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Apollo 6,also known as AS-502,was the third and final uncrewed flight in the United States' Apollo Program and the second test of the Saturn V launch vehicle. It qualified the Saturn V for use on crewed missions,and it was used beginning with Apollo 8 in December 1968.
The S-IVB was the third stage on the Saturn V and second stage on the Saturn IB launch vehicles. Built by the Douglas Aircraft Company,it had one J-2 rocket engine. For lunar missions it was fired twice:first for Earth orbit insertion after second stage cutoff,and then for translunar injection (TLI).
The Constellation program was a crewed spaceflight program developed by NASA,the space agency of the United States,from 2005 to 2009. The major goals of the program were "completion of the International Space Station" and a "return to the Moon no later than 2020" with a crewed flight to the planet Mars as the ultimate goal. The program's logo reflected the three stages of the program:the Earth (ISS),the Moon,and finally Mars—while the Mars goal also found expression in the name given to the program's booster rockets:Ares. The technological aims of the program included the regaining of significant astronaut experience beyond low Earth orbit and the development of technologies necessary to enable sustained human presence on other planetary bodies.
The Apollo spacecraft was composed of three parts designed to accomplish the American Apollo program's goal of landing astronauts on the Moon by the end of the 1960s and returning them safely to Earth. The expendable (single-use) spacecraft consisted of a combined command and service module (CSM) and an Apollo Lunar Module (LM). Two additional components complemented the spacecraft stack for space vehicle assembly:a spacecraft–LM adapter (SLA) designed to shield the LM from the aerodynamic stress of launch and to connect the CSM to the Saturn launch vehicle and a launch escape system (LES) to carry the crew in the command module safely away from the launch vehicle in the event of a launch emergency.
The Saturn IB(also known as the uprated Saturn I) was an American launch vehicle commissioned by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for the Apollo program. It uprated the Saturn I by replacing the S-IV second stage,with the S-IVB. The S-IB first stage also increased the S-I baseline's thrust from 1,500,000 pounds-force (6,700,000 N) to 1,600,000 pounds-force (7,100,000 N) and propellant load by 3.1%. This increased the Saturn I's low Earth orbit payload capability from 20,000 pounds (9,100 kg) to 46,000 pounds (21,000 kg),enough for early flight tests of a half-fueled Apollo command and service module (CSM) or a fully fueled Apollo Lunar Module (LM),before the larger Saturn V needed for lunar flight was ready.
The J-2,commonly known as Rocketdyne J-2,was a liquid-fuel cryogenic rocket engine used on NASA's Saturn IB and Saturn V launch vehicles. Built in the United States by Rocketdyne,the J-2 burned cryogenic liquid hydrogen (LH2) and liquid oxygen (LOX) propellants,with each engine producing 1,033.1 kN (232,250 lbf) of thrust in vacuum. The engine's preliminary design dates back to recommendations of the 1959 Silverstein Committee. Rocketdyne won approval to develop the J-2 in June 1960 and the first flight,AS-201,occurred on 26 February 1966. The J-2 underwent several minor upgrades over its operational history to improve the engine's performance,with two major upgrade programs,the de Laval nozzle-type J-2S and aerospike-type J-2T,which were cancelled after the conclusion of the Apollo program.
Apollo abort modes were procedures by which the nominal launch of an Apollo spacecraft,either the Saturn IB or Saturn V rocket,could be terminated. The abort of the flight allowed for the rescue of the crew if the rocket failed catastrophically. Depending on how far the flight had progressed,different procedure or modes would be used. In the history of the Apollo Program,none of the abort modes were ever used on any of the fifteen crewed Apollo spacecraft flights.
The Apollo Applications Program (AAP) was created as early as 1966 by NASA headquarters to develop science-based human spaceflight missions using hardware developed for the Apollo program. AAP was the ultimate development of a number of official and unofficial Apollo follow-on projects studied at various NASA labs. However,the AAP's ambitious initial plans became an early casualty when the Johnson Administration declined to support it adequately,partly in order to implement its Great Society set of domestic programs while remaining within a $100 billion budget. Thus,Fiscal Year 1967 ultimately allocated $80 million to the AAP,compared to NASA's preliminary estimates of $450 million necessary to fund a full-scale AAP program for that year,with over $1 billion being required for FY 1968. The AAP eventually led to Skylab,which absorbed much of what had been developed under Apollo Applications.
Shuttle-derived vehicles (SDV) are space launch vehicles and spacecraft that use components,technology,and infrastructure originally developed for the Space Shuttle program.
The Exploration Systems Architecture Study (ESAS) is the official title of a large-scale,system level study released by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in November 2005 of his goal of returning astronauts to the Moon and eventually Mars—known as the Vision for Space Exploration. The Constellation Program was cancelled in 2010 by the Obama Administration and replaced with the Space Launch System,later renamed as the Artemis Program in 2017 under the Trump Administration.
The Altair spacecraft,previously known as the Lunar Surface Access Module or LSAM,was the planned lander spacecraft component of NASA's cancelled Constellation program. Astronauts would have used the spacecraft for landings on the Moon,which was intended to begin around 2019. The Altair spacecraft was planned to be used both for lunar sortie and lunar outpost missions.
The Ares V was the planned cargo launch component of the cancelled NASA Constellation program,which was to have replaced the Space Shuttle after its retirement in 2011. Ares V was also planned to carry supplies for a human presence on Mars. Ares V and the smaller Ares I were named after Ares,the Greek god of war.
Ares I was the crew launch vehicle that was being developed by NASA as part of the Constellation program. The name "Ares" refers to the Greek deity Ares,who is identified with the Roman god Mars. Ares I was originally known as the "Crew Launch Vehicle" (CLV).
The J-2X is a liquid-fueled cryogenic rocket engine that was planned for use on the Ares rockets of NASA's Constellation program,and later the Space Launch System. Built in the United States by Aerojet Rocketdyne (formerly,Pratt &Whitney Rocketdyne),the J-2X burns cryogenic liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen propellants,with each engine producing 1,307 kN (294,000 lbf) of thrust in vacuum at a specific impulse (Isp) of 448 seconds (4.39 km/s). The engine's mass is approximately 2,470 kg (5,450 Lb),significantly heavier than its predecessors.
The Saturn II was a series of American expendable launch vehicles,studied by North American Aviation under a NASA contract in 1966,derived from the Saturn V rocket used for the Apollo lunar program. The intent of the study was to eliminate production of the Saturn IB,and create a lower-cost heavy launch vehicle based on Saturn V hardware. North American studied three versions with the S-IC first stage removed:the INT-17,a two-stage vehicle with a low Earth orbit payload capability of 47,000 pounds (21,000 kg);the INT-18,which added Titan UA1204 or UA1207 strap-on solid rocket boosters,with payloads ranging from 47,000 pounds (21,000 kg) to 146,400 pounds (66,400 kg);and the INT-19,using solid boosters derived from the Minuteman missile first stage.
The Saturn V is a retired American super heavy-lift launch vehicle developed by NASA under the Apollo program for human exploration of the Moon. The rocket was human-rated,had three stages,and was powered with liquid fuel. Flown from 1967 to 1973,it was used for nine crewed flights to the Moon,and to launch Skylab,the first American space station.
The Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle ("HLV") was an alternate super heavy-lift launch vehicle proposal for the NASA Constellation program. It was first presented to the Augustine Commission on 17 June 2009.
DIRECT was a late-2000s proposed alternative super heavy lift launch vehicle architecture supporting NASA's Vision for Space Exploration that would replace the space agency's planned Ares I and Ares V rockets with a family of Shuttle-Derived Launch Vehicles named "Jupiter". It was intended to be the alternative to the Ares I and Ares V rockets which were under development for the Constellation program,intended to develop the Orion spacecraft for use in Earth orbit,the Moon,and Mars.
A super heavy-lift launch vehicle is a rocket that can lift to low Earth orbit a "super heavy payload",which is defined as more than 50 metric tons (110,000 lb) by the United States and as more than 100 metric tons (220,000 lb) by Russia. It is the most capable launch vehicle classification by mass to orbit,exceeding that of the heavy-lift launch vehicle classification.
During the lifetime of the Space Shuttle,Rockwell International and many other organizations studied various Space Shuttle designs. These involved different ways of increasing cargo and crew capacity,as well as investigating further reusability. A large focus of these designs were related to developing new shuttle boosters and improvements to the central tank,but also looked to expand NASA's ability to launch deep space missions and build modular space stations. Many of these concepts and studies would shape the concepts and programs of the 2000s such as the Constellation,Orbital Space Plane Program,and Artemis program.
References
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration .
- ↑ SPACE.com - NASA Beefs up Next-Generation Moon Rocket
- ↑ "Ares V Cargo Launch Vehicle". NASA. Archived from the original on 2008-08-05. Retrieved 2008-06-08.
- ↑ "SLS Launch Vehicle specifications take shape as development continues". NASASpaceflight.com. 16 March 2012. Retrieved July 24, 2014.
- ↑ Chris Bergin (9 November 2011). "SLS J-2X Upper Stage engine enjoys successful 500 second test fire". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
- ↑ Goldenberg, Jacob (2013-12-04). "NASA's J-2X Engine To Be Mothballed After Testing". aviationweek.com. Archived from the original on 2021-04-20. Retrieved 2016-08-16.
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