Data | |
---|---|
Continuity of supply | 99.999% (2021) |
Peak Demand (2021) | 9.942 GW [1] |
Installed capacity (2021) | 13.24 GW [1] |
Production (2021) | 133,104 TJ (36.97 TWh) [1] |
Exports (2021) | 0 TJ (0 TWh) [1] |
Imports (2021) | 45,197 TJ (12.555 TWh) [1] |
Share of renewable energy | 2% |
GHG emissions from electricity generation (2019) | 26.3 Mt CO2-e [2] |
Average electricity use (2021) | 164,578 TJ (45.716 TWh) [1] |
Distribution losses (2021) | 6,039 TJ (1.68 TWh) [1] |
Transmission losses (2021) | 7,685 TJ (2.13 TWh) [1] |
Consumption by sector (% of total) | |
Residential | 28.8 (2021) |
Industrial | 6.8 (2021) |
Commercial | 64.4 [1] (2021) |
Institutions | |
No. of service providers | |
Responsibility for regulation | Electrical and Mechanical Services Department |
Responsibility for the environment | Environmental Protection Department |
Electricity sector law | Electricity Ordinance, Cap. 406 (1990) [3] |
Electricity sector in Hong Kong ranges from generation, transmission, distribution and sales of electricity covering Hong Kong. The combustion of coal, natural gas and oil are the main sources of electricity in Hong Kong. The electricity sector contributes 60.4% of Hong Kong's total greenhouse gas emissions. [2]
There are two main providers of electricity in Hong Kong.
Power generation in Hong Kong is managed by two major companies under a Scheme of Control arrangement with the Hong Kong Government. [4] These companies effectively operate in a regulated market.
The Hongkong Electric Company (HEC; Chinese :香港電燈有限公司) HEC's supply area includes Hong Kong Island and Lamma Island. [5]
HEC owns and operates:
The CLP Power Hong Kong Limited (CLP; Chinese :中華電力有限公司) under the CLP Group was founded on 25 January 1901 as China Light & Power Company Syndicate in British Hong Kong. CLP's supply area includes Kowloon, New Territories and outlying islands except Lamma Island.
CLP owns the following power stations in Hong Kong territory under a joint-venture company Castle Peak Power Company Limited (CAPCO) with China Southern Power Grid International (HK) Co., Limited.
CLP also owns 25% shares of the Guangdong Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station and wholly owns Guangzhou Pumped Storage Power Station in Conghua. [6]
In 2012, Hong Kong relied on coal (53%), nuclear (23%), natural gas (22%) and a very small amount (2%) of renewable energy for its electricity generation. [7] As coal-firing generation units start to retire in 2017, [7] the Government plans to raise the share of natural gas to 50% in 2020 while maintaining the share of nuclear power at present levels. [8]
The Government announced that in the year 2020, around half of electricity generation had been met by natural gas, and generation from coal had been successfully reduced to about a quarter, with the remaining generation from imported nuclear energy from the mainland and renewables (utility and off-grid). [9]
Hong Kong has currently 5 power stations, supplying 77% of its electricity needs in 2012. [7]
Commissioned in 1996, the Black Point Power Station is a gas-fired power station located in Lung Kwu Tan, Tuen Mun in the New Territories. It is the largest gas-fired power station in Hong Kong with an installed generation capacity of 2,500MW.
Commissioned in 1982, the Castle Peak Power Station is a coal-fired power station located Tap Shek Kok, Tuen Mun in the New Territories. It is the largest power station in Hong Kong with an installed generation capacity of 4,108MW.
Commissioned in 1982, the Lamma Power Station is a coal-fired power station located on Po Lo Tsui, Lamma Island, part of the Islands District. It is the second largest power station in Hong Kong at an installed generation capacity of 3,237 MW. [10]
Commissioned in 2006, the Lamma Winds Power Station is a wind turbine located on Lamma Island in Islands District. It is the only industrial-sized wind turbine in Hong Kong with an installed generation capacity of 800 kW.
Commissioned in 1992, the Penny's Bay Power Station is a diesel-fired gas turbine power station located at Penny's Bay on Lantau Island. It is a peaking power station with an installed generation capacity of 300MW.
CLP's electrical grid is interconnected with the China Southern Power Grid of Mainland China. Hong Kong imports 23% of its total electricity needs from generating facilities with CLP's equity situated in the mainland. These include a contractual agreement of 70% electricity output from the 2 x 944 MW Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant and some peaking power/pumping load from Guangzhou Pumped Storage Power Station in Conghua. [6] [11] Recently, CLP said that it would buy 10% more nuclear power from Daya Bay Plant, increasing the share to 80% of the plant's output capacity. But with the increasing electricity demand in southern China, it will be difficult for CLP to acquire 100% of the plant's output capacity. [12]
HEC transmits electricity on Hong Kong Island at 275 kV and 132 kV voltage level to various load centres, in which the network consists mainly of underground and submarine cable. The network is owned and operated by HEC. There are only few remaining 132 kV overhead power lines in the system. The use of underground cable was chosen because it is ideal for a densely populated area like Hong Kong, and to ensure supply reliability even in bad weather, such as during typhoon.
There are also six dedicated cable tunnels to accommodate some of the 275 kV fluid-filled cable circuits in Hong Kong Island and Lamma Island. [13] In most of the load centres, the voltage is being stepped down to 22 kV or 11 kV for distribution purpose. [14]
CLP transmits electricity in Kowloon and New Territories at 400 kV and 132 kV voltage level. These transmission networks consist mainly of overhead lines. The network is owned and operated by CLP Power. In most of the load centres, the voltage is stepped down to 11 kV for distribution.
Transmission networks of CLP Power and HEC are interconnected by three 132 kV submarine circuits from Hung Hom to North Point for emergency support but no economy power interchange is normally scheduled.
CLP's 400 kV transmission network is also interconnected with the 500 kV China Southern Power Grid in Guangdong Province.
Electricity is distributed at 22 kV and 11 kV voltage level to over 3,800 distribution substations on HEC side. CLP distributes power mainly at 11 kV level. Voltage is further stepped down to 380 V three-phase or 220 V single-phase and supplied through low voltage cables to customers.
The system control centre located at Ap Lei Chau monitors and controls all of the switching in HEC's distribution substations remotely. CLP has its system control centre in Tai Po district.
In 2021, 178,301 TJ (49.528 TWh) of electricity was consumed, accounting for 51.8% of total energy consumption in Hong Kong. Electricity usage based on industry in Hong Kong are 66% (commercial), 26% (residential), 6% (industrial) and 2% (transportation). Peak demand of electricity use was 9.942 GW. [15]
A power station, also referred to as a power plant and sometimes generating station or generating plant, is an industrial facility for the generation of electric power. Power stations are generally connected to an electrical grid.
CLP Group and its holding company, CLP Holdings Ltd, also known as China Light and Power Company, Limited, is an electricity company in Hong Kong. Incorporated in 1901 as China Light & Power Company Syndicate, its core business remains the generation, transmission, and retailing of electricity. It also has businesses in a number of Asian markets as well as EnergyAustralia in Australia. It is one of the two main electricity power generation companies in Hong Kong, the other being Hongkong Electric Company.
The National Grid is the high-voltage electric power transmission network serving Great Britain, connecting power stations and major substations, and ensuring that electricity generated anywhere on the grid can be used to satisfy demand elsewhere. The network serves the majority of Great Britain and some of the surrounding islands. It does not cover Northern Ireland, which is part of the Irish single electricity market.
India is the third largest producer of electricity in the world. During the fiscal year (FY) 2022–23, the total electricity generation in the country was 1,844 TWh, of which 1,618 TWh was generated by utilities.
Nuclear power plants operate in 32 countries and generate about a tenth of the world's electricity. Most are in Europe, North America and East Asia. The United States is the largest producer of nuclear power, while France has the largest share of electricity generated by nuclear power, at about 70%.
Lamma Power Station, informally known as Lamma Island Power Station, is a thermal power station and solar farm in Po Lo Tsui, Lamma Island, Hong Kong. With an installed capacity of 3,617 MW, the power station is the second largest coal-fired power station in Hong Kong after Castle Peak Power Station.
The Castle Peak Power Station is the largest coal-fired power station in Hong Kong. It is situated in Tap Shek Kok, Tuen Mun District, on the north shore of Urmston Road. It was named after the nearby Castle Peak. The station consists of four 350 MW and four 677 MW generating units, with auxiliary facilities.
Black Point Power Station is a gas-fired power station in Lung Kwu Tan, New Territories, Hong Kong. The power station is operated by CLP Group.
Penny's Bay Power Station is a gas turbine power station in Penny's Bay, Hong Kong. The HKD 1.1 billion power station was commissioned on 25 March 1992. The complex consists of three open cycle gas turbines in a rectangular turbine hall with three smokestacks. The turbines were supplied by John Brown Engineering and generators by GEC-Alsthom. It is operated by CLP Power as a standby and peaking power station. The power plant can start up in 12 minutes. Its primary fuel is ultra low sulphur diesel (ULSD).
The electricity sector in New Zealand uses mainly renewable energy, such as hydropower, geothermal power and increasingly wind energy. As of 2021, the country generated 81.2% of its electricity from renewable sources. The strategy of electrification is being pursued to enhance the penetration of renewable energy sources and to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions across all sectors of the economy. In 2021, electricity consumption reached 40 Terawatt-hours (TWh), representing a 0.2% increase compared to the consumption levels in 2010.
China is the world's largest electricity producer, having overtaken the United States in 2011 after rapid growth since the early 1990s. In 2021, China produced 8.5 petawatt-hour (PWh) of electricity, approximately 30% of the world's electricity production.
The National Grid covers most of mainland Great Britain and several of the surrounding islands, and there are interconnectors to Northern Ireland and to other European countries. Power is supplied to consumers at 230 volts AC with a frequency of 50 Hz. In 2023 about a third of electricity used in Britain was generated from fossil gas and two-thirds was low-carbon power. Wind generates the most low-carbon power, followed by nuclear some of which is imported from France. The government is aiming for greenhouse gas emissions from electricity in Britain to be net zero by 2035.
The Hongkong Electric Company is one of Hong Kong's two main electricity generation companies, the other being China Light & Power. The company is owned by several companies including Power Assets Holdings, State Grid Corporation of China, Cheung Kong Infrastructure Holdings and Qatar Investment Authority. It was the first company to provide electricity in Hong Kong, having run continually since the 19th century.
Companhia de Electricidade de Macau – CEM, S.A. known simply as CEM or Chinese: 澳電 is a private public utility company with a sole concession to transmit, distribute, sell high, medium and low voltage of electricity in Macau. Besides, CEM owns an installed generation capacity of 408 MW.
The electricity sector in Taiwan ranges from generation, transmission, distribution and sales of electricity, covering Taiwan island and its offshore islands.
The electricity sector in Macau ranges from generation, transmission, distribution and sales of electricity in Macau, China.
Currently, there is no nuclear power plant in Hong Kong. However, a Hong Kong company, Hong Kong Nuclear Investment Company (HKNIC), owns 25% share in Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant in Guangdong. About 80% of the power plant electricity output is supplied to Hong Kong by their electric utility company China Light and Power Co., Ltd. (CLP) to meet the electricity demand in Hong Kong.
The Hong Kong Nuclear Investment Company Limited is a company in Hong Kong. It is a wholly-owned subsidiary company of CLP Holdings Limited. The company invests in Guangdong Nuclear Power Joint Venture Company Limited which owns the Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant in Guangdong, supplying 25% of Hong Kong electricity demand.
Energy in Hong Kong refers to the type of energy and its related infrastructure used in Hong Kong. Energy is crucial for the development of trade and industries in Hong Kong with its relatively small usable land. Hong Kong mostly imports its energy from outside or produces it through some intermediate process.
In 2012, coal dominated the overall fuel mix in Hong Kong (53%), followed by nuclear electricity imported from the Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station (DBNPS) in the Mainland (23%), natural gas (22%), and oil and renewable energy (RE) (2%) ... existing coal-fired generating units start to retire from 2017
Having considered the public's views, the Government plans to increase the percentage of natural gas generation to around 50 per cent in 2020 ... nuclear import would account for around 25 per cent of the total fuel mix.