Darwinia (plant)

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Darwinia
DarwiniaFlower.jpg
Darwinia leiostyla
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Myrtales
Family: Myrtaceae
Subfamily: Myrtoideae
Tribe: Chamelaucieae
Genus: Darwinia
Rudge [1]
Species

See text

Synonyms [1]
List
    • Cryptostemon F.Muell. & Miq.
    • DarwiniaRudge sect. Darwinia
    • Darwinia sect. Genetyllis(DC.) Benth. & Hook.f. nom. superfl.
    • Darwinia sect. Genetyllis(DC.) Benth.
    • Darwinia sect. Hedaroma(Lindl.) Benth.
    • Darwynia Rchb. orth. var.
    • Francisia Endl.
    • GenethyllisF.Muell. orth. var.
    • GenetyllisDC. nom. inval., nom. nud.
    • GenetyllisDC.
    • HedaromaLindl.
    • Hederoma H.J.Veitch orth. var.
    • PolyzoneEndl.

Darwinia, sometimes commonly known as mountain bells or simply bells, is a genus of about 70 species of evergreen shrubs in the family Myrtaceae, endemic to southeastern and southwestern Australia. The majority are native to southern Western Australia, but a few species occur in South Australia, New South Wales and Victoria. The genus was named in honour of Erasmus Darwin, grandfather of Charles Darwin by Edward Rudge in 1816. Most darwinias grow to a height of between 0.2 and 3 m (0.7 and 10 ft), and many are prostrate shrubs. Most have small, simple leaves and the flowers are often grouped together, each flower with five red, white or greenish petals and ten stamens. In many species, the flowers are surrounded by large, colourful bracts, giving rise to their common names.

Contents

Description

Darwinia species are prostrate to erect, woody shrubs growing to a height of 0.2 and 3 m (0.7 and 10 ft). The leaves are usually arranged in opposite pairs and are simple, small, needle-like to oval and contain essential oils. The flowers are arranged near the ends of the branches and are usually surrounded by leaf-like green bracts and larger, usually coloured bracteoles. The flowers have five, usually very small sepals and 5 petals which enclose the stamens and may be white or coloured. There are 10 stamens which alternate with 10 staminodes, all of which are enclosed by the petals so that they are not visible in an intact flower. The style projects beyond the flower and has a groups of hairs near the stigma. The fruit is a non-fleshy nut which retains the (usually one) seed at maturity. [2] [3] [4]

Taxonomy and naming

The genus Darwinia was first formally described by Edward Rudge in 1816 and the type species is Darwinia fascicularis . Rudge published his description in Transactions of the Linnean Society of London . [5] There are about 70 species but many have not been formally described. George Bentham undertook a review of the genus in 1865 when he described 23 species in Flora Australiensis [6] (although the species he named Darwinia verticordina is now known as Verticordia verticordina ). [7] The genus was named for Erasmus Darwin. [8]

About 30 species of Darwinia have been discovered but not yet formally described. They have been given informal names such as Darwinia sp. Bindoon and Darwinia sp. Canna. [9]

Distribution

Darwinias are found in New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Western Australia. Sixty of the roughly 70 species occur in Western Australia and 11 grow naturally in New South Wales. [3] [10]

Ecology

Land clearing and grazing practices have reduced the areas where Darwinia species grow naturally. Recovery is hindered by drought, changed fire regimes and susceptibility of some species, especially Gillam's Bell ( Darwinia oxylepis ) to infection by the oomycete, Phytophthora cinnamomi . [11]

Conservation

Some species in the genus Darwinia are threatened with extinction, being listed as Endangered or Vulnerable on the Australian National List of Threatened Flora. These include the Yellow Mountain Bell ( Darwinia collina ), Gillam's Bell ( Darwinia oxylepis ) and Abba Bell ( Darwinia whicherensis ). [12]

Use in horticulture

Darwinias are difficult to propagate from seed but can be cultivated from cuttings. [13]

List of species

The following is a list of Darwinia species accepted by the Australian Plant Census as at December 2020: [14]

Related Research Articles

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<i>Chamelaucium</i> Genus of flowering plants

Chamelaucium, also known as waxflower, is a genus of shrubs endemic to south western Western Australia. They belong to the myrtle family Myrtaceae and have flowers similar to those of the tea-trees (Leptospermum). The most well-known species is the Geraldton wax, Chamelaucium uncinatum, which is cultivated widely for its large attractive flowers.

<i>Philotheca</i> Genus of flowering plants

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<i>Gastrolobium</i> Genus of plants

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<i>Mirbelia</i> Genus of legumes

Mirbelia is a plant genus belonging to the family Fabaceae and is endemic to Australia, occurring in every mainland state except South Australia. Plants in the genus Mirbelia are prickly, perennial shrubs with simple, sometimes sharply-pointed leaves, or the leaves absent. The flowers are arranged singly or in groups in leaf axils or on the ends of branches, the sepals joined at the base with five teeth. The petals are usually red, orange, purplish or bluish and the fruit is an inflated pod.

<i>Jacksonia</i> (plant) Genus of legumes

Jacksonia is a genus of about forty, mostly leafless broom-like shrubs or small trees in the flowering plant family Fabaceae. The genus is endemic to Australia and species occur in a range of habitats in all Australian states except South Australia.

<i>Xanthosia</i> Genus of shrubs

Xanthosia is a genus of plants of family Apiaceae, but sometimes also placed in Araliaceae or Mackinlayaceae. It comprises 20 species of shrubs endemic to Australia. The habit may also be as a herb. They are found in all Australian states, but not found in the Northern Territory.

<i>Hypocalymma</i> Genus of flowering plants

Hypocalymma is a genus of evergreen shrubs in the myrtle family Myrtaceae described as a genus in 1840. The entire genus is endemic to southern Western Australia.

<i>Phebalium</i> Genus of shrubs

Phebalium is a genus of thirty species of shrubs or small trees in the family Rutaceae and is endemic to Australia. The leaves are arranged alternately, simple and often warty, the flowers arranged singly or in umbels on the ends of branchlets or in leaf axils, usually with five sepals, five petals and ten stamens. There are about thirty species and they are found in all Australian states but not in the Northern Territory.

<i>Bossiaea</i> Genus of legumes

Bossiaea is a genus of about 78 species of flowering plants in the pea family Fabaceae and is endemic to Australia. Plants in this genus often have stems and branches modified as cladodes, simple, often much reduced leaves, flowers with the upper two sepal lobes larger than the lower three, usually orange to yellow petals with reddish markings, and the fruit a more or less flattened pod.

<i>Petrophile</i> Genus of shrubs in the family Proteaceae

Petrophile is a genus of evergreen shrubs, in the family Proteaceae. The genus is endemic to Australia. Commonly known as conebushes, they typically have prickly, divided foliage and produce prominently-displayed pink, yellow or cream flowers followed by grey, conical fruits.

<i>Trachymene</i> Genus of plants

Trachymene is a genus of herbaceous plants in the family Araliaceae. The species are native to Australia, Malesia, New Caledonia and Fiji.

<i>Daviesia</i> Genus of plants

Daviesia, commonly known as bitter-peas, is a genus of about 130 species of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae, and is endemic to Australia. Plants in the genus Daviesia are shrubs or small trees with leaves modified as phyllodes or reduced to scales. The flowers are arranged singly or in groups, usually in leaf axils, the sepals joined at the base with five teeth, the petals usually yellowish with reddish markings and the fruit a pod.

<i>Calytrix</i> Genus of flowering plants

Calytrix is a genus of shrubs in the family Myrtaceae described as a genus in 1806. They are commonly known as starflowers. Calytrix are endemic to Australia, occurring in the.

<i>Sphaerolobium</i> Genus of legumes

Sphaerolobium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to Australia, occurring in all states and territories except the Northern Territory. Species of Sphaerolobium are erect shrubs, usually with rush-like stems and yellow or red flowers similar to others in the family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chamelaucieae</span> Tribe of flowering plants

Chamelaucieae is a tribe of flowering plants within the family Myrtaceae, mostly from Australia, with a few species in New Caledonia and south-east Asia.

<i>Darwinia oxylepis</i> Species of flowering plant

Darwinia oxylepis, commonly known as Gillham's bell, is a plant in the myrtle family Myrtaceae. It grows as a dense, upright shrub 1.0–1.5 m (3.3–4.9 ft) high, and produces large numbers of red inflorescences prominently displayed on the ends of the branchlets in spring. It is one of a group of Darwinias including D. leiostyla, D. macrostegia, D. meeboldii, D. collina and D. squarrosa collectively known as mountain bells. The species is found in only a few seasonally moist gullies near the lower slopes of the Stirling Range National Park and nearby Porongurup National Park and is therefore classified as endangered.

References

  1. 1 2 "Darwinia". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  2. "Darwinia". FloraBase . Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
  3. 1 2 Wilson, Peter G. "Genus Darwinia". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney: PlantNET. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  4. "Darwinia Rudge". eBotany. Retrieved 12 September 2016.
  5. "Darwinia". APNI. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  6. Bentham, George (1865). Flora Australiensis. Vol. 3. London: Lovell Reeve and Co. pp. 6–15. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  7. "Darwinia verticordina". APNI. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  8. "Darwinia citriodora". Australian National Botanic Garden. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  9. "Darwinia Rudge". Western Australian Herbarium. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  10. Keighery, G.J. (2009). "Six new and rare species of Darwinia (Myrtaceae) from Western Australia" (PDF). Nuytsia. 19 (1): 37–52. Retrieved 2009-07-24.
  11. "Conservation Advice Darwinia oxylepis" (PDF). Australian Government Department of the Environment. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  12. "EPBC Act List of Threatened Flora". Australian Government Department of the Environment. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  13. "Darwinia meeboldii". Australian Native Plants Society (Australia). Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  14. "Darwinia". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 21 December 2020.