Drive-through

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McDonald's drive-through windows in the United Kingdom UK McDonald's drive-through windows.jpg
McDonald's drive-through windows in the United Kingdom
Some fast food chains, such as this Rally's located near New Orleans, Louisiana, have two drive-throughs. Rally's drive-through.jpg
Some fast food chains, such as this Rally's located near New Orleans, Louisiana, have two drive-throughs.
Drive-through mailboxes in Los Altos, California, United States Post office drivethrough lane.jpg
Drive-through mailboxes in Los Altos, California, United States

A drive-through or drive-thru (a sensational spelling of the word through), is a type of take-out service provided by a business that allows customers to purchase products without leaving their cars. The format was pioneered in the United States in the 1930s, and has since spread to other countries.

Contents

A drive-up window teller was installed at the Grand National Bank of St. Louis, Missouri, in 1930. The drive-up teller allowed only deposits at that time. [1]

Orders are generally placed using a microphone and picked up in person at the window. A drive-through is different from a drive-in in several ways - the cars create a line and move in one direction in drive-throughs, and normally do not park, whereas drive-ins allow cars to park next to each other, the food is generally brought to the window by a server, called a carhop, and the customer can remain in the parked car to eat. However, during peak periods, to keep the queue down and avoid traffic flow problems, drive-throughs occasionally switch to an "order at the window, then park in a designated space" model where the customer will receive their food from an attendant when it is ready to be served. This results in a perceived relationship between the two service models.

Drive-throughs have generally replaced drive-ins in popular culture, and are now found in the vast majority of modern American fast-food chains. Sometimes, a store with a drive-through is referred to as a "drive-through", or the term is attached to the service, such as, "drive-through restaurant". or "drive-through bank".

Drive-throughs typically have signs over the drive-through lanes to show customers which lanes are open for business. The types of signage used is usually illuminated so the "open" message can be changed to a "closed" message when the lane is not available.

Drive-through restaurants

A typical Australian McDonald's drive-through with speaker McDonalds drive thru Charnwood Australia.jpg
A typical Australian McDonald's drive-through with speaker
The intercom and menus at a British McDonald's restaurant in Edinburgh, Scotland Drive thru intercom and menus.PNG
The intercom and menus at a British McDonald's restaurant in Edinburgh, Scotland

A drive-through restaurant generally consists of:

Some businesses are built only for drive-through service, like this espresso shop. Espressodrivethru.jpg
Some businesses are built only for drive-through service, like this espresso shop.
A drive-through only Tim Hortons location in Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada TimHortonsMoncton.JPG
A drive-through only Tim Hortons location in Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada

Drive-through designs are different from restaurant to restaurant; however, most drive-throughs can accommodate a queue of four to six passenger cars or trucks at once. Most drive-through lanes are designed so the service windows and speaker are on the driver's side of the car, for example, in left-hand traffic (right-hand drive) countries such as the UK, Ireland, Australia, India and New Zealand, the windows will be on the right side of the drive-through lane, and vice versa in right-hand traffic (left-hand drive) countries such as North America and mainland Europe. There are a few drive-through lanes designed with the service windows on the passenger side, but these lanes are few and usually confined to ordinance compliance situations, as they cannot be used easily by driver-only vehicles.

According to a 2021 report in QSR Magazine, 42 percent of all customer traffic came to the drive up window. The fastest drive-through of 2020 in the United States was Taco Bell, with an average time of 4.46 minutes, followed by KFC with 4.53 minutes, 4.76 minutes at Carl's Jr and 4.91 minutes at Dunkin'. [2]

Coffee is often sold through drive-through only coffee shops. [3]

History

In 1921, Kirby's Pig Stand introduced the drive-in restaurant, in which carhops delivered meals. In 1931, a California Pig Stand franchise introduced a drive-through service that bypassed the carhops. The first identified drive through restaurant was established in 1947 at Red's Giant Hamburg located in Springfield, Missouri. [4] A year later in 1948, Harry and Esther Snyder of the In-N-Out Burger chain built a drive-through restaurant, featuring a two-way speaker system that Harry Snyder invented himself earlier that year. By the 1970s, drive-through service had replaced drive-in restaurants in the United States. [5]

The first McDonald's drive-through was created in 1975 in Sierra Vista, Arizona, near Fort Huachuca, a military installation, to serve military members who were not permitted to get out of their cars off-post while wearing fatigues. [6] The original McDonald's was closed down and demolished in 1999 and a new McDonald's replaced it. [7]

In 1987, the concept of the double vehicle drive-through was pioneered by Bob Charles. Charles, a franchisee of McDonald's based in Boulder, Colorado, was the first to design and implement this innovation, which resulted in significantly increased per unit volume.

In 1981, Max Hamburgers opened Northern Europe's first drive-in in Piteå. [8]

Another early drive-through restaurant in Europe, a McDonald's drive-through, opened at the Nutgrove Shopping Centre in Dublin, Ireland, in 1985. [9]

In the US, drive-throughs account for 70 percent of McDonald's business and the average drive through order is fulfilled in under three and one half minutes. [10] Outside of the US, McDonald's drive-throughs are variously known as "McAuto", "McDrive" and "AutoMac".[ citation needed ]

In 2010, the Casa Linda, Texas, franchise of McDonald's opened a drive-through/walk-up-only store with no indoor seating although it has a small patio with tables. [11]

Drive-through banking

A drive-through for BNB in La Paz, Bolivia, an example of drive-through banking BNB Drive-through.jpg
A drive-through for BNB in La Paz, Bolivia, an example of drive-through banking
A drive-through shared by a bank and a coffee shop Starbucks and Bank of America Drive Through.jpg
A drive-through shared by a bank and a coffee shop

In 1928, City Center Bank, which became UMB Financial Corporation, president R. Crosby Kemper opened what is considered the first drive-up window.[ citation needed ] Shortly after the Grand National Bank in St Louis opened up a drive-through, including a slot to the side for night time deposits. [12] Westminster Bank opened the UK's first drive-through bank in Liverpool in 1959, soon followed by Ulster Bank opening Ireland's first in 1961 at Finaghy. [13]

In recent years, there has been a decline in drive-through banking due to increased traffic congestion and the increased availability of automated teller machines and telephone and internet banking.[ citation needed ] Many bank buildings now feature drive-through ATMs.

Drive-through stores

Grocery shopping

Harold Willis and his father, Robert Willis, first incorporated a dairy and eggs drive through service in Redlands, California, in the early 1940s, supplying milk and eggs quickly and efficiently to driving customers; this utilized a dairy conveyor belt that Harold Willis had invented. [14] Some supermarkets offer drive-through facilities for grocery shopping. In the UK, this service was first announced by Tesco in August 2010. [15] In the United States, Crafty's Drive-Buy Grocery Store in Virginia started offering the service. In 2012, the Dutch chain Albert Heijn introduced a "Pick Up Point" where one can collect groceries bought online. [16]

Dairy products are available at a drive-through dairy store (notably the Skinner Dairy shops of North-East Florida or Dairy Barn in Long Island).[ citation needed ]

Liquor stores

Alcoholic beverages have been sold at a drive-through liquor store (called a "Beer Through", a "Cruise Through", a "Brew Thru" in the U.S. eastern Mid-Atlantic coast, [17] or a "Pony Keg" or "Party Barn" in certain areas; generally illegal in the Northeast and West)

Drive-through medical testing

During the COVID-19 pandemic, drive-through testing became a common approach around the world for testing people who were potentially infected with the virus. [18] In 2020, drive-through testing facilities were set up in many countries to test whether passengers were infected with COVID-19 (the first being in South Korea). [19] [20]

This approached allowed medical workers to process high volumes of tests quickly while reducing exposure and risk of infection between those being tested by keeping patients isolated in their vehicles. [21]

The process typically saw patients present their ID before being swabbed while remaining in their vehicles, before driving off once the test was complete. Their results were then typically shared with them either via text message or via their doctor. [22]

Emissions and traffic

Emissions

In recent years, drive-through restaurants and other drive-through facilities have faced increased scrutiny due to the higher levels of emissions that they create – compared to walk-in equivalents. [23] A 2018 study by QSR Magazine found that the average waiting time at a McDonald's drive-through restaurant in the US took 3 minutes and 15 seconds, with an average of 3.8 cars waiting at any one time. [24] This figure rose to an average of 4 minutes 25 seconds in 2019. [25]

If the average motorist avoided idling for just 3 minutes every day of the year, CO2 emissions would be reduced by 1.4 million tonnes annually, or the equivalent of taking 320,000 cars off the road. [26] [27] [28]

In response to emerging evidence of the role that drive-throughs play in contributing to climate change, Minneapolis banned the construction of new drive-throughs in 2019, while a number of other US cities, including Creve Coeur, MO; Fair Haven, NJ; Long Beach, CA; and Orchard Park, NY, have enacted ordinances to restrict or prohibit fast-food drive-through restaurants. [29] [30]

Outside the US, a total of 27 municipalities have banned drive-through restaurants on the grounds of environmental and health concerns from engine idling [31]

Traffic

Long drive-through lines in the United States have been reported to cause traffic backups, blocking emergency vehicles and city buses and increasing the risk of collisions and pedestrian injuries. The popularity of Chick-fil-A's drive-throughs in particular has led to traffic problems, police interventions, and complaints by neighboring businesses in more than 20 states. [32] [33] [34]

Other examples

McDonald's first two-lane drive-through was at the Rock N Roll McDonald's in Chicago. 20070509 Rock 26 Roll McDonalds from 7th fl of Sports Authority.jpg
McDonald's first two-lane drive-through was at the Rock N Roll McDonald's in Chicago.

Some other examples of drive-through businesses include:

Non-car usage

Pedestrian

Pedestrians sometimes attempt to walk through the drive-through to order food after the seated section of a fast-food restaurant has closed. Many establishments refuse drive-through service to pedestrians for safety, insurance, and liability reasons. [38] Cyclists are usually refused service with the same justification given. [39] However, in the summer of 2009, Burgerville gave use of the drive-through window to bicyclists. [40]

Horse

Similar issues can arise in rural areas for people on horseback or in a horse-drawn carriage. [41] On 20 July 2013, a woman was fined for taking her horse inside a McDonald's restaurant in Greater Manchester, United Kingdom, after being refused service at the drive-through. The horse ended up defecating inside the restaurant which caused distress to other customers. [42]

Visually impaired

In May 2016, Scott Magee filed a United States federal class action lawsuit pursuing action against McDonald's due to the company being unwilling to serve people who are visually impaired, when only the drive thru lane is open. [43]

On October 5, 2021, United States District Judge John F. Kness granted a summary judgement dismissing the action against McDonald's. Judge Kness found that individual franchisees operate the restaurants, not McDonald's USA. Also discrimination was against pedestrians, not against the disabled.

Portland, Oregon

On May 24, 2018, a law came into effect in Portland, Oregon, requiring multi-modal access to drive-throughs. [44] The new zoning law states, "When a drive-through facility is open and other pedestrian-oriented customer entrances to the business are unavailable or locked, the drive-through facility must serve customers using modes other than a vehicle such as pedestrians and bicyclists." [45]

After one year, the Portland law was working well. [46] The Willamette Week tested five locations, and in all cases customers without cars received satisfactory service:

Mode of TransportationRestaurantAddressService
ScooterSuper Deluxe5900 SE Powell Bvld.Satisfactory
BicycleMcDonald's1520 NE Grand Ave.Satisfactory
BicycleBurgerville3432 SE 25th Ave.Satisfactory
PedestrianWendy's1421 NE Grand Ave.Satisfactory
SeveralTaco Bell725 NE Weilder St.Satisfactory

Walk-up windows

McDonald's walk-up window (left) at a location in New York City McDonald's Walk-Up Window.jpg
McDonald's walk-up window (left) at a location in New York City

Some establishments provide a walk-up window instead when a drive-through may not be practical. However, the walk-up windows should not be confused with small establishments that customers are lined up for services such as mobile kitchens, kiosks or concession stands. These walk-up windows are value-added services on top of the full services provided inside the stores. [47]

The walk-up windows generally provide similar customer experience with the drive-throughs by allowing customers to receive services from the exterior of the facilities through a window. There are many reasons for the owners to provide such services.

An example is when McDonald's entered a new market in Russia where the majority of families did not own cars, the owners developed the walk-up windows as an alternative. [48] Another reason is to have a drive-through experience in the locations that are not feasible to construct a drive-through lane such as in city centers.

Some establishments may want to use walk-up windows to attract certain customer demographics such as younger customers who need quick service during late night. [47] Another reason is to offer extended service hours and maintain a safe environment for employees, such as a bulletproof walk-up window in high-crime areas. [49]

Ski-through

McDonald's first opened a ski-through called McSki in the ski resort of Lindvallen, Sweden, in 1996. [50]

See also

Related Research Articles

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A fast-food restaurant, also known as a quick-service restaurant (QSR) within the industry, is a specific type of restaurant that serves fast-food cuisine and has minimal table service. The food served in fast-food restaurants is typically part of a "meat-sweet diet", offered from a limited menu, cooked in bulk in advance and kept hot, finished and packaged to order, and usually available for take away, though seating may be provided. Fast-food restaurants are typically part of a restaurant chain or franchise operation that provides standardized ingredients and/or partially prepared foods and supplies to each restaurant through controlled supply channels. The term "fast food" was recognized in a dictionary by Merriam–Webster in 1951.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sonic Drive-In</span> American fast food chain

Sonic Corporation, founded as Sonic Drive-In and more commonly known as Sonic, is an American drive-in fast-food chain owned by Inspire Brands, the parent company of Arby's, Dunkin' Donuts and Buffalo Wild Wings. Sonic, founded by Troy N. Smith, Sr., opened its first location in 1953, under the name Top Hat Drive-In. Originally a walk-up root beer stand outside a log-cabin steakhouse selling soda, hamburgers, and hotdogs, Sonic currently has 3,545 locations in the United States. Sonic is known for its use of carhops on roller skates, and hosts an annual competition to determine the top skating carhop in the company. The company's core products include the "Chili Cheese Coney", "Sonic Cheeseburger Combo", "Sonic Blasts", "Master Shakes", and "Wacky Pack Kids Meals".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Drive-in</span>

A drive-in is a facility where one can drive in with an automobile for service. At a drive-in restaurant, for example, customers park their vehicles and are usually served by staff who walk or rollerskate out to take orders and return with food, encouraging diners to remain parked while they eat. Drive-in theaters have a large screen and a car parking area for film-goers.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chick-fil-A</span> American fast food restaurant chain

Chick-fil-A, Inc. is an American fast food restaurant chain and the largest chain specializing in chicken sandwiches. Headquartered in College Park, Georgia, Chick-fil-A operates 3,059 restaurants across 48 states, as well as in the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. The company also has operations in Canada, and previously had restaurants in the United Kingdom and South Africa. The restaurant has a breakfast menu, as well as a lunch and dinner menu. The chain also provides catering services.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Krystal (restaurant)</span> Fast food burger chain in the Southeastern US

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Checkers and Rally's</span> American fast food company

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References

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  45. ↑ "33.224 Drive-Through Facilities" (PDF), Portland Zoning Code, Bureau of Planning, City of Portland, Oregon, August 22, 2018 [1991], §33.224.070 Multi-Modal Access
  46. ↑ Hannah Chinn; Ryan Nguyen; Abbey McDonald (July 23, 2023). "Portland's Fast-Food Drive-Thrus Have Been Transformed Into Bike Lanes—We tested the new rules by riding scooters to the Taco Bell window". Willamette Week. Retrieved July 24, 2019.
  47. 1 2 Luna, Taryn (December 19, 2013). "McDonald's walk-up window to offer 24-hour service". Boston Globe. Retrieved May 8, 2014.
  48. ↑ Michael A. Hitt; R. Duane Ireland; Robert E. Hoskisson (2013). Strategic management: competitiveness & globalization (10th ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. pp. 212–213. ISBN   978-1-133-49523-9.
  49. ↑ "ABC Board Shutters Calera Package Store "Drive-Through"". The Alabama Alcoholic Beverage Control Board (Press Release). February 14, 2014. Archived from the original on September 21, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2014.
  50. ↑ "The 14 craziest McDonald's around the world". Archived from the original on October 16, 2015. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
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