49,2668.59%11,7752.05%2,1120.36%1,2170.21%
Valle del Cauca 523,89829.97%485,94327.80%499,92528.60%137,2457.85%40,9232.34%8,5230.48%3,6840.21%
Vaupés 1,01315.09%2,51437.47%5538.24%1,35920.25%1,14117.00%240.35%210.31%
Vichada 8,46653.68%3,24420.57%1,5139.59%1,96212.44%2071.31%680.43%880.55%
Source: El Tiempo

Second round votes by department

Candidate with the most votes in the second round by municipality: Ivan Duque - Marta Lucia Ramirez Gustavo Petro - Angela Maria Robledo Colombian Presidential Election Second Round Results 2018 (Municipios).svg
Candidate with the most votes in the second round by municipality:
  Iván Duque - Marta Lucía Ramírez
  Gustavo Petro - Ángela María Robledo
Department Iván Duque Gustavo Petro
Votes%Votes%
Amazonas 9 96250.42%9 32447.19%
Antioquia 1 844 02772.53%558 51421.97%
Arauca 59 41764.94%28 85831.54%
Atlántico 342 86642.82%440 10354.96%
Bogotá 1 447 68540.98%1 884 86953.35%
Bolívar 345 41551.18%316 67046.92%
Boyacá 308 73354.81%233 75541.50%
Cauca 160 19132.19%323 44365.00%
Cesar 216 75054.24%174 17543.58%
Chocó 46 28939.21%69 44858.82%
Caldas 283 92065.67%121 47628.09%
Córdoba 310 23150.16%298 94448.34%
Caquetá 79 68962.17%43 51133.94%
Casanare 127 90672.78%41 55923.64%
Consulates 180 99569.91%69 55826.86%
Cundinamarca 658 21256.48%452 30738.81%
Guainía 5 87357.06%4 09739.80%
Guaviare 15 75558.35%9 83836.43%
Huila 296 24564.71%146 53032.01%
La Guajira 106 32849.89%103 27148.45%
Magdalena 226 13651.83%201 56746.20%
Meta 264 51363.95%131 81931.87%
Nariño 192 58833.53%366 67363.85%
Norte de Santander 486 00477.89%112 49618.03%
Putumayo 30 91827.88%77 22069.63%
Quindío 156 97362.76%78 07131.21%
Risaralda 257 26761.57%136 64632.70%
San Andrés y Providencia 9 30361.20%5 28234.75%
Santander 591 71460.30%345 22435.18%
Sucre 171 32248.25%178 93450.39%
Tolima 379 76665.89%174 65530.30%
Valle del Cauca 746 81943.66%885 28951.76%
Vaupés 3 09638.75%4 75959.56%
Vichada 10 17263.94%5 30433.34%

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2014 Colombian presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Colombia on May 25, 2014. Since no candidate received 50% of the vote in the first round, a run-off between the two candidates with the most votes took place three weeks later on June 15, 2014. According to the official figures released by the National Registry office, as of May 22, 2014 32,975,158 Colombians were registered and entitled to vote in the 2014 presidential election, including 545,976 Colombians resident abroad. Incumbent president Juan Manuel Santos was allowed to run for a second consecutive term. In the first round, Santos and Óscar Iván Zuluaga of the Democratic Center were the two highest-polling candidates and were the contestants in the June 15 run-off. In the second round, Santos was re-elected president, gaining 50.95% of the vote compared with 45.00% for Zuluaga.

Democratic Center (Colombia) Colombian political party

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The following lists events that happened during 2014 in Colombia.

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2018 Peoples Party (Spain) leadership election

The 2018 People's Party leadership election—officially the 19th PP National Congress—was held on 20−21 July 2018, with a primary election being held on 5 July, after it was called by the party's National Board of Directors on 11 June as a consequence of Mariano Rajoy's resignation as People's Party leader on 5 June. Rajoy's decision to resign the party leadership came as a result of a motion of no confidence which had voted down Rajoy's government on 1 June. The leadership election is the first whereby PP members directly participate in choosing a leader for the party. On 26 June 2018, it was announced that only 66,706 PP members out of the 869,535 reported by the party had registered to vote in the election.

2018 Colombian anti-corruption referendum

A referendum on anti-corruption measures was held in Colombia on 26 August 2018. Voters were asked whether they approve of seven proposals aimed at reducing corruption: limiting the number of terms for politicians at all levels to three; requiring election candidates disclose their assets and those of their relatives; elected politicians being required to disclose their activities and private interests; a requirement for public hearings on budgets; a requirement for all public sector contracts to go out to tender; the removal of the right to parole for people convicted of corruption; and reducing the maximum salary of public officials and politicians from forty times the minimum wage to twenty-five times.

References

  1. ↑ Resolution No 5552 National Civil Registry (Colombia)
  2. 1 2 Explainer: Colombia's 2018 Elections AS/COA, 28 June 2017
  3. ↑ Colombia. "¿Cómo funciona el proceso de inscripción de cédulas?". Colombia.
  4. ↑ MOE. "Sistema Electoral Elecciones Generales". Colombia.com.
  5. ↑ "¿Cuáles organismos conforman la Organización Electoral y cuáles son sus funciones?". Colombia.com.
  6. ↑ Secretaria General del Senado. "Acto Legislativo número 02 de 2015". secretariasenado.gov.co (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 March 2018.
  7. ↑ Registraduría Nacional del Estado Civil. "Voto en Blanco" . Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  8. ↑ Manetto, Francesco (9 March 2018). "Las FARC retiran su candidatura a la presidencia de Colombia". El País (in Spanish). ISSN   1134-6582 . Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  9. ↑ "Vargas Lleras confirma a Juan Carlos Pinzón como fórmula vicepresidencial | ELESPECTADOR.COM". ELESPECTADOR.COM (in Spanish). 16 March 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  10. ↑ Bonces, Eduardo. "Piedad Córdoba no despegó y se retiró". www.elcolombiano.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  11. ↑ Muñoz, Leonardo. "Viviane Morales Renuncia a su candidatura presidencial". www.eltiempo.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  12. ↑ "Viviane Morales renunció a su candidatura presidencial". www.lafm.com.co (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  13. ↑ Marulanda, Olga Patricia Rendón. "Partido de Viviane Morales se dividió entre Duque y Vargas Lleras". www.elcolombiano.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  14. ↑ "Ni Petro, ni Duque: Sergio Fajardo anuncia que votará en blanco" (in Spanish). Semana. 31 May 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
  15. ↑ "Humberto de la Calle votará en blanco" (in Spanish). Semana. 31 May 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
  16. ↑ "Polo Democrático se decide por Gustavo Petro" (in Spanish). El Espectador. 31 May 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
  17. ↑ "Alianza Verde convoca a votar contra Duque" (in Spanish). El Espectador. 31 May 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
  18. ↑ "Cambio Radical entrega a Duque el programa de gobierno de Vargas Lleras" (in Spanish). Semana. 28 May 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
  19. ↑ "Partido de la U deja en libertad a sus electores" (in Spanish). El Colombiano. 29 May 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
  20. ↑ "La ASI deja en libertad a su militancia de cara a la segunda vuelta" (in Spanish). El Heraldo. 12 June 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
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