Combat Zone, Boston

Last updated
The State Theatre, 1967 by Nick DeWolf State Theatre, Boston, MA, 1967.jpg
The State Theatre, 1967
by Nick DeWolf

"Combat Zone" was the name given in the 1960s to the adult entertainment district in downtown Boston, Massachusetts. Centered on Washington Street between Boylston Street and Kneeland Street, the area was once the site of many strip clubs, peep shows, X-rated movie theaters, and adult bookstores. It had a reputation for crime, including prostitution.

Contents

In 1974, in an attempt to contain the spread of adult businesses, the Boston Redevelopment Authority officially designated the Combat Zone as the city's adult entertainment district. For a variety of reasons, such as rising property values and the introduction of home video technology, most of the adult businesses in the area have since closed, and the "Combat Zone" moniker has become obsolete.

Etymology

The name "Combat Zone" was popularized through a series of exposé articles on the area Jean Cole wrote for the Boston Daily Record in the 1960s. [1] The moniker described an area that resembled a war zone both because of its well-known crime and violence, and because many soldiers and sailors on shore leave from the Charlestown (Boston) Navy Yard frequented the many strip clubs and brothels while in uniform. [2]

History

The Combat Zone began to form in the early 1960s, when city officials razed the West End and former red light district at Scollay Square, near Faneuil Hall, to build the Government Center urban renewal project. Displaced Scollay Square denizens relocated to the lower Washington Street area because it was only half a mile away, the rents were low, [3] and the residents of nearby Chinatown lacked the political power to keep them out. [4] Originally, there was an attempt to name the area Liberty Tree Neighborhood after the Liberty Tree that once stood in the area, but the name did not catch on. [5]

Lower Washington Street was already part of Boston's entertainment district with a number of movie theaters, bars, delicatessens, and restaurants that catered to night life. It was located between the classic, studio-built movie palaces such as the RKO Keith's and Paramount theatres and the stage theatres such as the Colonial on Boylston Street. [6] With the closing of the burlesque theatres in Scollay Square, many of the bars began to feature go-go dancers and, later, nude dancers. [7] During the 1970s, when laws against obscenity were relaxed, [8] many of the cinemas then screening second-run films began screening adult movies. [9]

Peak years: Mid-1960s – late 1970s

The Naked i, one of the Combat Zone's larger strip clubs Boston's Combat Zone.jpg
The Naked i, one of the Combat Zone's larger strip clubs

During the Combat Zone's heyday, some of the larger strip clubs were Naked i Cabaret (famous for its animated neon sign which superimposed an eye over a woman's crotch), Club 66, the Teddy Bear Lounge, and the Two O'Clock Club. [10] Besides the strip clubs and X-rated movie theaters, numerous peep shows and adult bookstores lined most of Washington Street between Boylston Street and Kneeland Street. In 1976, The Wall Street Journal called the area "a sexual Disneyland". [11]

The prevailing attitude towards homosexuality at the time was one of intolerance. Lower Washington Street, by contrast, was known for many years as the "Gay Times Square". [12] [13] As the area changed, that nickname fell out of circulation, but the Combat Zone's relatively open atmosphere still attracted many LGBT people. Popular gathering spots included the Playland Café on Essex Street, the Stuart Theater on Washington Street, and many others. Nearby Park Square and Bay Village were home to several gay and drag bars, such as the Punch Bowl and Jacques Cabaret. [14] [15]

The Combat Zone's detractors often grouped homosexuals, transvestites, prostitutes, strippers, purveyors of adult books and films, and drug dealers together under an umbrella of perceived immorality. Jeremiah Murphy wrote in a 1973 Boston Globe article about the Combat Zone, "Now it is almost 3 a.m. and the gay bars have closed and the fags and hookers and pimps and pushers roam the streets." [16] In a 1974 Boston Herald article, representatives of the Sack Theater Chain called the Combat Zone "Satan's playground" and "a malignancy comprised of pimps, prostitutes, erotica, and merchants of immorality" whose growth had to be removed. [17] As late as 1984 the Globe was referring to certain theaters in the Zone as "notorious gathering places for homosexuals". [18]

The Combat Zone was also recognized as being racially diverse at a time when other Boston neighborhoods were relatively segregated. [19] In his memoir, Jonathan Tudan recalls the tension in his Tremont Street building over news of an impending police raid in 1969. Along with the drug dealers and prostitutes, he writes, "mixed-race couples shacking up have begun to nervously doubt their freedom." [20]

Prostitution

The Pilgrim Theater, 1960s. City Censor, City of Boston Marquee at Pilgrim Theatre on Washington Street (11223219814).jpg
The Pilgrim Theater, 1960s.
City Censor, City of Boston

LaGrange Street, a small one-way street which runs between Washington and Tremont Streets, was the principal gathering spot for street prostitutes. Most congregated near "Good Time Charlie's" at 25 LaGrange Street. [21] The Pilgrim Theater, one of the last old time burlesque houses, was the site of a political scandal in December 1974 when the Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, Wilbur Mills democrat, seemingly inebriated, appeared on stage with stripper Fanne Foxe, "The Argentine Firecracker". [11] The Pilgrim then ceased to feature live shows, instead focusing on X-rated movies, and became a cruising site for men to have (paid or unpaid) sex with men. [22]

State Representative Barney Frank made a name for himself in the mid-1970s as a political defender of the Combat Zone. Frank took a libertarian view on vice, bucking the consensus that the area needed to be "cleaned up". At the same time he wanted to prevent the Zone's adult businesses from spreading into the affluent Beacon Hill and Back Bay neighborhoods where they might disturb his constituents. [11] In 1975, with the support of Boston Police Commissioner Robert DiGrazia, [23] Frank introduced a bill that would have legalized the sex-for-hire business but kept it quarantined in a red light district, which would be moved to Boston's Financial District. The Financial District was not populated at night, unlike the areas abutting the Combat Zone. [24] [25]

The Combat Zone had other supporters. Boston Mayor Kevin White was in favor of allowing adult businesses to operate within defined boundaries, [26] as was conservative pundit William F. Buckley Jr. [27] In 1975, White made headlines when he made an unannounced tour of the Combat Zone, visiting several establishments where he went largely unrecognized. [28] When approached by a prostitute on LaGrange Street, White replied, "Thank you, I'm too old." [11]

Many Combat Zone prostitutes, both male and female, were minors. [29] In 1975, 97 girls under the age of 17 were arrested in the Combat Zone for prostitution. A spokesperson for the Boston Police Department called that "the tip of the iceberg", explaining that minors were more often charged with being a Child in Need of Services. [30] Audrey Morrissey, a former underage Combat Zone prostitute who went on to become the associate director of a victims' service agency, recalled that in her day, underage prostitutes were held responsible for what would now be considered a crime against them, while johns were rarely arrested. [31]

Other crime

The Combat Zone had a reputation for violent crime which, while not unfounded, was sensationalized by the press. [32] In April 1975, Police Superintendent Joseph M. Jordan (who later became the Commissioner) told reporters that Boston's most "troublesome" police districts were Districts 2 (Roxbury), 3 (Mattapan) and 4 (Back Bay/South End). The Combat Zone was in District 1. [33]

Street crime in the Combat Zone was commonly attributed to the blighting influence of adult businesses, despite the fact that the area had been a skid row before their arrival. [32] As a 1977 Time magazine article put it, "Violence has followed the vice." [34] Newspaper reporters routinely suggested that adult businesses in the Combat Zone were connected to organized crime. Although those rumors were largely unsubstantiated, [32] at least one establishment did have such a connection: Jay's Lounge on Tremont Street, owned by mob boss Gennaro Angiulo. [35] The murder of Andrew Puopolo in the Combat Zone, in November 1976, led to Commonwealth v. Soares, the seminal Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court case barring racial discrimination in jury selection. [36]

The area also had a problem with police corruption, according to a 1976 Special Investigations Unit report on Police District One. The report alleged that "a direct relationship existed between ... the highest ranking member of the District One command staff and the Angiulo family during the period in question ... the unusual police service attending the Angiulo funeral can only be explained as an act of respect and fealty to an organized crime overlord by the deputy superintendent." According to the report, officers ignored organized crime and confined themselves to arresting low-level offenders such as street bookies, prostitutes, and drug users. District One was allegedly the center of a major gambling syndicate, but officers who worked there refused to investigate, fearing reprisal by their superiors. [37] The Combat Zone was also reputedly a center for illegal gun sales. [38]

Another controversial practice that was common in the Combat Zone was drink solicitation. In violation of Boston's "mingling" regulations, dancers and hostesses at some bars were paid to socialize with customers and encourage them to buy drinks. [39] Bars were occasionally raided and shut down for "B-girl activity". [40]

Zoning

1974 zoning map of Boston's adult entertainment district. Boston Redevelopment Authority Boston's Adult Entertainment District, Zoning Map, 1974.jpg
1974 zoning map of Boston's adult entertainment district.
Boston Redevelopment Authority

In 1974, when the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court declared the state's obscenity laws unconstitutional, city officials feared that Boston was about to become a "mecca of pornography". [41] The Boston Redevelopment Authority tried to contain the spread of adult businesses by designating the Combat Zone as the official adult entertainment district. [42] This district was exempted from the usual ban on flashing neon signs. [43] At the same time, the BRA made ambitious plans to improve the area's aesthetics. That year, funding was approved for Liberty Tree Park, a small park near the site of the historic Liberty Tree, as "the first step in improving the Combat Zone." [44]

Boston was the first American city to establish a specific zone for adult entertainment. [42] Most cities, such as Detroit, used zoning regulations to disperse adult businesses and prevent them from forming a district. [45]

Although adult entertainment was confined to the Combat Zone, buildings in the Combat Zone were not used exclusively for that purpose. Residents lived in furnished apartments, [20] single-room-occupancy hotels (SROs), homeless shelters, and a retired merchant marines' home. Urban renewal plans tended to overlook these residents, and the buildings were eventually demolished or converted to other uses. [32] Saint Francis House on Boylston Street, a daytime shelter for the homeless, is still in operation. [46]

Demise

The Combat Zone's demise can be attributed to a number of factors. Among them are the rising property values that made the downtown locations more attractive to real estate developers, [47] the closure of the Charlestown (Boston) Navy Yard, [48] the spread of AIDS, [49] and the introduction of home video and the Internet, which made it possible to view adult movies and other erotica at home without going to a red light district. [50]

Another factor was the city's ambivalence towards the area: despite the BRA's plans to improve the Combat Zone, the area suffered from municipal neglect. Throughout the mid-1970s, the city neglected the Zone's streetlights, policing, and garbage pickup, fostering an atmosphere of urban blight and criminality. [25] [32] [51] Street prostitutes became bolder, often picking pockets and robbing passersby. In 1976, just before leaving office, Police Commissioner Robert DiGrazia released a 572-page Special Investigations Unit report to the press documenting widespread police corruption, neglect, and brutality in the Zone. [25] [37] [51] Just two weeks later, the highly publicized murder of the Harvard football player Andrew Puopolo focused attention on crime in the area. [52]

Years of grassroots activism by neighboring Chinatown residents, aggressive police work, use of bureaucratic procedures to discourage adult businesses, [32] and massive urban renewal projects instigated by the BRA have helped to stem crime and close most of the adult businesses. [53] All that remains of the former Combat Zone are two small strip clubs, Centerfolds and the Glass Slipper, along LaGrange Street, and a few adult book and video stores on Washington and Kneeland streets. [25] Street prostitution has moved to other parts of town. [54]

A new Emerson College dormitory (and eventual relocation of the entire campus), [55] Suffolk University administrative offices, a relocated branch of the Massachusetts Registry of Motor Vehicles, a new $300 million development which includes a Ritz-Carlton Hotel and a Loews cinema, and a renovated Boston Opera House all opened in the area in the late 1990s and early 2000s. [53] In 2006 a luxury apartment tower, the Archstone Boston Common, was erected at the corner of Washington and Beach streets. [56] The historic Hayden Building on Washington Street, once home to an adult movie theater and a gay bathhouse, was renovated in 2013 and now houses luxury apartments and retail space. [57]

Notable performers

Chesty Morgan, an exotic dancer known for her 73-inch bust, regularly performed at the Pilgrim Theater. In August 1974, the theater's owner claimed, "She was like a god out of the heavens for us. She saved the theater and I hope she can do it again." [58]

Princess Cheyenne, another celebrated exotic dancer, performed at the Naked i in the 1970s and 1980s. [59]

Sylvia Sidney, "Boston's most (in)famous drag queen", regularly performed at clubs in the Combat Zone. Sidney was named for the actress Sylvia Sidney. [13] [60]

Comedian Jay Leno got his start doing stand-up in the Two O'Clock Club and the Teddy Bare Lounge in the Combat Zone. [61]

Jazz musicians Sabby Lewis, Dick Wetmore, and Bull Moose Jackson played regularly at the Gilded Cage on Boylston Street in the 1960s. The Gilded Cage was destroyed in 1966 when a leaking gas main exploded in the nearby Paramount Hotel, causing a five-alarm fire that killed 11 people. [62] [63]

Before the demolition of Scollay Square, there was already at least one strip bar in what would later become known as the Combat Zone: Izzy Ort's Bar & Grille at 25 Essex Street. Many notable jazz musicians played there in the 1940s and early 1950s, including Quincy Jones, Ruby Braff, Sam Rivers, Herb Pomeroy, and others. [64] Entertainer Sammy Davis Jr. sang and danced there when he lived in Boston. [65]

The Silver Dollar Bar, which later became the Two O'Clock, was Frank O'Hara's favorite bar when he studied at Harvard. [66] Like Izzy Ort's, it was a live music venue as well as a popular hangout for sailors. Among others, George Wein, Nat Pierce, Ray Perry, and Fat Man Robinson played there. [67]


Art

In 2010, the Howard Yezerski Gallery in Boston (now the Miller Yezerski Gallery) hosted an exhibit titled "Boston Combat Zone: 1969-1978", featuring black-and-white photographs by Roswell Angier, Jerry Berndt, and John Goodman. [50] At the opening, several former Combat Zone entertainers were critical of what they saw as an overemphasis on the area's negative aspects. [68]

Games

The Combat Zone is portrayed in Fallout 4 as an explorable area. In the video game, which is set in a post-apocalyptic fictional Boston, the "Combat Zone" takes on a literal meaning as an area for human barbed wire steel cage matches. [69]

Literature

In his first novel, A Case of Need (1968), a medical thriller/mystery novel set in the late 1960s Boston, the physician-turned-author Michael Crichton [70] vividly describes the Combat Zone itself, the types and preponderance of injuries and diseases treated by the local public hospital, Boston City (which, he wrote, was sometimes referred to as "Boston Shitty"), and the opportunities working and training there presented to medical professionals, despite Boston City's low status relative to the city's other hospitals, to see and treat cases they might not be exposed to elsewhere. [71] The novel was adapted into the film The Carey Treatment (1972). [72]

Part 3 of Lynda Hull's seven-part poem, "Suite for Emily" (1993), describes the Combat Zone. Hull, an award-winning poet, lived for a time in Boston's Chinatown. [73]

Stephen King mentions the Combat Zone in his novels The Stand (1978), Cujo (1981), Blaze (2007), and 11/22/63 (2011). [74]

Robert B. Parker's Spenser novels often have his protagonist spending time in the Combat Zone. [75]

In David Foster Wallace's encyclopedic novel Infinite Jest (1996), the characters Pemulis and Struck are alleged patrons of the Combat Zone after the district's relocation to "east of the Common". [76]

Movies

In Martin Scorsese's 2006 film The Departed , characters portrayed by Jack Nicholson and Matt Damon are surveilled by that of Leonardo DiCaprio in a Combat Zone adult-film theater owned by Nicholson's character based on Whitey Bulger.

Music

"Lightning Strikes" by Aerosmith (1982) mentions the Combat Zone, [77] as does the 1980 song "You May Be Right" by Billy Joel.

Television

An episode of Boston-based television series, Cheers ("Showdown, Part 1" (1983)), includes a moment when Ernie Pantusso invites Sam Malone to the Combat Zone, to see "a girlie show". In a subsequent episode ("How Do I Love Thee?... Let Me Call You Back" (8 Dec. 1983)), the gang returns to the bar after a night at the Combat Zone led by Carla. [78]

The Combat Zone is mentioned in several episodes of the detective drama Spenser: For Hire (1985-1988), also set in Boston and based on Robert B. Parker's Spenser novels.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tenderloin, Manhattan</span> Area of New York City during the late 19th and early 20th centuries

The Tenderloin was an entertainment and red-light district in the heart of the New York City borough of Manhattan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kabukichō</span> District located in Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo

Kabukichō is an entertainment district in Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan. Kabukichō is considered a red-light district with a high concentration of host and hostess clubs, love hotels, shops, restaurants, and nightclubs, and is often called the "Sleepless Town". Shinjuku Golden Gai, famous for its plethora of small bars, is part of Kabukichō.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Government Center, Boston</span> Area in downtown Boston, Massachusetts

Government Center is an area in downtown Boston, centered on City Hall Plaza. Formerly the site of Scollay Square, it is now the location of Boston City Hall, courthouses, state and federal office buildings, and a major MBTA subway station, also called Government Center. Its development was controversial, as the project displaced thousands of residents and razed several hundred homes and businesses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Park Street station (MBTA)</span> Subway station in Boston, Massachusetts, US

Park Street station is an MBTA subway station in Boston, Massachusetts. It is located at the intersection of Park Street and Tremont Street at the eastern edge of Boston Common in Downtown Boston. One of the two oldest stations on the "T", and part of the oldest subway line in the United States, Park Street is the transfer point between the Green and Red lines, as one of the quartet of "hub stations" on the MBTA subway system. Park Street is the fifth-busiest station in the MBTA network, with an average of 16,571 entries each weekday in FY2019.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Government Center station (MBTA)</span> Subway station in Boston, Massachusetts, US

Government Center station is an MBTA subway station in Boston, Massachusetts. It is located at the intersection of Tremont, Court and Cambridge Streets in the Government Center area. It is a transfer point between the light rail Green Line and the rapid transit Blue Line. With the Green Line platform having opened in 1898, the station is the third-oldest operating subway station in the MBTA system; only Park Street and Boylston are older. The station previously served Scollay Square before its demolition for the creation of Boston City Hall Plaza.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boylston station</span> Subway station in Boston, Massachusetts, US

Boylston station is a light rail station on the MBTA Green Line in downtown Boston, Massachusetts, located on the southeast corner of Boston Common at the intersection of Boylston Street and Tremont Street. A southbound street-level stop for the SL5 route of the bus rapid transit Silver Line is outside fare control. The station has two island platforms; each has one disused track, making them effectively side platforms. Boylston is not accessible for Green Line trains.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scollay Square</span> Former public square in downtown Boston, Massachusetts

Scollay Square was a city square in downtown Boston, Massachusetts. It was named for William Scollay, a prominent local developer and militia officer who bought a landmark four-story merchant building at the intersection of the Cambridge and Court Streets in the year 1795. Local citizens began to refer to this intersection as Scollay's Square, and, in 1838, the city officially memorialized the intersection as the Scollay Square. Early on, the area was a busy center of commerce, including daguerreotypist (photographer) Josiah Johnson Hawes (1808–1901) and Dr. William Thomas Green Morton, the first dentist to use ether as an anaesthetic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tremont Street subway</span> Boston subway tunnel

The Tremont Street subway in Boston's MBTA subway system is the oldest subway tunnel in North America and the third-oldest still in use worldwide to exclusively use electric traction, opening on September 1, 1897. It was originally built, under the supervision of Howard A. Carson as chief engineer, to get streetcar lines off the traffic-clogged streets, instead of as a true rapid transit line. It now forms the central part of the Green Line, connecting Boylston Street to Park Street and Government Center stations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chinatown station (MBTA)</span> Subway station in Boston, Massachusetts, US

Chinatown station is a rapid transit station on the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) Orange Line, located at the edge of the Chinatown neighborhood in the downtown core of Boston, Massachusetts. The station has two offset side platforms, which run under Washington Street from Hayward Place to Lagrange Street. The three entrances are located at the intersection of Washington Street with Essex and Boylston streets. Like all Orange Line stations, both the subway platforms and all bus connections are fully accessible.

Park Square in downtown Boston, Massachusetts, is bounded by Stuart, Charles Street South, Boylston, and Arlington Streets.

Prostitution in Peru is legal and regulated. UNAIDS estimate there to be 67,000 prostitutes in the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paramount Plaza</span> Office skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

Paramount Plaza, also 1633 Broadway and formerly the Uris Building, is a 48-story skyscraper in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Designed by Emery Roth and Sons, the building was developed by the Uris brothers and was renamed for its owner, the Paramount Group, by 1980. Paramount Plaza occupies a site bounded by Broadway to the east, 51st Street to the north, and 50th Street to the south.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Park Theatre (Boston)</span>

The Park Theatre (est.1879) was a playhouse in Boston, Massachusetts, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It later became the State cinema. Located on Washington Street, near Boylston Street, the building existed until 1990.

Gordon's Olympia Theatre in Boston, Massachusetts, was established by Nathan H. Gordon of Olympia Theatres, Inc. Architect Clarence Blackall designed the building at no.658 Washington Street, near Boylston Street in the theatre district. It later became the Pilgrim Theater. The building was demolished in 1996.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crawford House (Boston, Massachusetts)</span> Hotel in Massachusetts, United States

The Crawford House was a hotel and restaurant in downtown Boston, Massachusetts. Located on Court and Brattle Streets in Scollay Square, it was in operation during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and was for a time among the leading hotels in the city. The building was demolished in 1962 as part of the Government Center project.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prostitution in the Americas</span>

Legality of prostitution in the Americas varies by country. Most countries only legalized prostitution, with the act of exchanging money for sexual services legal. The level of enforcement varies by country. One country, the United States, is unique as legality of prostitution is not the responsibility of the federal government, but rather state, territorial, and federal district's responsibility.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Adams Square station</span> Former streetcar station in Boston, Massachusetts

Adams Square was an underground streetcar station located at Adams Square in downtown Boston, Massachusetts. It opened in 1898 and was used until 1963.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Adams Square (Boston)</span>

Adams Square (1879–1963) was a square in downtown Boston, Massachusetts. Now demolished, it was formerly located on the site of the current Boston City Hall in Government Center.

The Danzig Street shooting, or Danzig shooting, was a gang-related shooting that occurred on the evening of 16 July 2012 at a block party on Danzig Street in the West Hill neighbourhood of Toronto, Canada. Rival gang members Folorunso Owusu, 17, and Nahom Tsegazab, 19, along with an unidentified third gunman, opened fire in a crowd of two hundred people. This resulted in the deaths of Joshua Yasay and Shyanne Charles, and the injury of twenty-four others, making it the worst mass shooting in Toronto.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Horatio J. Homer</span>

Horatio J. Homer (1848–1923) was Boston's first African-American police officer. He was hired by the Boston Police Department in 1878 and served on the force for 40 years.

References

  1. ↑ Vrabel, Jim (2004). When in Boston: A Time Line & Almanac. Northeastern University Press. p. 327. ISBN   9781555536206.
  2. ↑ Giorlandino, Salvatore S. (1986). "The Origin, Development, and Decline of Boston's Adult Entertainment District: The Combat Zone" (PDF). mit.edu. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2015.
  3. ↑ Giorlandino, pp. 12-14.
  4. ↑ Berson, Jessica (2015). "Dancing in the Combat Zone: Striptease, Nostalgia, and Urban Renewal". The Naked Result: How Exotic Dance Became Big Business. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 18 December 2014– via Academia.edu.
  5. ↑ Kifner, John (1 December 1976). "Boston Sex District Stirs Controversy". The Dispatch . The New York Times News Service. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  6. ↑ "Paramount Theatre Study Report" (PDF). City of Boston. Boston Landmarks Commission. 1983. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 April 2013.
  7. ↑ Vorhees, Mara (2009). Boston City Guide. Lonely Planet. p. 83. ISBN   9781741791785.
  8. ↑ Giorlandino, pp. 19-20. Miller vs. California (1973) and Commonwealth vs. Horton (1974).
  9. ↑ Larkin, Al (28 April 1974). "Porno ruling loosens up Combat Zone" . The Boston Globe. ProQuest   661727371.
  10. ↑ Cook, Greg (February 16, 2010). "A walk on the wild side". The Phoenix. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Ashbrook, Tom (Aug 2, 1988). "The Zone Going the Way of All Flesh". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on October 18, 2015. Retrieved December 15, 2014.
  12. ↑ History Project (1999). Improper Bostonians: Lesbian and Gay History from the Puritans to Playland. Beacon Press. p. 164. ISBN   9780807079492.
  13. 1 2 "Boston Combat Zone". UMass Boston LGBT History Wiki. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  14. ↑ Sullivan, Robert David (December 2, 2007). "Last Call". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  15. ↑ Blanding, Michael (July 2003). "The Bay Village Drag Bar War". Boston . Archived from the original on 21 March 2013.
  16. ↑ Murphy, Jeremiah (February 23, 1973). "Boston at night: The excitement turns to fright" . The Boston Globe. ProQuest   503657579. Archived from the original on December 20, 2014.
  17. ↑ Giorlandino, p. 26
  18. ↑ Farrell, David (December 23, 1984). "Ray Flynn's War on Combat Zone" . The Boston Globe. ProQuest   294300806. Archived from the original on December 20, 2014.
  19. ↑ Smith, Ron (March 7, 1976). "Beautiful, bustling Boston" . The Boston Globe. ProQuest   656818890. Archived from the original on March 9, 2017. Retrieved July 5, 2017. The Italians of the North End, the Brahmins of Beacon Hill, the blacks of Mission Hill, the super-rich of Chestnut Hill, the blue-collar workers of East Cambridge, and the Irish of South Boston all live in enclaves of clannishness. Note that the article touts the Combat Zone as one of the city's modern tourist attractions.
  20. 1 2 Tudan, Jonathan (2008). Lovers, Muggers & Thieves: A Boston Memoir. Hawk Nest Press. p. 3. ISBN   978-1-60702-396-8.
  21. ↑ Allis, Sam (March 7, 2010). "This was where hookers, johns, and trouble met". Boston.com. Archived from the original on 10 March 2010.
  22. ↑ Matza, Michael (September 12, 1994). "Bostonians Clash Over The Sites Of Adult Businesses - Preservationists Want To Save The 19th-century Buildings". philly.com. Archived from the original on 21 December 2014.
  23. ↑ Weisberg, Stewart E. (2009). Barney Frank: The Story of America's only Left-handed, Gay, Jewish Congressman. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press. p.  125. ISBN   978-1-55849-721-4.
  24. ↑ "A Frank Suggestion: Hookers in the Financial District", Boston Herald-American, November 25, 1976
  25. 1 2 3 4 Fischer, Anne Gray (September 29, 2009). "Anne Gray Fischer Presents a History of 'The Combat Zone'". Vernacular. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011.
  26. ↑ Farrell, David (March 2, 1975). "Combat Zone headed for trouble" . The Boston Globe. ProQuest   747808098. Archived from the original on March 9, 2017. Retrieved July 5, 2017. The mayor's recent tour of the strip joints in the Combat Zone and Park Square and his generous comments about these establishments left no doubt that he supports Boston Redevelopment Authority plans to glorify the area.
  27. ↑ Buckley, William F. Jr. (June 21, 1974). "Boston's newest arrangement with sin" . The Boston Globe. ProQuest   850918916. Archived from the original on March 9, 2017. Retrieved July 5, 2017. The Boston experiment should be indulged.
  28. ↑ AP (February 8, 1975). "'Combat Zone' tour eyeful for mayor". The Saturday Citizen. p. 149. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  29. ↑ McNaught, Sarah (October 27, 1997). "The lost boys". The Boston Phoenix. Archived from the original on 4 March 2000.
  30. ↑ Negri, Gloria (November 16, 1976). "New views on juvenile prostitution" . The Boston Globe. ProQuest   661721249. Archived from the original on January 31, 2015.
  31. ↑ Botelho, Alyssa (August 19, 2013). "AG takes steps against human trafficking". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 19 August 2013.
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Schaefer, Eric; Johnson, Eithne; Jenkins III, Henry (2003). "Quarantined! A Case Study of Boston's Combat Zone". Hop on Pop: The Politics and Pleasures of Popular Culture. Duke University Press. pp. 430–453. ISBN   9780822383505.
  33. ↑ Connolly, Richard (13 April 1975). "Boston's crime rate: What do the statistics really show about it?" . The Boston Globe. ProQuest   651809927. Archived from the original on March 18, 2015.
  34. ↑ "Americana: Taming the Combat Zone". Time . September 19, 1977. Archived from the original on 4 August 2014.
  35. ↑ Ford, Beverly; Schorow, Stephanie (2011). The Boston Mob Guide: Hit Men, Hoodlums & Hideouts . The History Press. pp.  27, 30. ISBN   9781609494209.
  36. ↑ Commonwealth v. Soares. Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court.
  37. 1 2 "Partial text of report on Police District One" . The Boston Globe. November 9, 1976. ProQuest   661526527. Archived from the original on October 6, 2016. Retrieved July 5, 2017. Excerpted from "The Final Corruption and/or Incompetence Report relative to Police District One during the period February 15, 1973 - September 30, 1975"
  38. ↑ "Tough Law on Guns Seen Getting Results". The Hour. UPI. 7 January 1978. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  39. ↑ "597 F. 2d 295 - Olitsky v. O'Malley". OpenJurist.org. F2d (597): 295. 1979. Archived from the original on 24 November 2011.
  40. ↑ "Combat Zone Hit by Fire, Raids" . The Boston Globe. April 2, 1967. ProQuest   504806585. Archived from the original on October 6, 2016. Retrieved July 5, 2017. Four men and five women were booked after the raids involving B-girl operations. They were arraigned in Boston Municipal Court charged with larceny by means of false pretenses.
  41. ↑ Giorlandino, p. 20
  42. 1 2 Jordan, Robert (November 15, 1974). "Boston board approves zone for adult shows" . The Boston Globe.[ permanent dead link ]
  43. ↑ "Text amendment no. 38 (BRA 4566)". OpenLibrary.org. Boston Redevelopment Authority. 1974.
  44. ↑ AP (August 31, 1974). "Liberty Tree Park Set to Go". The Lewiston Daily Sun. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  45. ↑ Clapp, James A. (April 1988). "'X' Marks the Spot: The Problem of the Erogenous Zone of the American City". Revue française d'études américaines. 36 (36). Editions Berlin: 225–234. doi:10.3406/rfea.1988.1312. JSTOR   20871836.
  46. ↑ "Homepage". St. Francis House. Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  47. ↑ Giorlandino, p. 49
  48. ↑ Kaufman, Jonathan (December 27, 1984). "From Scollay Sq. Tattoo Parlors to Combat Zone Porno Films" . The Boston Globe. ProQuest   294234185. Archived from the original on November 30, 2016. Retrieved July 5, 2017. By the early 1970s, Boston was no longer a port of call for the military.
  49. ↑ "Boston Journal; Cleanup Comes to the Combat Zone". The New York Times. 20 July 1989. Archived from the original on 17 March 2015.
  50. 1 2 Feeney, Mark (March 7, 2010). "A Vanished World of Sex, Squalor, Captured in Black and White" . The Boston Globe. ProQuest   404727935. Archived from the original on November 30, 2016. Retrieved July 5, 2017.
  51. 1 2 Giorlandino, p. 39
  52. ↑ Heineman, Zachary R. (June 4, 2002). "Brutal Murder of Student Leaves Class of 1977 Shocked, Mourning". The Harvard Crimson. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014.
  53. 1 2 Noonan, Erica (December 6, 1998). "Boston residents fear return of combat zone". Associated Press.
  54. ↑ Martin, Phillip (2013). "Prostituted Women In Mass. Pay Greater Price Than 'Johns'". WGBH News. Archived from the original on 25 February 2015.
  55. ↑ Kloc, Melissa (December 11, 2009). "Looking back on Boylston and Tremont's badder days..." JSONS. Archived from the original on 15 January 2008.
  56. ↑ "Archstone Boston Common". Emporis. Archived from the original on 18 March 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  57. ↑ Grillo, Thomas (March 8, 2013). "New projects wipe away more vestiges of Combat Zone". Boston Business Journal. Archived from the original on 17 December 2014.
  58. ↑ "Honky Tonk Theater Fights for Life". Portsmouth Herald. August 26, 1974. p. 23.
  59. ↑ O'Brien, Keith (January 22, 2006). "Exposed". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 15 December 2014.
  60. ↑ History Project. "Public Faces, Private Lives: Sylvia Sidney". The History Project. Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  61. ↑ Santosuosso, Ernie (January 21, 1983). "Comedy Clubs Serious Business to Jay Leno" . The Boston Globe. ProQuest   294162244. Archived from the original on October 19, 2016. Retrieved July 5, 2017.
  62. ↑ "May 27, 1963: Frazier Visits the Gilded Cage". On Troy Street. 2 June 2013. Archived from the original on 18 March 2015.
  63. ↑ "Summary of Fire Incidents 1934–2006 in Hotel Fires in the United States as Reported to the NFPA, with Ten or more Fatalities" (PDF). National Fire Protection Association. January 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 December 2014.
  64. ↑ Vacca, Richard (October 2, 2013). "Never a Dull Moment at Izzy Ort's". The Troy Street Observer. Troy Street Publishing. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014.
  65. ↑ Santosuosso, Ernie (May 17, 1990). "Sammy Davis Jr., Entertainer for Six Decades, Dies at 64" . The Boston Globe. ProQuest   294536779. Archived from the original on December 31, 2014.
  66. ↑ Shand-Tucci, Douglass (2004). The Crimson Letter: Harvard, Homosexuality, and the Shaping of American Culture. Macmillan. p. 208. ISBN   9780312330903.
  67. ↑ "May 23, 1954: "Rum-Saturated" Silver Dollar Bar Under Fire". On Troy Street. 31 May 2013. Archived from the original on 20 January 2015.
  68. ↑ Cohen, Julie M. (February 25, 2010). "Exhibit is a flashback to Boston's Combat Zone". MetroWest Daily News. Archived from the original on 7 February 2015.
  69. ↑ Combat Zone - Fallout 4 Wiki Guide - IGN, 10 November 2015, retrieved 2019-04-21
  70. ↑ Writing under the pseudonym Jeffery Hudson
  71. ↑ Hubin, Allen J. (15 November 1970). "Criminals At Large". The New York Times.
  72. ↑ Pinkerton, Nick (20 February 2014). "Futures & Pasts: The Carey Treatment". Film Comment. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
  73. ↑ Hull, Lynda. "Suite for Emily". Poetry Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 November 2011.
  74. ↑ King, Stephen (2011). 11/22/63. Simon and Schuster. p. 278. ISBN   9781451660807.
  75. ↑ Parker, Robert B. (1992). Ceremony. Dell. p. 109. ISBN   978-0440109938.
  76. ↑ Wallace, David Foster (1996). Infinite Jest. Boston: Little Brown. p. 428. ISBN   9780316073851.
  77. ↑ "Aerosmith - Lightning Strikes". SongMeanings.com. 26 September 2007. Archived from the original on 13 February 2015.
  78. ↑ Bjorklund, Dennis (September 2014). Cheers TV Show: A Comprehensive Reference. Praetorian Publishing. ISBN   9780967985237.

Further reading

42°21′05″N71°03′46″W / 42.3515°N 71.0628°W / 42.3515; -71.0628

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.