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The earliest Crimean Tatar literary works are dated back to the times of the Golden Horde (13th-15th centuries), while its golden era took place in the times of Crimean Khanate (15th-18th centuries).
"The poem about Yusuf and Zuleykha" by Mahmud Qırımlı from 13th century is regarded as the oldest work in Crimean Tatar. [1] Among other prominent authors of that time were Ali (d. 1232), [2] Mahmud (13-14 c.), [2] Mevlana Receb bin Ibrahim (d. 1386), [3] Mevlana Şerefeddin bin Kemal (d. 1438) and Kemal Ummi (d. 1475). [4]
During the Golden Horde period after Crimean Tatars adopted Islam, Divan poetry or Palace poetry (Crimean: saray edebiyatı) started to form. Its authors were khans and aristocrats. Famous poets of that time were Abdul-Mecid Efendi, Usein Kefeviy, Meñli I Giray, Ğazı II Giray, Ramel Hoca, Aşıq Ümer, Mustafa Cevheriy, Leyla Bikeç, Aşıq Arif, Canmuhammed, and Edip Efendi. Ğazı II Giray in particular was known for his poetry, love of literature and works on music. [5] The Bahadır I Giray's wife Han-zade-hanum was also known as a poet. In the 15th-17th centuries anthologies of Crimean poetry appeared.
All literary works of that period were written in Arabic script. The language of poetry was influenced by Arabic and Persian as it used long and short vowels rhymes while Turkic language didn't differentiate vowels this way. [6] At the same time, a more colloquial language with few borrowings was used in folklore (e.g. "Çorabatır", "Kör oğlu", "Tair ve Zore").
Other works include writings about historic events and multiple yarlıqs. [7]
After the Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire in 1783, Crimean Tatar literature was frozen as the principal patrons of its development were Crimean khans.
Crimean literature revival is closely related to Ismail Gasprinsky who laid the foundations of the story and the novel in Crimean Tatar literature. In his newspaper "Terciman", Gasprinsky was publishing works of new Crimean Tatar writers. Among prominent poets of early 20th century were Eşref Şemi-zade, Bekir Çoban-zade, Abdulla Dermenci, Şevqiy Bektöre, Abdulla Latif-zade, Amdi Giraybay. In 1901, Abdulla Özenbaşlı published the first Crimean Tatar drama "Olcağa çare almaz".
Crimean Tatar literary process was interrupted by the Soviet Deportation of the Crimean Tatars in 1944. Since that time and until the 1970s in the Soviet Union Crimean Tatar literature has been suppressed.
Some of the modern authors include Şamil Aladin, Cengiz Dağcı, Ümer İpçi, Yusuf Bolat, Ayder Osman, Ervin Ümerov, Rustem Müyedin, Şakir Selim, Yunus Qandım, Seyran Suleyman, Nuzet Ümerov.
The Tatars, sometimes erroneously referred to as Tartars, is an umbrella term for different Turkic ethnic groups bearing the name "Tatar" across Eastern Europe and Asia. Initially, the ethnonym Tatar possibly referred to the Tatar confederation. That confederation was eventually incorporated into the Mongol Empire when Genghis Khan unified the various steppe tribes. Historically, the term Tatars was applied to anyone originating from the vast Northern and Central Asian landmass then known as Tartary, a term which was also conflated with the Mongol Empire itself. More recently, however, the term has come to refer more narrowly to related ethnic groups who refer to themselves as Tatars or who speak languages that are commonly referred to as Tatar.
Crimean Tatars or Crimeans are a Turkic ethnic group and nation native to Crimea. The formation and ethnogenesis of Crimean Tatars occurred during the 13th–17th centuries, uniting Cumans, who appeared in Crimea in the 10th century, with other peoples who had inhabited Crimea since ancient times and gradually underwent Tatarization, including Greeks, Italians, Armenians, Goths, Sarmatians, and others.
Cuman or Kuman was a West Kipchak Turkic language spoken by the Cumans and Kipchaks; the language was similar to today's various languages of the West Kipchak branch. Cuman is documented in medieval works, including the Codex Cumanicus, and in early modern manuscripts, like the notebook of Benedictine monk Johannes ex Grafing. It was a literary language in Central and Eastern Europe that left a rich literary inheritance. The language became the main language of the Golden Horde.
The Crimean Khanate, self-defined as the Throne of Crimea and Desht-i Kipchak, and in old European historiography and geography known as Little Tartary, was a Crimean Tatar state existing from 1441 - 1783, the longest-lived of the Turkic khanates that succeeded the empire of the Golden Horde. Established by Hacı I Giray in 1441, it was regarded as the direct heir to the Golden Horde and to Desht-i-Kipchak.
The Khanate of Astrakhan, also referred to as the Xacitarxan Khanate, was a Tatar state that arose during the break-up of the Golden Horde. The Khanate existed in the 15th and 16th centuries in the area adjacent to the mouth of the Volga river, around the modern city of Astrakhan. Its khans claimed patrilineal descent from Toqa Temür, the thirteenth son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan.
Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar was a Turkish poet, novelist, literary scholar and essayist, widely regarded as one of the most important representatives of modernism in Turkish literature. In addition to his literary and academic career, Tanpınar was also a member of the Turkish Parliament between 1944 and 1946.
Islam in Ukraine is a minority religious affiliation with Muslims representing around 5% of the total population as of 2016. The religion has a long history in Ukraine dating back to Berke Khan of the Ulug Ulus in the 13th century and the establishment of the Crimean Khanate in the 15th century.
The Great Horde was a rump state of the Golden Horde that existed from the mid-15th century to 1502. It was centered at the core of the Golden Horde at Sarai. Both the Khanate of Astrakhan and the Khanate of Crimea broke away from the Great Horde throughout its existence, and were hostile to the Great Horde. The defeat of the forces of the Great Horde at the Great Stand on the Ugra River by Ivan III of Russia marked the end of the "Tatar yoke" over Russia.
Tatars of Romania or Dobrujan Tatars are a Turkic ethnic group that have been present in Romania since the 13th century. According to the 2011 census, 20,282 people declared themselves as Tatar, most of them being Crimean Tatars and living in Constanța County. But according to the Democratic Union of Tatar Turkic Muslims of Romania there are 50,000 Tatars in Romania. They are one of the main components of the Muslim community in Romania.
Mehmet Niyazi Cemali was an Ottoman-born Romanian and Crimean Tatar poet, journalist, schoolteacher, academic, and activist for ethnic Tatar causes. Present for part of his life in the Russian Empire and Crimea-proper, he wrote most of his works in Crimean Tatar and Ottoman Turkish. Niyazi is credited with having played a major part in keeping alive the connection between the Crimean Tatar diaspora and their land of origin, and is best known for his lyrical works depicting Crimea.
The Battle of Kletsk was a battle fought on 5 August 1506 near Kletsk, between the Grand Ducal Lithuanian army, led by Court Marshal of Lithuania Michael Glinski, and the army of the Crimean Khanate, led by Fetih I Giray and Burnaş I Giray, sons of the Khan of Crimea, Meñli I Giray. The battle was one of the first and greatest Lithuanian victories over the Tatars.
"Gazikumukh Shamkhalate" is a term introduced in Russian-Dagestan historiography starting from the 1950s–60s to denote the Kumyk state that existed on the territory of present-day Dagestan in the period of the 8th to 17th centuries with the capital in Gazi-Kumukh, and allegedly disintegrated in 1642. However, In the 16th century's Russian archival sources Tarki is stated to be the "capital of Shamkhalate" and "the city of Shamkhal", while "Kazi-Kumuk" is mentioned as a residence. These facts contradict "1642 disintegration" date. Moreover, there is absolutely no source before the 1950s containing the term "Gazikumukh Shamkhalate" or a statement that Gazi-Kumukh had ever been the capital of Shamkhalate. Historically, Shamkhalate is widely described as Tarki Shamkhalate or just Shamkhalate.
Selim I Giray, Selim Khan Girai was four times Khan of the Crimean Khanate in the period from 1671 to 1704. During this time Crimean khans were regularly appointed and replaced by the Ottomans. The main events of the period were the continuing conflicts in Ukraine, the Russian capture of Azov and the Great Turkish War during which the Turks were pushed back from Vienna in 1683 to about the line of Belgrade. Unlike other khans of the period, he ruled well and had no conflicts with his nobles. He was born in 1631.
The Nogais are a Turkic ethnic group who live in the North Caucasus region. Most are found in Northern Dagestan and Stavropol Krai, as well as in Karachay-Cherkessia and Astrakhan Oblast; some also live in Chechnya, Dobruja, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine and a small Nogai diaspora is found in Jordan. They speak the Nogai language and are descendants of various Mongolic and Turkic tribes who formed the Nogai Horde. There are seven main groups of Nogais: the Ak Nogai, the Karagash, the Kuban-Nogai, the Kundraw-Nogai, the Qara-Nogai, the Utars and the Yurt-Nogai.
Emel Emin is a Romanian Crimean Tatar poet, translator, Turkologist, and educator. She writes her work in Turkish. Although most of her poetry is free verse, she sometimes uses syllabic verse and she admires Arabic prosody. With love for traditional forms of poetry she also published ghazal and rubayat. She is associated with the Writers' Union of Romania and Turkish Language Association in Turkey.
Abdulla Latif-zade was a Crimean Tatar literary critic, poet, writer, and translator who was executed during the purge of Crimean Tatar intellectuals in the Stalin era.
Aşıq Ümer was a Crimean Tatar medieval poet of ashik, and is one of the most famous representatives of the Turkic-speaking ashik poetry in general. Ashik poetry is a special kind of literary oeuvre, the representatives of which — folk poets-singers — accompany their performances with playing the string-plucked musical instrument bağlama. Hence another name for this poetry — "bağlama poetry".
Osman Nuri-Asan oğlu Aqçoqraqlı, also written as Aqchoqraqli or Akchokrakli, was a Crimean Tatar writer, journalist, historian, archaeologist, ethnographer, and teacher.
Mahmud Qırımlı was a late twelfth- to early thirteenth-century Crimean Tatar poet. He is thought to have been the author of the dastanHikayet-i Yusuf ve Zuleyha, which is considered the first literary work in the Crimean Tatar language. The biography of Mahmud himself is little researched: most studies focus on his poem.