Marsh frog

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Marsh frog
Marsh frog (Pelophylax ridibundus).jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Ranidae
Genus: Pelophylax
Species:
P. ridibundus
Binomial name
Pelophylax ridibundus
(Pallas, 1771)
Pelophylax ridibundus map.png
Distribution
Synonyms

Rana ridibundaPallas, 1771 [2]

Female individual compared to human hand PelophylaxRidibundusSpottedAdult.JPG
Female individual compared to human hand
Tadpole on human hand Pelophylax ridibundus3.JPG
Tadpole on human hand

The marsh frog (Pelophylax ridibundus) is a species of water frog native to Europe and parts of western Asia. [3]

Contents

Description

The marsh frog is the largest type of frog in most of its range, with males growing to a size around 100 mm (3.9 in) SVL and females slightly larger (4 in) SVL. [4] There is a large variation in colour and pattern, ranging from dark green to brown or grey, sometimes with some lighter green lines; a lighter line on the back is generally present. The frog will usually be darker coloured in early spring to absorb heat more efficiently.

Tadpoles can reach up to 190 mm (7.3 in) in length, [3] but this usually occurs in places with long winters where the tadpole has time to grow.

Distribution and habitat

They occur in a large part of Europe starting from western France and spreading out into the Middle East and about a quarter into Russia. [3] There are also isolated populations in Saudi Arabia and the Russian Far East, along with some introduced populations in the United Kingdom and other places. [5]

These frogs are very lenient in their habitats, and are able to inhabit a majority of different types of water bodies. [3] Marsh frogs hibernate during the winter either underwater or in burrows, and are able to use the magnetic field of the Earth to locate breeding ponds. [6]

Diet

Adult marsh frogs have a large head that is able to devour a wide variety of prey, mostly arthropods and other invertebrates, as well as small fish, other amphibians (including conspecifics), reptiles, small birds, and rodents. [3] In an analysis of 53 adults in Thrace, flies made up 40% and beetles 20% of their diet. [7] These frogs have been found to climb onto water buffalo so they could eat the flies attracted to it, hinting at a possible mutualistic relationship. [8]

As tadpoles, they eat a wide range of organic matter including algae, detritus, decaying plants, invertebrates, and dead animals. [3]

Hybridogenesis

There are known three hybridogenetic hybrids of the marsh frog:

Their populations are maintained however through other crossings by hybridogenesis. [10] In places where they were introduced, marsh frogs may pose a threat to the native Pelophylax by diluting the gene pool, but there is evidence that although they may hybridize they do not affect the overall population that greatly. [5] [11]

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Balkan frog</span> Species of amphibian

The Balkan frog also known as the Balkan water frog and Greek marsh frog) is a species of frog occurring in Greece and, to a lesser extent, in Albania, Montenegro, and Serbia. The species highly resembles Pelophylax ridibundus, from which it was only distinguished in 1991 by bio-acoustic analysis. The separation of the species is not unanimously accepted.

<i>Edalorhina perezi</i> Species of frog

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Annemarie Ohler is an Austrian herpetologist and professor who concentrates on the taxonomy of amphibians. She has 3,602 citations and an h-index of 36.

References

  1. Sergius Kuzmin, David Tarkhnishvili, Vladimir Ishchenko, Tatjana Dujsebayeva, Boris Tuniyev, Theodore Papenfuss, Trevor Beebee, Ismail H. Ugurtas, Max Sparreboom, Nasrullah Rastegar-Pouyani, Ahmad Mohammed Mousa Disi, Steven Anderson, Mathieu Denoël, Franco Andreone (2009). "Pelophylax ridibundus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2009: e.T58705A11825745. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T58705A11825745.en . Retrieved 19 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. Frost, Darrel R. (2013). "Pelophylax ridibundus (Pallas, 1771)". Amphibian Species of the World 5.6, an Online Reference. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Pelophylax ridibundus Marsh Frog". AmphibiaWeb.
  4. Erismis, Ugur (7 March 2010). "Abundance, demography and population structure of Pelophylax ridibundus (Anura: Ranidae) in 26-August National Park (Turkey)" (PDF). North-Western Journal of Zoology. 7 (1): 5–16.
  5. 1 2 Leuenberger, Julien; Gander, Antoine; Schmidt, Benedikt R.; Perrin, Nicolas (20 February 2014). "Are invasive marsh frogs (Pelophylax ridibundus) replacing the native P. lessonae/P. esculentus hybridogenetic complex in Western Europe? Genetic evidence from a field study" (PDF). Conservation Genetics. 15 (4): 869–878. Bibcode:2014ConG...15..869L. doi:10.1007/s10592-014-0585-0. S2CID   17246330.
  6. Shakhparonov, Ogurtsov, Vladimir, Sergey (November 2016). "Marsh frogs, Pelophylax ridibundus, determine migratory direction by magnetic field". Journal of Comparative Physiology. 203 (1): 35–43. doi:10.1007/s00359-016-1132-x. PMID   27885506. S2CID   6361418 via ResearchGate.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. Çiçek, Mermer, Kerim, A. (January 2007). "Food composition of the marsh frog, Rana ridibunda Pallas, 1771, in Thrace". Turkish Journal of Zoology. 31 (1): 83–90 via ResearchGate.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. "A possible mutualistic interaction between vertebrates: frogs use water buffaloes as a foraging place". Acta Herpetologica. 12 (1): 113–116. July 2017 via ResearchGate.
  9. Berger, L. (1970). "Some characteristics of the crossess within Rana esculenta complex in postlarval development". Ann. Zool. 27: 374–416.
  10. 1 2 3 Holsbeek, G.; Jooris, R. (2010). "Potential impact of genome exclusion by alien species in the hybridogenetic water frogs (Pelophylax esculentus complex)" (PDF). Biol Invasions. 12 (1). Springer Netherlands: 1–13. Bibcode:2010BiInv..12....1H. doi:10.1007/s10530-009-9427-2. ISSN   1387-3547. S2CID   23535815. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-07-13. Retrieved 2015-06-19.
  11. "A record of alien Pelophylax species and widespread mitochondrial DNA transfer in Kaliningradskaya Oblast' (the Baltic coast, Russia)" (PDF). BioInvasions Records. 9. June 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-07-15. Retrieved 2020-07-15 via Regional Euro-Asian Biological Invasions Centre.
Marsh frog (Pelophylax ridibundus) call recorded late evening in Basildon, Essex, UK