Elizabethkingia meningoseptica

Last updated

Elizabethkingia meningoseptica
Elizabethkingia meningoseptica Blood agar plate.JPG
Wet raised colonies with clear margin and characteristic smell after culturing on blood agar, bacteria plated in this way may not show yellow color. Vancomycin sensitivity (clearing around disk) and colistin resistance may lead to mistaking this organism as Gram-positive.
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Bacteroidota
Class: Flavobacteriia
Order: Flavobacteriales
Family: Weeksellaceae
Genus: Elizabethkingia
Species:
E. meningoseptica
Binomial name
Elizabethkingia meningoseptica
(King, 1959) Kim et al., 2005
Synonyms
  • Flavobacterium meningosepticumKing 1959
  • Chryseobacterium meningosepticum(King 1959) Vandamme et al. 1994
  • Elizabethkingia meningoseptica(King 1959) Kim et al. 2005

Elizabethkingia meningoseptica is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium widely distributed in nature (e.g. fresh water, salt water, or soil). It may be normally present in fish and frogs; it may be isolated from chronic infectious states, as in the sputum of cystic fibrosis patients. In 1959, American bacteriologist Elizabeth O. King (who isolated Kingella kingae in 1960) was studying unclassified bacteria associated with pediatric meningitis at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, when she isolated an organism (CDC group IIa) that she named Flavobacterium meningosepticum (Flavobacterium means "the yellow bacillus" in Latin; meningosepticum likewise means "associated with meningitis and sepsis"). [1] In 1994, it was reclassified in the genus Chryseobacterium and renamed Chryseobacterium meningosepticum [2] (chryseos = "golden" in Greek, so Chryseobacterium means a golden/yellow rod similar to Flavobacterium). In 2005, a 16S rRNA phylogenetic tree of Chryseobacteria showed that C. meningosepticum along with C. miricola (which was reported to have been isolated from Russian space station Mir in 2001 and placed in the genus Chryseobacterium in 2003 [3] ) were close to each other but outside the tree of the rest of the Chryseobacteria and were then placed in a new genus Elizabethkingia named after the original discoverer of F. meningosepticum. [4]

Contents

Presence in plants

Two species of Elizabethkingia have recently been found to be abundant on the leaf and root surfaces of the tropical tree Gnetum gnemon in Malaysia. [5] Their role in the biology of the plant is unknown. Several other species of tropical trees studied did not have Elizabethkingia present on their leaves or roots, suggesting a host-specific relationship with Gnetum.[ citation needed ]

Microbiology

Under a microscope, E. meningoseptica appears as slender, slightly curved rods which are nonmotile and are negative by Gram stain. They do not form spores, and require oxygen to survive. E. meningoseptica is positive by the catalase test, the oxidase test, and the indole test. It is negative by the urease test. In general, it is negative by the nitrate reductase test, although some strains are positive. [6]

E. meningoseptica grows well on blood agar and chocolate agar. Colonies are very pale yellow and may not be easily evident at 24 hours. Strains growing better at 40 °C are mostly associated with invasive meningitis. [7] Often, a greyish discoloration is seen around the colonies on blood agar due to proteases and gelatinase. E. meningoseptica grows poorly on MacConkey agar and is considered a glucose oxidizer. [8] Most strains do not grow on colistin nalidixic acid agar because, although they are resistant to colistin, they are susceptible to quinolones such as nalidixic acid.[ citation needed ]

E. meningoseptica may show colistin-resistant and vancomycin-sensitive growth, which is paradoxic for a Gram-negative bacterium, but resembles Burkholderia cepacia , which is also a nonfermenter and does not grow well on MacConkey agar. These two can be distinguished by the indole test or the Pyr test, both of which should be clearly negative for B. cepacia and positive for E. meningoseptica. Automated bacterial identification system results should be observed with caution, especially when a patient with Gram-negative bacteremia does not improve with broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, because several bacteria, including Aeromonas salmonicida (mistaken by ID32 GN [6] ) and Sphingobacterium spp. (mistaken by Vitek 2 [9] ), may be confused with this bacterium, especially the atypical ones. However, unlike many other Aeromonas species such as A. hydrophila and A. punctata, A. salmonicida is indole negative, which can help in distinguishing it in doubtful cases. An automated but so far relatively reliable Rapid NF plus system and API Zym systems use an array of biochemical tests for better identification of nonfermenters and other bacteria and can specifically identify E. meningoseptica.[ citation needed ]

Infection

E. meningoseptica predominantly causes outbreaks of meningitis in premature newborns and infants in neonatal intensive care units of underdeveloped countries.[ citation needed ]

Some of the outbreaks have been linked to sources such as contaminated lipid stock bottles, contaminated venous catheter lines and nutritional solution, and tap water. The bacterium is also a rare cause of nosocomial pneumonia, endocarditis, postoperative bacteremia, and meningitis in immunocompromised adults. Only recently has it also been found to cause soft-tissue infection and sepsis in the immunocompetent [9] and in a case of a fatal necrotizing fasciitis in a diabetic patient. [10]

Some 48 cases of Elizabethkingia infection resulting in 17 fatalities were reported in Wisconsin over a 5-month period beginning in November 2015. [11]

Antimicrobial susceptibility

This bacterium is usually multiresistant to antibiotics typically prescribed for treating Gram-negative bacterial infections, including extended-spectrum beta-lactam agents (due to production by most strains of two betalactamases: one ESBL and one class B carbapenem-hydrolyzing metallolactamase), aminoglycosides, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol. Though vancomycin has been used in the past, its high Minimum inhibitory concentration (16 µg/ml) has led to a search for alternatives, especially for meningitis. Presently, ciprofloxacin, minocycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, rifampin, and novobiocin are considered good alternatives. Most of these are classic drugs for Gram-positive bacteria and not routinely tested on Gram-negative bacteria. [12]

Predictors of poor outcome

Hypoalbuminemia, increased pulse rate at the onset of infection, and central venous line infection were associated with a poor outcome. [13]

Resource persons

At the 2006 meeting of the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes, the organization's subcommittee on the taxonomy of Flavobacterium and Cytophaga-like bacteria named J.-F. Bernardet and B. Bruun as two key authorities on this bacterium. [14]

Unambiguous synonyms

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Acinetobacter</i> Genus of bacteria

Acinetobacter is a genus of gram-negative bacteria belonging to the wider class of Gammaproteobacteria. Acinetobacter species are oxidase-negative, exhibit twitching motility, and occur in pairs under magnification.

<i>Proteus mirabilis</i> Species of bacterium

Proteus mirabilis is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium. It shows swarming motility and urease activity. P. mirabilis causes 90% of all Proteus infections in humans. It is widely distributed in soil and water. Proteus mirabilis can migrate across the surface of solid media or devices using a type of cooperative group motility called swarming. Proteus mirabilis is most frequently associated with infections of the urinary tract, especially in complicated or catheter-associated urinary tract infections.

Streptococcus bovis is a species of Gram-positive bacteria that in humans is associated with urinary tract infections, endocarditis, sepsis, and colorectal cancer. S. gallolyticus is commonly found in the alimentary tract of cattle, sheep, and other ruminants, and may cause ruminal acidosis or feedlot bloat. It is also associated with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, a frequent complication occurring in patients affected by cirrhosis. Equivalence with Streptococcus equinus has been contested.

Capnocytophaga canimorsus is a fastidious, slow-growing, Gram-negative rod of the genus Capnocytophaga. It is a commensal bacterium in the normal gingival flora of canine and feline species, but can cause illness in humans. Transmission may occur through bites, licks, or even close proximity with animals. C. canimorsus generally has low virulence in healthy individuals, but has been observed to cause severe, even grave, illness in persons with pre-existing conditions. The pathogenesis of C. canimorsus is still largely unknown, but increased clinical diagnoses have fostered an interest in the bacillus. Treatment with antibiotics is effective in most cases, but the most important yet basic diagnostic tool available to clinicians remains the knowledge of recent exposure to canines or felines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flavobacteriia</span> Class of bacteria

The class Flavobacteriia is composed of a single class of environmental bacteria. It contains the family Flavobacteriaceae, which is the largest family in the phylum Bacteroidota. This class is widely distributed in soil, fresh, and seawater habitats. The name is often spelt Flavobacteria, but was officially named Flavobacteriia in 2012.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chryseobacterium</span> Genus of bacteria

Chryseobacterium is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria. Chryseobacterium species are chemoorganotrophic, rod shape gram-negative bacteria. Chryseobacterium form typical yellow-orange color colonies due to flexirubin-type pigment. The genus contains more than 100 described species from diverse habitats, including freshwater sources, soil, marine fish, and human hosts.

<i>Neisseria flavescens</i> Species of bacterium

Neisseria flavescens was first isolated from cerebrospinal fluid in the midst of an epidemic meningitis outbreak in Chicago. These gram-negative, aerobic bacteria reside in the mucosal membranes of the upper respiratory tract, functioning as commensals. However, this species can also play a pathogenic role in immunocompromised and diabetic individuals. In rare cases, it has been linked to meningitis, pneumonia, empyema, endocarditis, and sepsis.

Elizabethkingia anophelis is a yellow-pigmented, rod-shaped, gram-negative bacterium in the Flavobacteriaceae family. Elizabethkingia is isolated from the midgut of Anopheles gambiae G3 mosquitoes reared in captivity. The genus Elizabethkingia, named for former US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) microbiologist Elizabeth O. King, also includes E. meningoseptica which causes neonatal sepsis and infections in immunocompromised persons, E. endophytica, and E. miricola.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elizabeth O. King</span> American bacteriologist (1912–1966)

Elizabeth Osborne King was an American microbiologist who discovered and described bacteria of medical importance at the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from the late 1940s through the early 1960s. A 1984 CDC manual dedication referred to King as "internationally known as an authority on a variety of unusual bacteria." The genera Kingella and Elizabethkingia and several species of bacteria are named to honor her for her pioneering work. King died of cancer on April 8, 1966, in Atlanta, where she is interred in Oakland Cemetery.

Elizabethkingia miricola is a species of bacterium isolated from condensation water in Space Station Mir, related to Elizabethkingia anophelis, the cause of the 2016 outbreak of Elizabethkingia anophelis human infections in Wisconsin that began in early November 2015. The genus name Elizabethkingia honors former United States Centers for Disease Control (CDC) microbiologist Elizabeth O. King, and the specific epithet is derived from combining the Russian name of the space station from which the bacterium was isolated, "Mir" meaning "peace," and the Latin "incola" meaning "inhabitant," yielding miricola, "inhabitant of the Mir space station."

Elizabethkingia is a genus of bacterium described in 2005, named after Elizabeth O. King, the discoverer of the type species. Before this genus being formed in 2005, many of the species of Elizabethkingia were classified in the Chryseobacterium genus. Elizabethkingia has been found in soil, rivers, and reservoirs worldwide.

Chryseobacterium bernardetii is a bacterium from the genus of Chryseobacterium.

Chryseobacterium gallinarum is a Gram-negative and rod-shaped bacteria from the genus of Chryseobacterium which has been isolated from the pharyngeal scrape of a chicken in Saxony-Anhalt in Germany. Chryseobacterium gallinarum has the ability to degrade keratin.

Chryseobacterium hispalense is a Gram-negative and non-motile bacteria from the genus of Chryseobacterium which has been isolated from a rainwater pond in Spain. Chryseobacterium hispalense can promote plant growth.

Chryseobacterium lactis is a Gram-negative bacteria from the genus of Chryseobacterium.

Chryseobacterium nakagawai is a Gram-negative bacteria from the genus of Chryseobacterium.

Chryseobacterium taklimakanense is a Gram-negative and rod-shaped bacteria from the genus of Chryseobacterium.

Chryseobacterium indologenes is a Gram-negative and non-motile bacteria from the genus of Chryseobacterium which has been isolated from a human. Chryseobacterium indologenes is a pathogen of American bullfrogs and humans.

Chryseobacterium scophthalmum is a Gram-negative and rod-shaped bacteria from the genus of Chryseobacterium which has been isolated from the gills of a turbot in Scotland. Chryseobacterium scophthalmum produces flexirubin.

Flavobacterium cauense is a Gram-negative and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Flavobacterium which has been isolated from sediments of the Taihu Lake in China. Colonies of Flavobacterium cauense on R2a agar have been reported to be yellowish orange.

References

  1. ↑ E. O. King (1959). "Studies on a group of previously unclassified bacteria associated with meningitis in infants". American Journal of Clinical Pathology . 31 (3): 241–247. doi:10.1093/ajcp/31.3.241. PMID   13637033.
  2. ↑ P. Vandamme; J. F. Bernardet; P. Segers; K. Kersters; B. Holmes (1994). "New perspectives in the classification of the flavobacteria: description of Chryseobacterium gen. nov., Bergeyella gen. nov., and Empedobacter nom. rev". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology . 44 (4): 827–831. doi: 10.1099/00207713-44-4-827 .
  3. ↑ Ying Li; Yoshiaki Kawamura; Nagatoshi Fujiwara; Takashi Naka; Hongsheng Liu; Xinxiang Huang; Kazuo Kobayashi; Takayuki Ezaki (2003). "Chryseobacterium miricola sp. nov., a novel species isolated from condensation water of space station Mir". Systematic and Applied Microbiology . 26 (4): 523–528. doi:10.1078/072320203770865828. PMID   14666980.
  4. ↑ Kwang Kyu Kim; Myung Kyum Kim; Ju Hyoung Lim; Hye Yoon Park; Sung-Taik Lee (2005). "Transfer of Chryseobacterium meningosepticum and Chryseobacterium miricola to Elizabethkingia gen. nov. as Elizabethkingia meningoseptica comb. nov. and Elizabethkingia miricola comb. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . 55 (3): 1287–1293. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.63541-0 . PMID   15879269.
  5. ↑ Oh MY; Kim M; Lee-Cruz L; Lai-Hoe A; Ainuddin N; Rahim RA; Shukor N; Adams JM (2012). "Distinctive bacterial communities in the rhizoplane of four tropical tree species". Microbial Ecology. 64 (4): 1018–1027. doi:10.1007/s00248-012-0082-2. PMID   22767122. S2CID   16040513.
  6. 1 2 Cheng-Hsun Chiu; Michael Waddingdon; Wu-Shiun Hsieh; David Greenberg; Paul C. Schreckenberger; Amy M. Carnahan (2000). "Atypical Chryseobacterium meningosepticum and meningitis and sepsis in newborns and the immunocompromised, Taiwan". Emerging Infectious Diseases . 6 (5): 481–486. doi:10.3201/eid0605.000506. PMC   2627967 . PMID   10998378.
  7. ↑ Jean-François Bernardet; Celia Hugo; Brita Bruun (2006). "The Genera Chryseobacterium and Elizabethkingia". The Prokaryotes. New York: Springer. pp. 638–676. doi:10.1007/0-387-30747-8_25. ISBN   978-0-387-25497-5.
  8. ↑ Koneman's Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology
  9. 1 2 Felipe Francisco Tuon; Luciana Campon; Gisels Duboc de Almeida; Ronaldo Cesar Gryschek (2007). "Chryseobacterium meningosepticum as a cause of cellulitis and sepsis in an immunocompetent patient". Journal of Medical Microbiology . 56 (8): 1116–1117. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.47111-0 . PMID   17644722.
  10. ↑ Ching-Chi Lee; Po-Lin Chen; Li-Rong Wang; Hsin-Chun Lee; Chia-Ming Chang; Nan-Yao Lee; Chi-Jung Wu; Hsin-I Shih; Wen-Chien Ko (2006). "Fatal case of community-acquired bacteremia and necrotizing fasciitis caused by Chryseobacterium meningosepticum: case report and review of the literature". Journal of Clinical Microbiology . 44 (3): 1181–1183. doi:10.1128/JCM.44.3.1181-1183.2006. PMC   1393108 . PMID   16517926.
  11. ↑ Meyers, Scottie Lee (March 9, 2016). "A Crash Course In Elizabethkingia, The Rare Bacterial Infection Spreading Across Wisconsin". Wisconsin Public Radio.
  12. ↑ Pen-Yi Lin; Chishih Chu; Lin-Hui Su; Chung-Tsui Huang; Wen-Ya Chang; Cheng-Hsun Chiu (2004). "Clinical and microbiological analysis of bloodstream infections caused by Chryseobacterium meningosepticum in nonneonatal patients". Journal of Clinical Microbiology . 42 (7): 3353–3355. doi:10.1128/JCM.42.7.3353-3355.2004. PMC   446307 . PMID   15243115.
  13. ↑ Po-Pin Hung; Yu-Hui Lin; Chin-Fu Lin; Meei-Fang Liu; Zhi-Yuan Shi (2008). "Chryseobacterium meningosepticum infection: antibiotic susceptibility and risk factors for mortality" (PDF). Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection . 41: 137–144.
  14. ↑ Jean-François Bernardet (2006). "International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes. Subcommittee on the taxonomy of Flavobacterium and Cytophaga-like bacteria. Minutes of the meetings, 26 July 2005, San Francisco, CA, USA" (PDF). International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . 56 (12): 2949–2951. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.64834-0 .
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.