Borvo

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Borvo or Bormo (Gaulish: *Borwō, Bormō) was an ancient Celtic god of healing springs worshipped in Gaul and Gallaecia. [1] [2] He was sometimes identified with the Graeco-Roman god Apollo, although his cult had preserved a high degree of autonomy during the Roman period. [3]

Contents

Name

The Gaulish theonym Boruō means 'hot spring', 'warm source'. It stems from the Proto-Celtic verbal root *berw- ('boil, brew'; cf. Old Irish berbaid, Middle Welsh berwi), itself from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerw- ('boil, brew'; cf. Latin ferueō 'to be intensely hot, boil', Sanskrit bhurváni 'agitated, wild'). [4] [5] The Bhearú river (River Barrow) in Ireland has also been linked to this Celtic root. [6]

The variant Bormō could have emerged from a difference in suffixes or from dissimilation. [4] [2] Known derivates include Bormanicus (Caldas de Vizela), from an earlier *Borwānicos, and Bormanus or Borbanus (Aix-en-Diois, Aix-en-Provence), from an earlier *Borwānos. [7] [8] A goddess named Boruoboendoa, perhaps reflecting the Gaulish theonym *Buruo-bouinduā or *Buruo-bō-uinduā, has also been found in Utrecht. [9]

The toponyms Bourbon-l'Archambault, Bourbon-Lancy, Bourbonne-les-Bains, Boulbon, Bormes, Bourbriac, La Bourboule and Worms are derived from Borvo or from its variant Bormo. [4] [2] [7] The names of various small rivers in France, such as Bourbouillon, Bourban, and Bourbière, also stem from the theonym. [7]

Centres of worship

Dedication to Borvo and Damona Dedicace Apolo borvo et damona Bourbonne 13497.jpg
Dedication to Borvo and Damona

In Gaul, he was particularly worshipped at Bourbonne-les-Bains, in the territory of the Lingones, where ten inscriptions are recorded. Two other inscriptions are recorded, one (CIL 13, 02901) from Entrains-sur-Nohain [10] and the other (CIL 12, 02443) from Aix-en-Savoie in Gallia Narbonensis. [11] Votive tablets inscribed ‘Borvo’ show that the offerers desired healing for themselves or others. [12] Many of the sites where offerings to Borvo have been found are in Gaul: inscriptions to him have been found in Drôme at Aix-en-Diois, Bouches-du-Rhône at Aix-en-Provence, Gers at Auch, Allier at Bourbon-l'Archambault, Savoie at Aix-les-Bains, Saône-et-Loire at Bourbon-Lancy, in Savoie at Aix-les-Bains, Haute-Marne at Bourbonne-les-Bains and in Nièvre at Entrains-sur-Nohain. [13]

Findings have also been uncovered in the Netherlands at Utrecht, [14] where he is called Boruoboendua Vabusoa Labbonus, and in Portugal at Vizela and at Idanha-a-Velha, where he is called Borus and identified with Mars. [13] At Aix-en-Provence, he was referred to as Borbanus and Bormanus but at Vizela in Portugal, he was hailed as Bormanicus, [13] and at Burtscheid and at Worms in Germany as Borbetomagus.

Divine entourage

Borvo was frequently associated with a divine consort, usually Damona (Bourbonne, Bourbon-Lancy), but sometimes also Bormana when he was worshipped by the name Bormanus (Die, Aix-en-Diois). [15] [2] Bormana was in some areas worshipped independently of her male counterpart, such as at Saint-Vulbas. [16] [2]

Deo Apol/lini Borvoni / et Damonae / C(aius) Daminius / Ferox civis / Lingonus ex / voto

Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL), 13: 05911. Bourbonne-les-Bains.

Bormano / et Borman[ae] / P(ublius) Sappinius / Eusebes v(otum) s(olvit) / l(ibens) m(erito)

Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL), 12: 01561. Boubon-Lancy.

Borvo bore similarities to the goddess Sirona, who was also a healing deity associated with mineral springs. [17] According to some scholars, Sirona may have been his mother. [15]

In other areas, Borvo's partner is the goddess Bormana. Bormana was, in some areas, worshipped independently of her male counterpart. [18] Gods like Borvo, and others, equated with Apollo, presided over healing springs, and they are usually associated with goddesses, as their husbands or sons. [19] He is found in Drôme at Aix-en-Diois with Bormana and in Saône-et-Loire at Bourbon-Lancy and in Haute-Marne at Bourbonne-les-Bains with Damona but he is accompanied by the ‘candid spirit’ Candidus in Nièvre at Entrains-sur-Nohain. [13] In the Netherlands at Utrecht as Boruoboendua Vabusoa Lobbonus, he is found in the company of a Celtic Hercules, Macusanus and Baldruus. [13]

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References

  1. MacKillop 2004, s.v. Borvo.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Busse & vaan de Weil 2006, pp. 230–231.
  3. Green 1986 , p. 162: "Borvo, like Belenus, appears more often by himself than linked with Apollo, emphasising the essentially Celtic nature of the cult."
  4. 1 2 3 Delamarre 2003, p. 83.
  5. Matasović 2009, p. 63.
  6. Monnier, Nolwena (2019). "Nommer la nature : toponymie de la nature dans la Topographia Hibernica de Gerald of Wales". Études irlandaises (44–1): 31–46. doi: 10.4000/etudesirlandaises.6884 . ISSN   0183-973X.
  7. 1 2 3 Charrière 1975, pp. 130–131.
  8. Quintela, Marco (2005). "Celtic Elements in Northwestern Spain in Pre-Roman times". E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies. 6 (1). ISSN   1540-4889.
  9. Delamarre 2003, pp. 79, 83.
  10. Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL), 13: Tres Galliae et Germanae.
  11. Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL), 12: Gallia Narbonensis.
  12. MacCulloch, J. A. (1911). The Religion of the Ancient Celts.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 "Société de Mythologie Française (SMF)". Archived from the original on 2003-02-07. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  14. Garrett S. Olmsted, "The gods of the Celts and the Indo-Europeans", page 427
  15. 1 2 MacKillop 2004, s.v. Borvo.
  16. Miranda Green. Dictionary of Celtic Myth and Legend. Thames and Hudson Ltd. London. 1997
  17. Paul-Marie Duval. 1957-1993. Les dieux de la Gaule. Presses Universitaires de France / Éditions Payot. Paris.
  18. Miranda Green. Dictionary of Celtic Myth and Legend. Thames and Hudson Ltd. London. 1997
  19. The Religion of the Ancient Celts: Chapter XII. River and Well Worship

Bibliography