Damona

In Gallo-Roman religion, Damona was a goddess worshipped in Gaul as the consort of Apollo Borvo and of Apollo Moritasgus.

Name

The theonym Damona is a derivative of the Proto-Celtic stem *damo-, meaning 'bull' or 'deer' (cf. Old Irish dam 'bull, deer'; also *damato- > Middle Welsh dafad 'sheep', Old Cornish dauat 'ewe'), itself from Proto-Indo-European *dmh₂o- ('the tamed one'). The Latin noun damma, which is the source of French daim ('roe'), is probably a loanword from Gaulish. The root *dmh₂- is also presumably reflected in the British tribal name Demetae , interpreted as meaning 'Tamers'. ^{[1] [2]}

Cult

Dedication to Borvo and Damona

Damona and Bormana have been described as the patron deities of the hot springs at Bourbonne-les-Bains and Saint-Vulbas, respectively. ^{[3] [4]} Some seventeen inscriptions dedicated to Damona have been recovered, including nine from Bourbonne-les-Bains and four from Bourbon-Lancy, both spa towns in eastern France. In one inscription from Saintes, she has the epithet Matubergini. ^[5]

Inscriptions and dedications

There are several inscriptions relating to Damona, ^[6] including two inscriptions in Bourbon-Lancy (CIL 13, 02805), discovered in 1792.

C (aius) Iulius Eporedirigis f (ilius) Magnus / pro L (ucio) Iulio Caleno filio / Bormoni and Damonae / vot (um) sol (vit)

and (CIL 13, 02806), where Damona is also included in dedications to Borvo, (CIL 13, 02807) and (CIL 13, 02808):

Borvoni and Damonae / T (itus) Severius Mo / destus [o] mnib (us) / h [o] n [orib (us)] and offi [ciis]

The other large site associated with Damona is Bourbonne-les-Bains, there are nine dedications to the goddess of the waters, including (CIL 13, 05911):

Deo Apol / lini Borvoni / et Damonae / C (aius) Daminius / Ferox civis / Lingonus ex / voto

and (CIL 13, 05914):

Borvoni / and Damon (ae) / Aemilia / Sex (ti) fil (ia) / M [3] S

with (CIL 13, 05921):

Damonae Aug (ustae) / Claudia Mossia and C (aius) Iul (ius) Superstes fil (ius) / l (ocus) d (atus) ex d (ecreto) d (ecurionum) v (otum) s (olverunt) l ( ibentes) m (erito)

Damona also appears in dedications to Chassenay, associated with Albius and Alise-Sainte-Reine. An inscription was found bearing Damona's name in Alesia in 1962, where she was worshipped with Apollo Moritasgus ^{[7] [8] [9]} (CIL 13, 11233):

Aug (usto) sacr (um) / deo Albio and Damonae Sex (tus) Mart (ius) / Cocillus ex iussu eius v (otum) s (olvit) l (ibens) m (erito)

and (CAG-21-01):

Deo Apollini Moritasgo [and] / Damonae P (ublius) Pontius Apolli [naris]

Finally, there is an inscription in Rivières. ^[10]

   Jullia Malla Malluronis fîl (ia) numinibus Augustorum et deae Damonae Matuherginni (?) Ob memoriam Sulpiciae Silvanae filiae suae de suo posuit

References

1. Delamarre 2003, p. 135.
2. Matasović 2009, p. 89.
3. MacKillop, James (2016). A dictionary of Celtic mythology. Oxford. ISBN   978-0-19-880484-0. OCLC   965737514.
4. William van Andringa (2002). La religion en Gaule romaine : Piété et politique (I^er-III^e siècle apr. J.-C.) Editions Errance, Paris. p.165
5. Nicole Jufer & Thierry Luginbühl (2001). Les dieux gaulois : répertoire des noms de divinités celtiques connus par l'épigraphie, les textes antiques et la toponymie. Editions Errance, Paris. pp.36-7.
6. Hatt, Jean-Jacques (1983). "Apollon guérisseur en Gaule. Ses origines, son caractère, les divinités qui lui sont associées - Chapitre II". Revue archéologique du Centre de la France. 22 (3): 185–218. doi:10.3406/racf.1983.2383.
7. Le Gall, Joël. (1980). Alésia : archéologie et histoire (Nouv. éd. rev. et augm ed.). [Paris]: Fayard. ISBN   2-213-00780-2. OCLC   7462836.
8. Raepsaet-Charlier, Marie-Thérèse (2013). "Alésia et ses dieux:: du culte d'Apollon Moritasgos à l'appartenance civique des Mandubiens à l'époque gallo-romaine" . L'Antiquité Classique. 82: 165–194. doi:10.3406/antiq.2013.3831. ISSN   0770-2817. JSTOR   90004373.
9. Beck, Noémie (2009). Goddesses in Celtic Religion: Cult and Mythology: A Comparative Study of Ancient Ireland, Britain and Gaul. Lyon, France.
10. Héron de Villefosse, Antoine (1918). "Inscription romaine de Rivières (Charente)". Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. 62 (6): 479–484. doi:10.3406/crai.1918.74083.

Bibliography

• Delamarre, Xavier (2003). Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental. Errance. ISBN   9782877723695.
• Matasović, Ranko (2009). Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic. Brill. ISBN   9789004173361.