Diascia (plant)

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Diascia
Diascia barberae OBG 2012-07-08 (04).jpg
Diascia barberae
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Scrophulariaceae
Tribe: Hemimerideae
Genus: Diascia
Link & Otto
Type species
Diascia bergiana
Link & Otto

Diascia is a genus of around 70 species [1] of herbaceous annual and perennial flowering plants of the family Scrophulariaceae, [2] native to southern Africa, including South Africa, Lesotho and neighbouring areas.

Contents

The perennial species are found mainly in summer-rainfall areas such as the KwaZulu-Natal Drakensberg; about 50 species, mostly annuals, are found in the Western Cape and Namaqualand, winter rainfall areas.

Their common name is twinspur, in reference to the two (usually downward-pointing) spurs to be found on the back of the flower. [3] These help to distinguish them from the similar (and closely related) genera Alonsoa and Nemesia . The spurs contain a special oil, which is collected in the wild by bees of the genus Rediviva (e.g. R. longimanus) that appear to have coevolved with the plants, as they have unusually long forelegs for collecting the oil. [4] [5]

In gardens, Diascia cultivars (mostly hybrids) have become extremely popular as colourful, floriferous, easily grown bedding plants in recent years. [6]

Etymology

Surprisingly, the generic name (from the Greek di = two and askos = bag, pouch or sack) does not refer to the spurs, but to the two translucent sacs, or pouches, known as 'windows', found in the upper part of the corolla of the original type specimen, Diascia bergiana . Diascia species in the section Racemosae have similar windows, but in some species they merge into one. The windows may help oil-collecting bees to find the correct position within the corolla when gathering oil from the glands within the spurs. [7]

Description

Most diascia species are short-growing, straggling plants, reaching no more than 30–45 centimetres (12–18 in) in height, although Diascia rigescens can reach 60 cm (24 in), and the rather similar D. personata (with which it is often confused) [8] up to 120 cm (47 in) or so. Some Diascia species spread by means of stolons, while others produce multiple lax stems from a single crown. The flowers are borne in loose terminal racemes. The corolla is five-lobed, and normally pink or rose-coloured in the perennial species most commonly seen in cultivation. Dark purplish patches of oil glands may make the flowers of some species appear bicoloured.

Species

Around 60–70 species are currently recognised in the genus Diascia: [9]

Coevolution with Rediviva bees

The two spurs found on the back of a Diascia flower (from which it gets the common name twinspur) contain a special oil, which is collected in the wild by at least 8 species of bees of the genus Rediviva . The bees appear to have coevolved with the plants, as the females have developed unusually long, hairy forelegs with which they collect the oil from Diascia spurs to feed their larvae (and sometimes to line their nests with). [10] The spurs vary in average length from 5.3 millimetres (0.21 in) to as much as 13.9 mm (0.55 in), mainly between species (although those of D. capsularis can vary widely between populations); the bees' forelegs vary similarly. [4] The spurs of Diascia longicornis are about 25 mm (0.98 in) in length, but the existence of a suitably equipped pollinator, Rediviva emdeorum , with forelegs of the same length, was only confirmed in the 1980s. Rediviva longimanus has also been observed pollinating D. longicornis in the Western Cape. [11]

Rediviva neliana , a widespread species, collects from at least 12 species of Diascia, but in general, few different Diascia species grow together in the same locality. As a result, local populations of R. neliana have been found to differ from each other, as each has developed legs that match the spur length of the diascias that are available to them in that locality. This indicates that local populations of R. neliana are coevolving with the flowers on which they depend. [4]

Garden uses

'Coral Belle', a cultivar used for summer bedding Diascia 'Coral Belle'2.jpg
'Coral Belle', a cultivar used for summer bedding

Diascia cultivars have become extremely popular worldwide as bedding plants, suitable for hanging baskets, window boxes and other containers, as well as rockeries and the fronts of herbaceous borders. This explosion of interest is largely thanks to the breeding work done by the late Hector Harrison of Appleby, North Lincolnshire, England. From 1985, he raised hundreds of hybrid seedlings, from which several excellent cultivars have been selected and named. He increased the colour range to include shades of apricot, pink, coral, lilac, red and white. Other nurseries and breeders have continued to build on his pioneering work. [6]

Several species and cultivars have been given the Award of Garden Merit by the British Royal Horticultural Society. The AGM includes a hardiness rating: most have been rated as intermediate between H3 (hardy outside in some regions or particular situations or which, while usually grown outside in summer, needs frost-free protection in winter – e.g. dahlias) and H4 (hardy throughout the British Isles). [12] [13]

Cultivars

The species and cultivars commonly grown in gardens include the following (those awarded the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit are marked agm): [13] [14]

A raceme of Diascia 'Little Tango', a hybrid cultivar. The spurs on the back of the corolla can be seen DiasciaLittleTangoFlowers.jpg
A raceme of Diascia 'Little Tango', a hybrid cultivar. The spurs on the back of the corolla can be seen
Floral basket with diascia Flickr - ronsaunders47 - LOCAL VIEWS 065.jpg
Floral basket with diascia
  • 'Appleby Apricot'
  • D. barberae:
    • 'Belmore Beauty'
    • 'Blackthorn Apricot' agm [15] H3-4
    • 'Fisher's Flora' agm [16]
    • 'Ruby Field' agm [17] H3–4
  • 'Blue Bonnet'
  • Coral Belle='Hecbel' agm [18] H3–4
  • 'Dark Eyes' agm [19]
  • 'Elizabeth' agm [20]
  • D. fetcaniensis
  • Flying Colours Series
    • 'Flying Colours Appleblossom'
    • 'Flying Colours Apricot'
    • 'Flying Colours Coral'
    • 'Flying Colours Red'
  • 'Ice Cracker'
  • 'Ice Cream'
  • D. integerrimaagm [21]
  • 'Jacqueline's Joy'
  • 'Joyce's Choice' agm [22] H3–4
  • 'Katherine Sharman'
  • 'Lady Valerie' agm [23] H3–4
  • 'Lilac Belle' agm [24] H3–4
  • 'Lilac Mist' agm [25] H3–4
  • 'Little Dancer'
  • 'Little Tango'
  • 'Pink Panther'
  • 'Red Ace'
  • 'Redstart'
  • D. rigescensagm [26]
  • 'Rupert Lambert' agm [27] H3–4
  • 'Salmon Supreme'
  • 'Twinkle' agm [28]
  • D. vigilisagm [29]
  • Whisper Series
    • 'Whisper Apricot Improved'
    • 'Whisper Cranberry Red'
    • 'Whisper Pumpkin'
    • 'Whisper Tangerine'
    • 'Whisper White'
  • Wink Series
    • 'Wink Garnet'

Related Research Articles

<i>Penstemon</i> Genus of plants

Penstemon, the beardtongues, is a large genus of roughly 250 species of flowering plants native mostly to the Nearctic, but with a few species also found in the North American portion of the Neotropics. It is the largest genus of flowering plants endemic to North America. Formerly placed in the family Scrophulariaceae by the Cronquist system, new genetic research has placed it in the vastly expanded family Plantaginaceae.

<i>Colchicum</i> Genus of flowering plants in the family Colchicaceae

Colchicum is a genus of perennial flowering plants containing around 160 species which grow from bulb-like corms. It is a member of the botanical family Colchicaceae, and is native to West Asia, Europe, parts of the Mediterranean coast, down the East African coast to South Africa and the Western Cape. In this genus, the ovary of the flower is underground. As a consequence, the styles are extremely long in proportion, often more than 10 cm (4 in). All species in the genus are toxic.

<i>Osteospermum</i> Genus of plants

Osteospermum, is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the Calenduleae, one of the smaller tribes of the sunflower/daisy family Asteraceae. They are known as the daisybushes or African daisies.

<i>Lotononis</i> Genus of legumes

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<i>Cotula</i> Genus of flowering plants in the sunflower family

Cotula is a genus of flowering plant in the sunflower family. It includes plants known generally as water buttons or buttonweeds.

<i>Thesium</i> A genus of flowering plant in the mistletoe family Santalaceae

Thesium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Santalaceae. It is particularly well represented in South Africa.

<i>Hesperantha</i> Genus of flowering plants

Hesperantha is a genus of cormous flowering plants in the family Iridaceae. The genus name is derived from the Greek words hesperos, meaning "evening", and anthos, meaning "flower".

<i>Jamesbrittenia</i> Genus of Scrophulariaceae plants

Jamesbrittenia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Scrophulariaceae, disjunctly distributed in southern Africa, Sudan and Egypt, and India and Bangladesh. Subshrubs with profuse flowering, they are amenable to containers, so a number of cultivars and hybrid cultivars have been developed for the garden trade.

Hemimeris is a genus of flowering plants in the family Scrophulariaceae, native to the Cape Provinces of South Africa. They secrete oils to attract specialized oil-collecting bees from the genus Rediviva.

Colpias is a genus of flowering plants in the family Scrophulariaceae. It has only one currently accepted species, Colpias mollis, native to South Africa. It secretes oils to attract specialized oil-collecting bees from the genus Rediviva.

<i>Diascia rigescens</i> Species of plant in the genus Diascia

Diascia rigescens, called the stiff twinspur, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Diascia, native to South Africa. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Aptosimum is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Scrophulariaceae.

Chaenostoma is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Scrophulariaceae.

References

  1. ↑ PlantZAfrica.com Diascia integerrima
  2. ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Hemimerideae". Germplasm Resources Information Network . United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
  3. ↑ Iannotti, Marie (28 March 2016). "A Trailing Flower that Blooms All Season - Diascia". gardening.about.com. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  4. 1 2 3 Google Books: Thompson, John N., The Coevolutionary Process
  5. ↑ PlantSystematics.org Diascia (Scrophulariaceae)
  6. 1 2 Horticulture Week: Diascia, by Graham Clarke
  7. ↑ Kim E. Steiner (1990). "The Diascia (Scrophulariaceae) window: an orientation cue for oil-collecting bees". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society . 102 (2): 175–195. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1990.tb01874.x.
  8. ↑ Google Books: The European Garden Flora
  9. ↑ "Diascia". The Plant List . Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  10. ↑ Peter W. Price (1997). "Pollination ecology". Insect Ecology (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 248. ISBN   9780471161844.
  11. ↑ Stefan Vogel & Charles D. Michener (1985). "Long bee legs and oil-producing spurs, and a new Rediviva (Hymenoptera, Melittidae; Scrophulariaceae)". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society . 58 (2): 359–364. JSTOR   25084648.
  12. ↑ RHS Online: Archived 2009-10-12 at the Wayback Machine Award of Garden Merit (AGM)
  13. 1 2 RHS Plant Finder 2009-2010. Dorling Kindersley. 2009. p. 242. ISBN   978-1-4053-4176-9.
  14. ↑ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 29. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
  15. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Diascia barberae 'Blackthorn Apricot'" . Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  16. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Diascia barberae 'Fisher's Flora'" . Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  17. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Diascia barberae 'Ruby Field'" . Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  18. ↑ "RHS Plantfinder - Diascia Coral Belle='Hecbel'" . Retrieved 8 February 2018.
  19. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Diascia 'Dark Eyes'" . Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  20. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Diascia 'Elizabeth'" . Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  21. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Diascia integerrima" . Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  22. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Diascia 'Joyce's Choice'" . Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  23. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Diascia 'Lady Valerie'" . Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  24. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Diascia 'Lilac Belle'" . Retrieved 18 June 2013.
  25. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Diascia 'Lilac Mist'" . Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  26. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Diascia rigescens" . Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  27. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Diascia 'Rupert Lambert'" . Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  28. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Diascia 'Twinkle'" . Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  29. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Diascia vigilis" . Retrieved 27 May 2020.
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