= | |
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Equals sign | |
In Unicode | U+003D=EQUALS SIGN (=) |
Related | |
See also | U+2260≠ NOT EQUAL TO U+2248≈ ALMOST EQUAL TO U+2261≡ IDENTICAL TO |
The equals sign (British English) or equal sign (American English), also known as the equality sign, is the mathematical symbol =, which is used to indicate equality in some well-defined sense. [1] In an equation, it is placed between two expressions that have the same value, or for which one studies the conditions under which they have the same value.
In Unicode and ASCII, it has the code point U+003D. [2] It was invented in 1557 by Robert Recorde.
The etymology of the word equal is from the Latin word æqualis, [3] as meaning 'uniform', 'identical', or 'equal', from æquus ('level', 'even', or 'just').
The = symbol, now universally accepted in mathematics for equality, was first recorded by Welsh mathematician Robert Recorde in The Whetstone of Witte (1557). [4] The original form of the symbol was much wider than the present form. In his book Recorde explains his design of the "Gemowe lines" (meaning twin lines, from the Latin gemellus ) [5]
And to auoide the tediouſe repetition of theſe woordes : is equalle to : I will ſette as I doe often in woorke vſe, a paire of paralleles, or Gemowe lines of one lengthe, thus: =, bicauſe noe .2. thynges, can be moare equalle.
And to avoid the tedious repetition of these words: "is equal to" I will set as I do often in work use, a pair of parallels, or duplicate lines of one [the same] length, thus: =, because no 2 things can be more equal.
— Recorde, Robert (1557). The Whetstone of Witte. London: John Kyngstone. the third page of the chapter "The rule of equation, commonly called Algebers Rule."
"The symbol = was not immediately popular. The symbol || was used by some and æ (or œ), from the Latin word aequalis meaning equal, was widely used into the 1700s" (History of Mathematics, University of St Andrews). [6]
In mathematics, the equal sign can be used as a simple statement of fact in a specific case ("x = 2"), or to create definitions ("let x = 2"), conditional statements ("if x = 2, then ..."), or to express a universal equivalence ("(x + 1)2 = x2 + 2x + 1").
The first important computer programming language to use the equal sign was the original version of Fortran, FORTRAN I, designed in 1954 and implemented in 1957. In Fortran, = serves as an assignment operator: X = 2
sets the value of X
to 2. This somewhat resembles the use of = in a mathematical definition, but with different semantics: the expression following = is evaluated first, and may refer to a previous value of X
. For example, the assignment X = X + 2
increases the value of X
by 2.
A rival programming-language usage was pioneered by the original version of ALGOL, which was designed in 1958 and implemented in 1960. ALGOL included a relational operator that tested for equality, allowing constructions like if x = 2
with essentially the same meaning of = as the conditional usage in mathematics. The equal sign was reserved for this usage.
Both usages have remained common in different programming languages into the early 21st century. As well as Fortran, = is used for assignment in such languages as C, Perl, Python, awk, and their descendants. But = is used for equality and not assignment in the Pascal family, Ada, Eiffel, APL, and other languages.
A few languages, such as BASIC and PL/I, have used the equal sign to mean both assignment and equality, distinguished by context. However, in most languages where = has one of these meanings, a different character or, more often, a sequence of characters is used for the other meaning. Following ALGOL, most languages that use = for equality use := for assignment, although APL, with its special character set, uses a left-pointing arrow.
Fortran did not have an equality operator (it was only possible to compare an expression to zero, using the arithmetic IF statement) until FORTRAN IV was released in 1962, since when it has used the four characters .EQ.
to test for equality. The language B introduced the use of == with this meaning, which has been copied by its descendant C and most later languages where = means assignment.
Some languages additionally feature the "spaceship operator", or three-way comparison operator, <=>, to determine whether one value is less than, equal to, or greater than another.
In some programming languages, ==
and ===
are used to check equality, so 1844 == 1844
will return true.
In PHP, the triple equal sign, ===
, denotes value and type equality, [7] meaning that not only do the two expressions evaluate to equal values, but they are also of the same data type. For instance, the expression 0 == false
is true, but 0 === false
is not, because the number 0 is an integer value whereas false is a Boolean value.
JavaScript has the same semantics for ===
, referred to as "equality without type coercion". However, in JavaScript the behavior of ==
cannot be described by any simple consistent rules. The expression 0 == false
is true, but 0 == undefined
is false, even though both sides of the ==
act the same in Boolean context. For this reason it is sometimes recommended to avoid the ==
operator in JavaScript in favor of ===
. [8]
In Ruby, equality under ==
requires both operands to be of identical type, e.g. 0 == false
is false. The ===
operator is flexible and may be defined arbitrarily for any given type. For example, a value of type Range
is a range of integers, such as 1800..1899
. (1800..1899) == 1844
is false, since the types are different (Range vs. Integer); however (1800..1899) === 1844
is true, since ===
on Range
values means "inclusion in the range". [9] Under these semantics, ===
is non-symmetric; e.g. 1844 === (1800..1899)
is false, since it is interpreted to mean Integer#===
rather than Range#===
. [10]
The equal sign is also used as a grammatical tone letter in the orthographies of Budu in the Congo-Kinshasa, in Krumen, Mwan and Dan in the Ivory Coast. [11] [12] The Unicode character used for the tone letter (U+A78A) [13] is different from the mathematical symbol (U+003D).
A possibly unique case of the equal sign of European usage in a person's name, specifically in a double-barreled name, was by pioneer aviator Alberto Santos-Dumont, as he is also known not only to have often used a double hyphen ⹀ resembling an equal sign = between his two surnames in place of a hyphen, but also seems to have personally preferred that practice, to display equal respect for his father's French ethnicity and the Brazilian ethnicity of his mother. [14]
Instead of a double hyphen, the equal sign is sometimes used in Japanese as a separator between names. In Ojibwe, the readily available equal sign on most keyboards is commonly used as a substitute for a double hyphen.
In linguistic interlinear glosses, an equal sign is conventionally used to mark clitic boundaries: the equal sign is placed between the clitic and the word that the clitic is attached to. [15]
In chemical formulas, the two parallel lines denoting a double bond are commonly rendered using an equal sign (hence, a triple bond is commonly rendered using a triple bar).
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In recent years, the equal sign has been used to symbolize LGBT rights. The symbol has been used since 1995 by the Human Rights Campaign, which lobbies for marriage equality, and subsequently by the United Nations Free & Equal, which promotes LGBT rights at the United Nations. [16]
The not equal (≠) symbol has been adopted by some white supremacist and other racist groups. [17]
In Morse code, the equal sign is encoded by the letters B (-...) and T (-) run together (-...-).[ citation needed ] The letters BT stand for Break Text, and are put between paragraphs, or groups of paragraphs in messages sent via Telex,[ citation needed ] a standardised tele-typewriter. The sign, used to mean Break Text, is given at the end of a telegram to separate the text of the message from the signature.[ citation needed ]
Symbols used to denote items that are approximately equal include the following: [18]
In some areas of East Asia such as Japan, "≒" is used to mean "the two terms are almost equal", but in other areas and specialized literature such as mathematics, "≃" is often used. In addition to its mathematical meaning, it is sometimes used in Japanese sentences with the intention of "almost the same".
The symbol used to denote inequation (when items are not equal) is a slashed equal sign ≠ (U+2260). In LaTeX, this is done with the "\neq" command.
Most programming languages, limiting themselves to the 7-bit ASCII character set and typeable characters, use ~=
, !=
, /=
, or <>
to represent their Boolean inequality operator.
The triple bar symbol ≡ (U+2261, LaTeX \equiv) is often used to indicate an identity, a definition (which can also be represented by U+225D≝EQUAL TO BY DEFINITION or U+2254≔COLON EQUALS), or a congruence relation in modular arithmetic. Also, in chemistry, the triple bar can be used to represent a triple bond between atoms.
The symbol ≅ is often used to indicate isomorphic algebraic structures or congruent geometric figures.
Equality of truth values (through bi-implication or logical equivalence), may be denoted by various symbols including =, ~, and ⇔.
Additional precomposed symbols with code points in Unicode for notations related to the equal sign include the following: [18]
::=
)The equal sign is sometimes used incorrectly within a mathematical argument to connect math steps in a non-standard way, rather than to show equality (especially by early mathematics students).
For example, if one were finding the sum, step by step, of the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, one might incorrectly write
Structurally, this is shorthand for
but the notation is incorrect, because each part of the equality has a different value. If interpreted strictly as it says, it would imply that
A correct version of the argument would be
This difficulty results from subtly different uses of the sign in education. In early, arithmetic-focused grades, the equal sign may be operational; like the equal button on an electronic calculator, it demands the result of a calculation. Starting in algebra courses, the sign takes on a relational meaning of equality between two calculations. Confusion between the two uses of the sign sometimes persists at the university level. [19]
Related:
The colon, :, is a punctuation mark consisting of two equally sized dots aligned vertically. A colon often precedes an explanation, a list, or a quoted sentence. It is also used between hours and minutes in time, between certain elements in medical journal citations, between chapter and verse in Bible citations, and, in the US, for salutations in business letters and other formal letter writing.
The ampersand, also known as the and sign, is the logogram &, representing the conjunction "and". It originated as a ligature of the letters of the word et.
A mathematical symbol is a figure or a combination of figures that is used to represent a mathematical object, an action on mathematical objects, a relation between mathematical objects, or for structuring the other symbols that occur in a formula. As formulas are entirely constituted with symbols of various types, many symbols are needed for expressing all mathematics.
An interpunct⟨·⟩, also known as an interpoint, middle dot, middot, centered dot or centred dot, is a punctuation mark consisting of a vertically centered dot used for interword separation in Classical Latin. It appears in a variety of uses in some modern languages and is present in Unicode as U+00B7·MIDDLE DOT.
The tilde˜ or ~, is a grapheme with a number of uses. The name of the character came into English from Spanish, which in turn came from the Latin titulus, meaning 'title' or 'superscription'. Its primary use is as a diacritic (accent) in combination with a base letter; but, for historical reasons, it is also used in standalone form within a variety of contexts: perhaps its most common usage in modern texts is to indicate approximation.
The plus sign and the minus sign are mathematical symbols used to denote positive and negative functions, respectively. In addition, + represents the operation of addition, which results in a sum, while − represents subtraction, resulting in a difference. Their use has been extended to many other meanings, more or less analogous. Plus and minus are Latin terms meaning "more" and "less", respectively.
The multiplication sign, also known as the times sign or the dimension sign, is a mathematical symbol used to denote the operation of multiplication, which results in a product. While similar to a lowercase X, the form is properly a four-fold rotationally symmetric saltire.
The division sign is a mathematical symbol consisting of a short horizontal line with a dot above and another dot below, used in Anglophone countries to indicate the operation of division. This usage, though widespread in some countries, is not universal and the symbol has a different meaning in other countries. Its use to denote division is not recommended in the ISO 80000-2 standard for mathematical notation.
In computer programming, an assignment statement sets and/or re-sets the value stored in the storage location(s) denoted by a variable name; in other words, it copies a value into the variable. In most imperative programming languages, the assignment statement is a fundamental construct.
The plus–minus sign or plus-or-minus sign, ±, is a symbol with multiple meanings.
The vertical bar, |, is a glyph with various uses in mathematics, computing, and typography. It has many names, often related to particular meanings: Sheffer stroke, pipe, bar, or, vbar, and others.
In computer science, a relational operator is a programming language construct or operator that tests or defines some kind of relation between two entities. These include numerical equality and inequalities.
The triple bar or tribar, ≡, is a symbol with multiple, context-dependent meanings indicating equivalence of two different things. Its main uses are in mathematics and logic. It has the appearance of an equals sign ⟨=⟩ with a third line.
The hyphen-minus symbol - is the form of hyphen most commonly used in digital documents. On most keyboards, it is the only character that resembles a minus sign or a dash so it is also used for these. The name hyphen-minus derives from the original ASCII standard, where it was called hyphen–(minus). The character is referred to as a hyphen, a minus sign, or a dash according to the context where it is being used.
The Unicode Standard encodes almost all standard characters used in mathematics. Unicode Technical Report #25 provides comprehensive information about the character repertoire, their properties, and guidelines for implementation. Mathematical operators and symbols are in multiple Unicode blocks. Some of these blocks are dedicated to, or primarily contain, mathematical characters while others are a mix of mathematical and non-mathematical characters. This article covers all Unicode characters with a derived property of "Math".
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The greater-than sign is a mathematical symbol that denotes an inequality between two values. The widely adopted form of two equal-length strokes connecting in an acute angle at the right, >, has been found in documents dated as far back as 1631. In mathematical writing, the greater-than sign is typically placed between two values being compared and signifies that the first number is greater than the second number. Examples of typical usage include 1.5 > 1 and 1 > −2. The less-than sign and greater-than sign always "point" to the smaller number. Since the development of computer programming languages, the greater-than sign and the less-than sign have been repurposed for a range of uses and operations.
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The up tack or falsum is a constant symbol used to represent:
The Unicode Standard assigns various properties to each Unicode character and code point.