Edible frog

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Edible frog
Rana esculenta on Nymphaea edit.JPG
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Ranidae
Genus: Pelophylax
Species:
P. lessonae × P. ridibundus
Binomial name
Pelophylax kl. esculentus
Synonyms
Sounds made by edible frogs
Pelophylax esculentus complex Green frog (Pelophylax esculentus complex) Danube delta.jpg
Pelophylax esculentus complex

The edible frog (Pelophylax kl. esculentus) [1] [2] is a hybrid species of common European frog, also known as the common water frog or green frog (however, this latter term is also used for the North American species Rana clamitans ).

Contents

It is used for food, particularly in France as well as Germany and Italy, for the delicacy frog legs. [3] Females are between 5 and 9 cm (2.0 and 3.5 in) long, males between 6 and 11 cm (2.4 and 4.3 in).

This widespread and common frog has many common names, including European dark-spotted frog, European black-spotted pond frog, and European black-spotted frog.

Distribution

Pelophylax esculentus is endemic to Europe. It naturally occurs from the northern half of France to western Russia, and from Estonia and Denmark to Bulgaria and northern Italy. The edible frog is introduced in Spain, [4] Norway [5] and the United Kingdom. [6] The natural range is nearly identical to that of P. lessonae . [7]

Hybridogenesis

Pelophylax kl. esculentus is the fertile hybrid of the pool frog (Pelophylax lessonae) and the marsh frog (Pelophylax ridibundus). It reproduces by hybridogenesis (hemiclonally). [8] [9] [10] [11] [12]

Hybridogenesis implies that during gametogenesis hybrids (of RL genotype) exclude one parental genome (L or R) and produce gametes with an unrecombined genome of the other parental species (R or L, respectively), instead of containing mixed recombined parental genomes. [9] [10] [12] The hybrid populations are usually propagated by mating (backcrosses) with a sympatric parental species – P. lessonae (LL) or P. ridibundus (RR) – providing the second, discarded parental genome (L or R respectively). [9] [10] [12] Hybridogenesis is thus a hemiclonal mode of reproduction; half of the genome is transmitted to the next generation clonally, unrecombined (intact); the other half sexually, recombined. [13] [11] [12]

For example, in the most widespread so called L–E system, edible frogs Pelophylax kl. esculentus (RE) produce gametes of the marsh frog P. ridibundus (R) and mate with coexisting pool frogs Pelophylax lessonae (L gametes) – see below in the middle. [9] [12]

Example crosses between pool frog (Pelophylax lessonae), marsh frog (P. ridibundus) and their hybrid, edible frog (P. kl. esculentus). The first is the primary hybridisation generating the hybrid; the second is the most widespread type of hybridogenesis. Hybridogenesis in water frogs.gif
Example crosses between pool frog (Pelophylax lessonae), marsh frog (P. ridibundus) and their hybrid, edible frog (P. kl. esculentus). The first is the primary hybridisation generating the hybrid; the second is the most widespread type of hybridogenesis.

Because this hybrid requires another taxon as a sexual host to reproduce, usually one of the parental species, it is a klepton, [14] [15] [16] hence the addition of the "kl." (for klepton) in the species name. [17]

There are also known all-hybrid populations, where diploid hybrids (LR) coexist with triploid (LLR or LRR) hybrids, providing L or R genomes respectively. In this situation, diploid hybrids (LR) generate not only haploid R or L gametes, but also the diploid gametes (RL) needed to recreate triploids. [9] [10]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polyploidy</span> Condition where cells have more than two sets of chromosomes

Polyploidy is a condition in which the cells of an organism have more than two paired sets of (homologous) chromosomes. Most species whose cells have nuclei (eukaryotes) are diploid, meaning they have two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each of two parents; each set contains the same number of chromosomes, and the chromosomes are joined in pairs of homologous chromosomes. However, some organisms are polyploid. Polyploidy is especially common in plants. Most eukaryotes have diploid somatic cells, but produce haploid gametes by meiosis. A monoploid has only one set of chromosomes, and the term is usually only applied to cells or organisms that are normally diploid. Males of bees and other Hymenoptera, for example, are monoploid. Unlike animals, plants and multicellular algae have life cycles with two alternating multicellular generations. The gametophyte generation is haploid, and produces gametes by mitosis; the sporophyte generation is diploid and produces spores by meiosis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marsh frog</span> Species of frog

The marsh frog is a species of water frog native to Europe and parts of western Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pool frog</span> Species of amphibian

The pool frog is a European frog in the family Ranidae. Its specific name was chosen by the Italian herpetologist Lorenzo Camerano in 1882, in order to honour his master Michele Lessona.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hybrid speciation</span> Form of speciation involving hybridization between two different species

Hybrid speciation is a form of speciation where hybridization between two different species leads to a new species, reproductively isolated from the parent species. Previously, reproductive isolation between two species and their parents was thought to be particularly difficult to achieve, and thus hybrid species were thought to be very rare. With DNA analysis becoming more accessible in the 1990s, hybrid speciation has been shown to be a somewhat common phenomenon, particularly in plants. In botanical nomenclature, a hybrid species is also called a nothospecies. Hybrid species are by their nature polyphyletic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parthenogenesis</span> Asexual reproduction without fertilization

Parthenogenesis is a natural form of asexual reproduction in which the embryo develops directly from an egg without need for fertilization. In animals, parthenogenesis means development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg cell. In plants, parthenogenesis is a component process of apomixis. In algae, parthenogenesis can mean the development of an embryo from either an individual sperm or an individual egg.

<i>Pelophylax</i> kl. <i>grafi</i> Hybrid amphibian

Graf's hybrid frog is a hybridogenic species in the true frog family Ranidae. It is found in France and Spain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Italian edible frog</span> Hybrid amphibian

The Italian edible frog is a hybridogenic species in the true frog family Ranidae. These frogs are the offspring of P. bergeri and either P. ridibundus or the edible frog which is itself of hybrid origin.

Green frog or Green Frog, may refer:

<i>Pelophylax</i> Genus of amphibians

Pelophylax is a genus of true frogs widespread in Eurasia, with a few species ranging into northern Africa. This genus was erected by Leopold Fitzinger in 1843 to accommodate the green frogs of the Old World, which he considered distinct from the brown pond frogs of Carl Linnaeus' genus Rana.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Klepton</span> Species that requires input from another biological taxon to complete its reproductive cycle

In biology, a klepton and synklepton is a species that requires input from another biological taxon to complete its reproductive cycle. Specific types of kleptons are zygokleptons, which reproduce by zygogenesis; gynokleptons which reproduce by gynogenesis, and tychokleptons, which reproduce by a combination of both systems.

Parthenogenesis is a form of reproduction where eggs develop without fertilization, resulting in unisexual species. This phenomenon is closely related with reproductive modes such as hybridogenesis, where fertilization occurs, but the paternal DNA is not passed on. Among amphibians, it is seen in numerous frog and salamander species, but has not been recorded in caecilians.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hybridogenesis in water frogs</span>

The fertile hybrids of European water frogs reproduce by hybridogenesis (hemiclonally). This means that during gametogenesis, they discard the genome of one of the parental species and produce gametes of the other parental species. The first parental genome is restored by fertilization of these gametes with gametes from the first species. In all-hybrid populations of the edible frog Pelophylax kl. esculentus, however, triploid hybrids provide this missing genome.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leszek Berger</span>

Leszek Berger was a Polish herpetologist and malacologist.

<i>Bufotes</i> Genus of amphibians

Bufotes, the Eurasian green toads or Palearctic green toads, is a genus of true toads. They are native to Europe, western and central Asia and northern Africa; a region roughly equalling the western and central Palearctic. Historically they were included in the genus Bufo and then for a few years placed in Pseudepidalea, which is a synonym of the currently accepted name Bufotes.

Annemarie Ohler is an Austrian herpetologist and professor who concentrates on the taxonomy of amphibians. She has 3,602 citations and an h-index of 36.

References

  1. ↑ Frost, Darrel R. (2006). "Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 4". American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Retrieved 17 August 2006.
  2. ↑ Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler 2006. The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Number 297. New York. Issued March 15, 2006.
  3. ↑ Truman, Matthew (1843). "Food and its influence on food and disease". The Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature, Science, and Art. 1. Leavitt, Trow, & Company: 40.
  4. ↑ Sergius Kuzmin, David Tarkhnishvili, Vladimir Ishchenko, Tatjana Dujsebayeva, Boris Tuniyev, Theodore Papenfuss, Trevor Beebee, Ismail H. Ugurtas, Max Sparreboom, Nasrullah Rastegar-Pouyani, Ahmad Mohammed Mousa Disi, Steven Anderson, Mathieu Denoël, Franco Andreone (2009). "Pelophylax ridibundus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2009: e.T58705A11825745. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T58705A11825745.en . Retrieved 6 November 2023.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ↑ "Pelophylax esculentus". artsdatabanken.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2022-05-10.
  6. ↑ "Non-native amphibians". The Amphibian and Reptile Conservation Trust. Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
  7. ↑ "Pelophylax esculentus, Edible Frog". AmphibiaWeb. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
  8. ↑ Berger, L. (1970). "Some characteristics of the crossess within Rana esculenta complex in postlarval development". Ann. Zool. 27: 374–416.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Holsbeek, G.; Jooris, R. (2010). "Potential impact of genome exclusion by alien species in the hybridogenetic water frogs (Pelophylax esculentus complex)" (PDF). Biol Invasions. 12 (1). Springer Netherlands: 1–13. Bibcode:2010BiInv..12....1H. doi:10.1007/s10530-009-9427-2. ISSN   1387-3547. S2CID   23535815. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-07-13. Retrieved 2015-06-21.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Christiansen D. G. (2009). "Gamete types, sex determination and stable equilibria of all-hybrid populations of diploid and triploid edible frogs (Pelophylax esculentus) Rana esculenta as deduced from mtDNA analyses". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9 (135): 135. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-9-135 . PMC   2709657 . PMID   19527499.
  11. 1 2 3 Vorburger, Christoph; Reyer, Heinz-Ulrich (2003). "A genetic mechanism of species replacement in European waterfrogs?" (PDF). Conservation Genetics. 4 (2). Kluwer Academic Publishers: 141–155. doi:10.1023/A:1023346824722. ISSN   1566-0621. S2CID   20453910 . Retrieved 2015-06-21.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Ragghianti M, Bucci S, Marracci S, Casola C, Mancino G, Hotz H, Guex GD, Plötner J, Uzzell T (February 2007). "Gametogenesis of intergroup hybrids of hemiclonal frogs" (PDF). Genet. Res. 89 (1): 39–45. doi: 10.1017/S0016672307008610 . PMID   17517158. Archived from the original on July 17, 2015. Retrieved 2012-07-25.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  13. ↑ Simon J.-C.; Delmotte F.; Rispe C.; Crease T. (2003). "Phylogenetic relationships between parthenogens and their sexual relatives: the possible routes to parthenogenesis in animals" (PDF). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 79: 151–163. doi: 10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00175.x . Retrieved 2012-07-30.
  14. ↑ Dubois, Alain (2009). "Asexual and metasexual vertebrates. Book review". Alytes. 27 (2). ISSCA (International Society for the Study and Conservation of Amphibians): 62–66. Retrieved 2015-06-22. John C. Avise, 2008.–Clonality. The genetics, ecology, and evolution of sexual abstinence in vertebrate animals. New York, Oxford University Press: i-xi + 1-237. ISBN   978-0-19-536967-0.
  15. ↑ Dubois, A.; Günther, R. (1982). "Klepton and synklepton: two new evolutionary systematics categories in zoology". Zool. Jahrb. Syst. (Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Systematik, Ökologie und Geographie der Tiere). 109. Jena; Stuttgart; New York.: Gustav Fischer Verlag: 290–305. ISSN   0044-5193.
  16. ↑ Polls Pelaz, Manuel (October 1990). "The Biological Klepton Concept (BKC)". Alytes. 8 (3). ISSCA (International Society for the Study and Conservation of Amphibians): 75–89. Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2015-06-22.
  17. ↑ Dubois, Alain (October 1990). "Nomenclature of parthenogenetic, gynogenetic and hybridogenetic vertebrate taxons: new proposals". Alytes. 8 (3). ISSCA (International Society for the Study and Conservation of Amphibians): 61–74. Archived from the original on 2015-06-23. Retrieved 2015-06-22.
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