Last updated Jayakarta circa 1605–8, before its complete destruction by the Dutch, showing earlier pre-colonial structures before Batavia was founded
Colonial buildings and structures in Jakarta include those that were constructed during the Dutch colonial period of Indonesia. The period (and the subsequent style) succeeded the earlier period when Jakarta (known then as Jayakarta/Jacatra), governed by the Sultanate of Banten, were completely eradicated and replaced with a walled city of Batavia.[1] The dominant styles of the colonial period can be divided into three periods: the Dutch Golden Age (17th to late 18th century), the transitional style period (late 18th century – 19th century), and Dutch modernism (20th century). Dutch colonial architecture in Jakarta is apparent in buildings such as houses or villas, churches, civic buildings, and offices, mostly concentrated in the administrative city of Central Jakarta and West Jakarta.
Below is a list of colonial buildings and structures found in Jakarta. The list is sorted alphabetically according to its official (local) name. The list can also be sorted to each category.
Buildings that were renovated in a manner that significantly changed their appearance are listed separately to distinguish the different architectural form.
Some notable Chinese-style buildings and Islamic mosques that were built during these period are included in the list for comparison.
Dutch East India Company period – 17th to late 18th century
A map of Batavia
The first type of colonial architecture grew from the early Dutch settlements in the 17th century when settlements were generally within walled defenses to protect them from attack by other European trade rivals and native revolt. Following the siege of Jayakarta (previously known as Sunda Kelapa) and its demolition by the Dutch in 1619, it was decided to build the headquarters of the Dutch East India Company on the site. Simon Stevin was commissioned to design a plan for the future settlement based on his concept of the 'ideal city'. His response was a rectangular, walled town, bisected by the river Ciliwung which was to be channeled into a straight canal (later known as also known as Grote Rivier or Kali Besar or "Big River" in this area). This new city is called Batavia (now Jakarta). In accordance with Stevin's model, the fortress of Batavia was the most prominent building in the city, symbolizing the center of power, while townhall, markets, and other public buildings were distributed. This layout of Jakarta can still be clearly recognized today in Jakarta Old Town through the layout of the streets and canals, although most of the original 17th-century structures had been destroyed or replaced with newer early 20th-century structures.[2]
The architecture style of this period was the tropical counterparts of 17th-century Dutch architecture. Typical features include the typically Dutch high sash windows with split shutters,[2] gable roofs,[2] and white-coral painted wall (as opposed to exposed brick architecture in the Netherlands). This earlier period of Jakarta had many of the buildings solidly built with relatively enclosed structures, a structure that is not very friendly to tropical climate as compared to the architecture of the next period in Jakarta.[2] The best examples of these types of buildings were located along the Tygersgracht (now Jalan Muka Timur) and all of them were demolished.[2] The best surviving example is Toko Merah.
Several types of Portuguese colonial architecture also exist, usually outside the walled city of Batavia. Tugu Church and Sion Church, with their plain facades and domed windows, are some surviving examples.
In 1808, Daendels officially moved the city center to the south because of the deteriorating condition of the inner town as well as the malaria outbreak. As a result, many buildings and structures from this period were left to deteriorate. Because of financial issues, many buildings were demolished in the 19th century and the debris was used to construct newer structure in the south, such as the Palace of Governor-General Daendels (now the Financial Department of Indonesia) from the debris of Batavia Castle, and Batavia Theater (now Gedung Kesenian Jakarta) from the debris of the Spinhuis.
Later, these empty lots in Jakarta Old Town were filled with newer 20th-century structures. Surviving 17th–18th structures were later converted as Jakarta's cultural heritage, e.g. Toko Merah, Gereja Sion and Jakarta History Museum.
Other dominant architecture styles from this period were the Chinese merchant houses, many were built during the 18th century. Many of these structures show an eclectic mix of Dutch and Chinese influences.[2]
Engelse Brug[29] / Het Middelpuntbrug[30] / Grote Boom or "Large Tree Bridge"[30] / Djembatan Hoenderpasser Kali Besar or Hoenderpasserbrug or "Chicken Market Bridge" (1900s)[29][30][31] / Ophaalbrug Juliana (1938)[30]
1655 (after the demolition of earlier English Bridge, located 100 meter to the south),[6][29] 1937 (renovated)[30]
After the VOC was formally dissolved in 1800 the Batavian Republic expanded all the VOC's territorial claims into a fully fledged colony named the Dutch East Indies. From the company's regional headquarters Batavia now evolved into the capital of the colony. In 1808 Daendels moved the old town center to higher ground to the south and urbanized the area known as Weltevreden. During the British interregnum Daendels was replaced by Raffles who governed until 1816.
Map of Batavia in 1840. Multiple villas started to appear to the south of the old Batavia.
As the Dutch become more securely established in the region, towns grew up beyond the walls of the fort.[2]Batavia, together with Semarang and Ujung Pandang, were the most important urban centers.[2] During this time, Batavia became congested and wealthier merchants and other powerful men began to build their residences on the outskirts of town and in the surrounding countryside.[2]
The period shows a gradual adaptation to the tropical climate form on the part of the Dutch colonial architecture. These new form of architecture is called Indische Stijl. Typical style during this period include large roof overhang, high roof and ceiling, and front and rear verandahs that opened on to gardens. Indies style can be described as a mix of Indonesian, Chinese, and European influence. Very often the local Javanese style limasan roof was employed, but with addition of 19th-century European architectural elements such as Tuscan columns, doors, windows, and a flight of three to four steps leading up to a verandah running the full width of the house.[2]
Neoclassicism was a popular style for buildings in Jakarta during this period, which is considered to be the best representation of the greatness of the empire.[38]
Grand Hôtel Java (Demolished in the 1950s and replaced with Markas besar TNI Angkatan Darat (headquarters of the National Indonesian Army Land Forces))[54]
Private residence (original)[54] / Grand Hôtel Java (1834)
De Militaire School te Meester Cornelis, Military School at Meester Cornelis (closed in 1892, demolished. Now stands the Army Department of Research and Development)
Customs inspection office / Hotel Hersia (until 1951) / Residence (1937–1951) / Sie Kok Liong's Dormitory for students from outside Java (before 1928)[73]
Zoological and Plant Society Main Building (demolished)
Zoological and Plant Society Main Building
Post Cultuurstelsel abolition – 1870 to mid 20th century
Map of Batavia in 1897
The abolition of the Cultuurstelsel in 1870 made way for the rapid development of private enterprises in the Dutch Indies. Numerous trading companies and financial institutions established themselves in Java, most of them settled in Batavia. Jakarta Old Town's deteriorating structures were replaced with offices, typically along the Kali Besar. These private companies owned or managed plantations, oil fields, and mines. Railway stations were designed during this period, with characteristic style of this period.[2]
Two dominant architectural bureaus during this period were AIA Bureau (Frans Ghijsels) and AA Fermont and Cuypers Bureau (Eduard Cuypers).[2]
Colonnades are required during this period to provide protection against monsoon rains and tropical sun, which in turn transformed the appearance of buildings in the city centers.[2]
Colonial style in Jakarta lingered some years after the Japanese occupation of Indonesia in 1942, and further after the independence of Indonesia in 1945.
Electrification of the State Railway Company at Meester Cornelis (Electrificatie van de Staatsspoor- en Tramwegen (SS en T) bij het spoorwegstation te Meester Cornelis)
Zee en Brand Assurantie[123] / Gebouw van de Internationale Credit en Handelsvereeniging Rotterdam[124] / Tjipta Niaga / Perusahaan Negara Aneka Niaga (ca. 1964)[125]
Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Pembangunan Manusia dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia, Coordinating Ministry for Human Development and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia
Passagekantoor van de Rotterdamse Lloyd en de Stoomvaart Maatschappij Nederland[138]
Zee en Brand Verzekerings Maatschapij Sluyters & Co / Assurantiekantoor Blom & Van der Aa, Assurantiekantoor Combinatie Sluyters & Co, and de Java-China-Japan Lijn.[3] / Lloyd Insurance (1950)[150]
Nederlandsche Handels Maatschappij te 22 Noordwijk (Demolished in 1984, replaced with Kantor Departemen Keuangan RI bagian KPPN (Kantor Pelayanan Perbendaharaan Negara))[62]
Nederlandsche Handels Maatschappij te 22 Noordwijk / "Factorij"[62]
Rumah Sakit Umum Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, "Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital"
Medicinal warehouse for the Ministry of Health of the Dutch Colonial Government / Teaching Hospital (1919) / Het Centrale Burgerlijke Hospitaal (CBZ) or "Central Civil Hospital of Batavia" / Ika-daigaku Byōin (1942–1945)[171]
Topografisch Bureau (abandoned and destroyed)[184]
Topografisch Bureau
1868, 1907 (older building demolished and replaced)[184]
The Hermitage Hotel, Menteng
Telefoongebouw Menteng (original) / Departement van Onderwijs en Eredienst / Office of the Central Indonesian National Committee or KNIP (1945–1946) / National Education Ministry (1950) / Department of Education and Culture (1968–1996)
↑ The location of the Vierkant point was earlier the location of the English lodge / Shabandar point which exist prior the establishment of Batavia.[6]
↑ "1001 Warna Teluk Jakarta". National Geographic Traveller Indonesia (in Indonesian). National Geographic Traveller Indonesia. October 26, 2009. Archived from the original on September 11, 2011. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
1 2 "Angke, Fort" (in Indonesian). Jakarta City Administration. Archived from the original on November 7, 2016. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
↑ "Candra Naya". Nile Guide. Nile Project. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
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1 2 3 "Rumah Tinggi Palmerah" (in Indonesian). Dinas Komunikasi, Informatika dan Kehumasan Pemprov DKI Jakarta. Archived from the original on June 11, 2012. Retrieved August 13, 2011.
↑ "Rumah Tinggi Palmerah". Ensiklopedi Jakarta (in Indonesian). Jakarta City Administration. Archived from the original on March 13, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2011.
↑ "Balai Kota, Gedung" (in Indonesian). Jakarta City Administration. Archived from the original on August 9, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
↑ "Marine, Hotel". Ensiklopedi Jakarta. Dinas Komunikasi, Informatika dan Kehumasan Pemprov DKI Jakarta. Archived from the original on March 13, 2012. Retrieved July 5, 2011.
1 2 "Coen, Monumen". Ensiklopedi Jakarta (in Indonesian). Dinas Komunikasi, Informatika dan Kehumasan Pemprov DKI Jakarta. 2010. Archived from the original on March 28, 2012. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
↑ "Concordia, Gedung" (in Indonesian). Jakarta City Administration. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
↑ "Nasional, Museum". Ensiklopedi Jakarta (in Indonesian). Jakarta City Administration. Archived from the original on June 11, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2011.
↑ "Sasmita Loka A. Yani, Museum". Ensiklopedi Jakarta (in Indonesian). Dinas Komunikasi, Informatika dan Kehumasan Pemprov DKI Jakarta. Archived from the original on June 11, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2011.
1 2 "Kota Betawi". Kotabetawi.blogspot.com. September 30, 2009. Retrieved May 14, 2014.
↑ "Yacht Club". Ensiklopedi Jakarta. Dinas Komunikasi, Informatika dan Kehumasan Pemprov DKI Jakarta. 2013. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved November 27, 2013.
1 2 3 4 "STOVIA, Gedung". Ensiklopedi Jakarta (in Indonesian). Dinas Komunikasi, Informatika dan Kehumasan Pemprov DKI Jakarta. 2011. Archived from the original on June 11, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
1 2 "Nassaukerk" (in Indonesian). Dinas Komunikasi, Informatika dan Kehumasan Pemprov DKI Jakarta. 2011. Archived from the original on June 11, 2012. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
↑ "Michiels Monumen". Ensiklopedi Jakarta (in Indonesian). Dinas Komunikasi, Informatika dan Kehumasan Pemprov DKI Jakarta. Archived from the original on June 11, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
1 2 3 "Gedung Joang '45". Ensiklopedi Jakarta (in Indonesian). Dinas Komunikasi, Informatika dan Kehumasan Pemprov DKI Jakarta. Archived from the original on January 7, 2013. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
↑ "Sumpah Pemuda, Museum". Ensiklopedi Jakarta (in Indonesian). Dinas Komunikasi, Informatika dan Kehumasan Pemprov DKI Jakarta. Archived from the original on June 11, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2011.
↑ Het Nieuws van den Dag voor Nederlandsch Indië March 22, 1920
1 2 3 4 "Pertamina". Ensiklopedi Jakarta. Dinas Komunikasi, Informatika dan Kehumasan Pemprov DKI Jakarta. 2010. Archived from the original on March 13, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2011.
1 2 "Centraal Burgerlijke Ziekenhuis (CBZ)". Ensiklopedi Jakarta (in Indonesian). Dinas Komunikasi, Informatika dan Kehumasan Pemprov DKI Jakarta. 2010. Archived from the original on December 4, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
↑ "Broederschool". Coloniale architecture and town planning. Delft University of Technology. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
1 2 "Meester Cornelis, Stasiun". Ensiklopedi Jakarta (in Indonesian). Dinas Komunikasi, Informatika dan Kehumasan Pemprov DKI Jakarta. 2010. Archived from the original on March 28, 2012. Retrieved July 10, 2011.
1 2 3 4 "Weltevreden, Stasiun". Ensiklopedi Jakarta (in Indonesian). Dinas Komunikasi, Informatika dan Kehumasan Pemprov DKI Jakarta. 2010. Archived from the original on March 28, 2012. Retrieved July 10, 2011.
1 2 "Stasiun Pasar Senen" (in Indonesian). PT. KERETA API INDONESIA. June 25, 2010. Archived from the original on April 9, 2012. Retrieved September 16, 2011.
↑ "Tanjung Priok, Stasiun". Ensiklopedi Jakarta (in Indonesian). Dinas Komunikasi, Informatika dan Kehumasan Pemprov DKI Jakarta. 2011. Archived from the original on January 7, 2013. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
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↑ "Telefoonkantoor Batavia". Coloniale architecture and town planning. Delft University of Technology. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
Élan Kooy, Michelle (2008). RELATIONS OF POWER, NETWORKS OF WATER: GOVERNING URBAN WATERS, SPACES, AND POPULATIONS IN (POST)COLONIAL JAKARTA. Vancouver: The University of British Columbia.
Pasar Minggu is a district in the administrative city of South Jakarta, Indonesia. The area is known for its traditional Sunday market, famous for the fruit market. Historically, Pasar Minggu is a fruit cultivation area developed by the Dutch government during the colonial period. The central point of the cultivation area is the traditional market of Pasar Minggu, located in what is now the lower-division Pasar Minggu subdistrict. Teak forest could also be found in the Pasar Minggu district, notably around the Jati Padang subdistrict. Most of these areas have been converted into residential areas as Jakarta grows southward.
The Sasmita Loka Ahmad Yani Museum houses a collection from Ahmad Yani and some dioramas about the G-30-S/PKI, 30 September 1965. The museum is located in jalan Lembang 58 or jalan Laturharhari 65, Central Jakarta, Indonesia. The museum is open free to public from Tuesday until Sunday, from 08:00 WIB until 14:00 WIB.
Gereja Sion is a historic church located in Pinangsia Administrative District, Taman Sari, Jakarta, Indonesia. Dating from 1695, it is the oldest church still standing in Jakarta.
Roa Malaka is administrative village at Tambora subdistrict, West Jakarta, Indonesia. The border of Roa Malaka are :
The Jakarta Art Building, historically known as Schouwburg Weltevreden, is a concert hall in Sawah Besar, Central Jakarta, Indonesia, built during the colonial period in Batavia, Dutch East Indies.
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Mandiri Museum, or Bank Mandiri Museum, is the corporate museum of the namesake Bank Mandiri, located in the old banking district of Jakarta Old Town in northern Jakarta, Indonesia. The museum is housed in the former headquarters of the Netherlands Trading Society, one of the primary ancestor of ABN AMRO. The museum is closed on Mondays and public holidays. It is located next to Museum Bank Indonesia, and right in front of Jakarta Kota Station.
The Citadel Prins Frederik, also called Fort Prins Frederik, was a fortification built in 1837 by the Dutch in Batavia, in the Dutch East Indies. It was located at Wilhelmina Park, which demolished around 1961 and replaced by the Istiqlal Mosque.
Pieter Adriaan Jacobus "Piet" Moojen was a Netherlands-Indies architect, painter and writer. He studied architecture and painting in Antwerp. He lived and worked in the Dutch East Indies from 1903 to 1929. He was one of the first architects to implement Modernism in the Dutch East Indies. Moojen became widely known for his work on the Dutch entry at the Paris Colonial Exposition in 1931. He was active as an architect between 1909 and 1931.
Tugu Church, is a Protestant church in Kampung Kurus, Semper Barat Administrative Village, Cilincing, Jakarta, Indonesia. The church was located in Kampung Tugu, a village of Mardijker people, a Creole Portuguese community. It is the second oldest church in Jakarta, after Sion Church
Gedung Antara is a Dutch colonial landmark in Jakarta. It is located in the vicinity of Pasar Baru area. The building is currently Antara's Institute of Journalism.
Masjid Jami' Al-Makmur Cikini is located on Jalan Raden Saleh Raya in Cikini, Central Jakarta, and is one of the oldest mosques in the locality. It was formerly known as Tjikini Mosque.
Waterkasteel was the northernmost defense of Batavia, Dutch East Indies. It was located on the west end of the Sunda Kelapa pier. Because of its location, the fort was also known as "Hornwerk".
Batavia Castle was a fort located at the mouth of Ciliwung River in Jakarta. Batavia Castle was the administrative center of Dutch East India Company (VOC) in Asia.
Hotel der Nederlanden was a historic hotel in Jakarta, Indonesia. Hotel der Nederlanden was one of the three grand hotels in Batavia during the last period of the colonial rule, the other being Hotel des Indes and the Grand Hotel Java. The hotel had operated for more than a century, after which it was demolished in 1969 and was replaced with the Bina Graha presidential office.
Kim Tek Ie Temple, also called Vihara Dharma Bhakti, also known as 金德院, is a klenteng located in the China Town neighborhood of Glodok, Jakarta, Indonesia. Completed in 1650, Vihara Dharma Bhakti is the oldest Chinese temple in Jakarta.
The A.A. Maramis Building is an early 19th-century building in Jakarta, Indonesia. It hosts the headquarters of the Indonesian Ministry of Finance.
G. Kolff & Co., was a firm specializing in bookselling, publishing and printing based in Batavia.
Marine Hotel was one of the former landmark of the Molenvliet, a 17th-century built canal located in Batavia, the Dutch East Indies. Marine Hotel was located at the south end of Molenvliet West, approximately at the location of the old building of Bank Tabungan Negara. The building has been demolished.
Soerjadi Soedirdja was an Indonesian politician and military general.
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