Esoteric Tarot

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Esoteric tarot is the art of reading tarot cards, which is the practice of using cards to gain insight into the past, present or future by formulating a question, then drawing and interpreting cards. Reading tarot cards is a type of cartomancy.

Tarot Cards used for games or for divination

The tarot is a pack of playing cards, used from the mid-15th century in various parts of Europe to play games such as Italian tarocchini, French tarot and Austrian Königrufen. Many of these tarot card games are still played today. In the late 18th century, some Tarot packs began to be used in parallel for divination in the form of tarotology and cartomancy and, later, specialist packs were developed for such occult purposes.

Cartomancy type of divination

Cartomancy is fortune-telling or divination using a deck of cards. Forms of cartomancy appeared soon after playing cards were first introduced into Europe in the 14th century. Practitioners of cartomancy are generally known as cartomancers, card readers, or simply readers.

Contents

History

Antoine Court de Gebelin AntoineCourtdeGebelin.jpg
Antoine Court de Gébelin

One of the earliest reference to tarot triumphs, and probably the first reference to tarot as the devil's picture book, is given by a Dominican preacher in a fiery sermon against the evils of the devil's instrument. [1] References to the tarot as a social plague continue throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, but there are no indications that the cards were used for anything but games anywhere other than in Bologna. [2] As Dummett (1980: 96) notes, "...it was only in the 1780s, when the practice of fortune-telling with regular playing cards had been well established for at least two decades, that anyone began to use the tarot pack for cartomancy."

The belief in the divinatory meaning of the cards is closely associated with a belief in their occult properties: a commonly held belief in the 18th century propagated by prominent Protestant clerics and freemasons. [2] :96 One of them was Court de Gébelin (see below).

Divination attempt to gain insight into a question or situation by way of an occultic, standardized process or ritual

Divination is the attempt to gain insight into a question or situation by way of an occultic, standardized process or ritual. Used in various forms throughout history, diviners ascertain their interpretations of how a querent should proceed by reading signs, events, or omens, or through alleged contact with a supernatural agency.

The occult is "knowledge of the hidden" or "knowledge of the paranormal", as opposed to facts and "knowledge of the measurable", usually referred to as science. The term is sometimes taken to mean knowledge that "is meant only for certain people" or that "must be kept hidden", but for most practicing occultists it is simply the study of a deeper spiritual reality that extends pure reason and the physical sciences. The terms esoteric and arcane can also be used to describe the occult, in addition to their meanings unrelated to the supernatural.

From its humble uptake as an instrument of prophecy in France, the tarot went on to become a thing of hermeneutic, magical, mystical, [3] semiotic, [4] and even psychological properties. It was used by Romani people when telling fortunes, [5] as a Jungian psychological apparatus capable of tapping into "absolute knowledge in the unconscious", [6] a tool for archetypal analysis, [7] and even a tool for facilitating the Jungian process of Individuation. [8]

Hermeneutics is the theory and methodology of interpretation, especially the interpretation of biblical texts, wisdom literature, and philosophical texts.

Romani people ethnic group living mostly in Europe and the Americas

The Romani, colloquially known as Gypsies or Roma, are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group, traditionally itinerant, living mostly in Europe and the Americas and originating from the northern Indian subcontinent, from the Rajasthan, Haryana, and Punjab regions of modern-day India.

Carl Jung understood archetypes as universal, archaic patterns and images that derive from the collective unconscious and are the psychic counterpart of instinct. They are inherited potentials which are actualized when they enter consciousness as images or manifest in behavior on interaction with the outside world. They are autonomous and hidden forms which are transformed once they enter consciousness and are given particular expression by individuals and their cultures. In Jungian psychology, archetypes are highly developed elements of the collective unconscious. The existence of archetypes can only be deduced indirectly by using story, art, myths, religions, or dreams.

Court de Gébelin

Many involved in occult and divinatory practices attempt to trace the tarot to ancient Egypt, divine hermetic wisdom, [9] and the mysteries of Isis.

Ancient Egypt in the Western imagination

Egypt has had a legendary image in the Western world through the Greek and Hebrew traditions. Egypt was already ancient to outsiders, and the idea of Egypt has continued to be at least as influential in the history of ideas as the actual historical Egypt itself. All Egyptian culture was transmitted to Roman and post-Roman European culture through the lens of Hellenistic conceptions of it, until the decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphics by Jean-François Champollion in the 1820s rendered Egyptian texts legible, finally enabling an understanding of Egypt as the Egyptians themselves understood it.

Possibly the first of those was Antoine Court de Gébelin, a French clergyman, who wrote that after seeing a group of women playing cards he had the idea that tarot was not merely a game of cards but was in fact of ancient Egyptian origin, of mystical cabbalistic import, and of deep divine significance. De Gébelin published a dissertation on the origins of the symbolism in the tarot in volume VIII of work Le Monde primitif in 1781. He thought the tarot represented ancient Egyptian Theology, including Isis, Osiris and Typhon. For example, he thought the card he knew as the Papesse and known today as the High Priestess represented Isis. [10] He also related four tarot cards to the four Christian Cardinal virtues: Temperance, Justice, Strength and Prudence. [11] He relates The Tower to a Greek fable about avarice. [12]

Antoine Court de Gébelin French writer and scholar

Antoine Court, who named himself Antoine Court de Gébelin, was a former Protestant pastor, born at Nîmes, who initiated the interpretation of the Tarot as an arcane repository of timeless esoteric wisdom in 1781.

Isis goddess in ancient Egyptian religion

Isis was a major goddess in ancient Egyptian religion whose worship spread throughout the Greco-Roman world. Isis was first mentioned in the Old Kingdom as one of the main characters of the Osiris myth, in which she resurrects her slain husband, the divine king Osiris, and produces and protects his heir, Horus. She was believed to help the dead enter the afterlife as she had helped Osiris, and she was considered the divine mother of the pharaoh, who was likened to Horus. Her maternal aid was invoked in healing spells to benefit ordinary people. Originally, she played a limited role in royal rituals and temple rites, although she was more prominent in funerary practices and magical texts. She was usually portrayed in art as a human woman wearing a throne-like hieroglyph on her head. During the New Kingdom, as she took on traits that originally belonged to Hathor, the preeminent goddess of earlier times, Isis came to be portrayed wearing Hathor's headdress: a sun disk between the horns of a cow.

Cardinal virtues set of four virtues recognized in the writings of Classical Antiquity

Four cardinal virtues were recognized in the Bible, Old Testament, classical antiquity and in traditional Christian theology:

Although the ancient Egyptian language had not yet been deciphered, de Gébelin asserted the name "Tarot" came from the Egyptian words Tar, "path" or "road", and the word Ro, Ros or Rog, meaning "King" or "royal", and that the tarot literally translated to the Royal Road of Life. [13] Later Egyptologists found nothing in the Egyptian language to support de Gébelin's etymologies.[ citation needed ] Despite this lack of any evidence, the belief that the tarot cards are linked to the Egyptian Book of Thoth continues to the present day.

The actual source of the occult tarot can be traced to two articles in volume eight, one written by himself, and one written by M. le C. de M.***. [14] The second has been noted to have been even more influential than de Gébelin's. [2] The author takes de Gébelin's speculations even further, agreeing with him about the mystical origins of the tarot in ancient Egypt, but making several additional, and influential, statements that continue to influence mass understanding of the occult tarot even to this day.[ citation needed ] He makes the first statement proposing that the tarot is, in fact, The Book of Thoth, that it is associated with the Romani people (and that the Romani people were roaming Egyptians), and makes the first association of tarot with cartomancy.

Etteilla

The first to assign divinatory meanings to the tarot cards were cartomancer Jean-Baptiste Alliette (also known as Etteilla) in 1783 and Mlle Marie-Anne Adelaide Lenormand (1776–1843). [15] [16]

According to Dummett, Etteilla: [2]

Etteilla also:[ citation needed ]

Michael Dummett (1980) suggests that Etteilla was attempting to scoop Court de Gébelin as the author of the occult tarot.[ citation needed ] Etteilla in fact claimed to have been involved with tarot longer than Court de Gébelin. [2]

Marie Anne Lenormand

Mlle Marie-Anne Adelaide Lenormand outshone even Ettiella and was the first cartomancer to people in high places, being the personal confidant of Empress Josephine, Napoleon and other notables. [2] Lenormand used both regular playing cards, in particular the Piquet pack, as well as cards derived from Etteilla's Egyptian root. She was so famous that a deck was published in her name, the Grand Jeu de Mlle Lenormand, two years after her death in 1843.

Éliphas Lévi

The concept of the cards as a mystical key was extended by Éliphas Lévi (1810–1875[ citation needed ]). Lévi (whose given name was Alphonse-Louise Constance) was educated in the seminary of Saint-Sulpice, was ordained as a deacon, but never became a priest. Dummett (1980, p. 114) notes that it is from Lévi's book Dogme et rituel that the "whole of the modern occultist movement stems." Lévi wrote that an astral light is contained within all of reality,[ citation needed ] and according to Dummett (1980, p. 118), he claimed to be the first to

"have discovered intact and still unknown this key of all doctrines and all philosophies of the old world... without the tarot", he tells us, "the Magic of the ancients is a closed book...."

Lévi rejected Court de Gébelin's claims about an Egyptian origin of the deck symbols, going back instead to the Tarot de Marseille, calling it The Book of Hermes, claiming it was antique, that it existed before Moses, and that it was in fact a universal key of erudition, philosophy, and magic that could unlock Hermetic and Cabbalistic concepts. According to Lévi, "An imprisoned person with no other book than the Tarot, if he knew how to use it, could in a few years acquire universal knowledge, and would be able to speak on all subjects with unequaled learning and inexhaustible eloquence." [17]

According to Dummett, Lévi's notable contributions include:[ citation needed ]

Occultists, magicians, and magi all the way down to the 21st century have cited Lévi as a defining influence.[ citation needed ] This trend began immediately when Jean-Baptiste Pitois (1811), writing under the name Paul Christian, wrote L'Homme rouge (1863) and later Histoire de la magie, du monde surnaturel et de la fatalité à travers les temps et les peuples (1870). Christian repeats and extends the mythology of the tarot and changes the names for the trumps and the suits (see table below for a list of Christian's modifications to the trumps).[ citation needed ] Batons (wands) become Scepters, Swords become Blades, and Coins become Shekels. [18] In 1888 Ély Star published Mystères de l'horoscope which mostly repeats Christian's modifications. [19] Its primary contribution was the introduction of the terms 'Major arcana' and 'Minor arcana,' and the numbering of the Crocodile (the Fool) XXII instead of 0.[ citation needed ]

In 1887 the Marquis Stanislas de Guaita met the amateur artist Oswald Wirth (1860–1943) and subsequently sponsored a production of Lévi's intended deck. Guided entirely by de Guaita, Wirth designed the first neo-occultist cartomantic deck (and first cartomantic deck not derived from Ettielle's Egyptina deck). Known as the Arcanes du Tarot kabbalistique it consisted of only the twenty-two major arcana.

Use

Tarot is often used in conjunction with the study of the Hermetic Qabalah. [20] In these decks all the cards are illustrated in accordance with Qabalistic principles, most being influenced by the Rider-Waite deck. Its images were drawn by artist Pamela Colman Smith, to the instructions of Christian mystic and occultist Arthur Edward Waite and published in 1911. [21] Tarot is often used in conjunction with the study of the Hermetic Qabalah. [22] A difference from Marseilles style decks is that Waite-Smith use scenes with esoteric meanings on the suit cards.

Tarot cards have become extremely popular in Japan, where hundreds of new decks have been designed in recent years. [23]

Trumps

The following is a comparison of the order of the Major Trumps up to and including the A. E. Waite deck. This table is based on Dummett (1980) and actual inspection of the relevant decks.[ original research? ]

Tarot de Marseille [24] Court de Gébelin [25] [26] Etteilla's Egyptian tarot [27] Paul Christian's Egyptian tarot
(divinatory meaning in bold)		Oswald WirthGolden DawnA. E. WaiteBook of Thoth (Crowley)
1 – the Bateleur (Mountebank)BateleurIdeal/Wisdomthe Magus / WillMagician1 – The MagicianI – The MagicianI – The Magus
2 – the PopessHigh PriestessEnlightenment/PassionGate of the (occult) Sanctuary / KnowledgePriestess2 – The High PriestessII – The High PriestessII – The Priestess
3 – the EmpressEmpressDiscussion/InstabilityIsis – Urania / ActionEmpress3 – The EmpressIII – The EmpressIII – The Empress
4 – the EmperorEmperorRevelation/BehaviourCubic Stone / RealisationEmperor4 – The EmperorIV – The EmperorIV – The Emperor
5 – the PopeChief HierophantTravel/Country PropertyMaster of the Mysteries/Arcana / Occult InspirationHierophant5 – The HierophantV – The HierophantV – The Hierophant
6 – Love or the LoversMarriageSecrets/TruthsTwo Roads / OrdealLovers6 – The LoversVI – The LoversVI – The Lovers
7 – the ChariotOsiris TriumphantSupport/ProtectionChariot of Osiris / VictoryChariot7 – The ChariotVII – The ChariotVII – The Chariot
8 – JusticeJusticeTenacity/ProgressThemis (Scales and Blade) / EquilibriumJustice11 – JusticeXI – JusticeVIII – Adjustment
9 – the HermitWise ManJustice/Law-Makerthe Veiled Lamp / WisdomHermit9 – The HermitIX – The HermitIX – The Hermit
10 – Wheel of FortuneWheel of FortuneTemperance/Convictionsthe Sphinx / FortuneFortune10 – The Wheel of FortuneX – Wheel of FortuneX – Fortune
11 – FortitudeFortitudeStrength/Powerthe Muzzled(tamed) Lion / StrengthStrength8 – StrengthVIII – StrengthXI – Lust
12 – the Hanged ManPrudencePrudence/PopularityThe Sacrifice / SacrificeHanged Man12 – The Hanged ManXII – The Hanged ManXII – The Hanged Man
13 – DeathDeathMarriage/Love AffairThe Skeleton Reaper / TransformationDeath13 – DeathXIII – DeathXIII – Death
14 – TemperanceTemperanceViolence/Weaknessthe Two Urns (the genius of the sun) / InitiativeTemperance14 – TemperanceXIV – TemperanceXIV – Art
15 – the DevilTyphonChagrins/IllnessTyphon / FateDevil15 – The DevilXV – The DevilXV – The Devil
16 – the Towerthe Castle or PlutusOpinion/Arbitrationthe Beheaded Tower (Lightning Struck) / RuinTower16 – The TowerXVI – The TowerXVI – The Tower
17 – the StarSirius or the Dog StarDeath/IncapacityStar of the Magi / HopeStar17 – The StarXVII – The StarXVII – The Star
18 – the MoonMoonBetrayal/Falsehoodthe Twilight / DeceptionMoon18 – The MoonXVIII – The MoonXVIII – The Moon
19 – the SunSunPoverty/Prisonthe Blazing Light / (earthly) HappinessSun19 – The SunXIX – The SunXIX – The Sun
20 – Judgmentthe CreationFortune/Augmentationthe Awakening of the Dead / RenewalJudgement20 – JudgementXX – JudgementXX – The Aeon
21 – the WorldTimeLaw Suit/Legal Disputethe Crown of the Magi / RewardWorld21 – The UniverseXXI – The WorldXXI – The Universe
Le Mat (Fool)FoolMadness/Bewilderment0 the Crocodile (between 20 and 21) / ExpiationFool0 – The Fool0 – The Fool0 – The Fool

Personal use

Next to the usage of tarot cards to divine for others, usually for a fee, tarot is also used widely as a device for seeking personal advice and spiritual growth. Practitioners believe the simple-looking tarot card layouts can help the individual explore the depths and nodes of one’s spiritual path and discover a new realm of possibility for enrichment in regard to the inner self; whereas, professional tarot is often seen as charlatanism.

People who use the tarot for personal divination seek insight on topics ranging widely from health or economic issues to what they believe would be best for them spiritually. [28] Thus, the way practitioners use the cards in regard to such personal inquiries is subject to a variety of personal beliefs. For example, some tarot users may believe the cards themselves are magically providing answers, while others may believe a supernatural force or a mystical energy is guiding the cards into a layout.

Alternatively, some practitioners believe tarot cards may be a utilized as a psychology tool based on their archetypal imagery, an idea often attributed to Carl Jung. Jung wrote, "It also seems as if the set of pictures in the tarot cards were distantly descended from the archetypes of transformation, a view that has been confirmed for me in a very enlightening lecture by Professor Bernoulli." [29] . During a 1933 seminar on active imagination, Jung described the symbolism he saw in the imagery:

"The original cards of the Tarot consist of the ordinary cards, the king, the queen, the knight, the ace, etc., only the figures are somewhat different, and besides, there are twenty-one cards upon which are symbols, or pictures of symbolical situations. For example, the symbol of the sun, or the symbol of the man hung up by the feet, or the tower struck by lightning, or the wheel of fortune, and so on. Those are sort of archetypal ideas, of a differentiated nature, which mingle with the ordinary constituents of the flow of the unconscious, and therefore it is applicable for an intuitive method that has the purpose of understanding the flow of life, possibly even predicting future events, at all events lending itself to the reading of the conditions of the present moment." [30]

Criticism

Quoting the skeptic James Randi, "For use as a divinatory device, the tarot deck is dealt out in various patterns and interpreted by a gifted 'reader.' The fact that the deck is not dealt out into the same pattern fifteen minutes later is rationalized by the occultists by claiming that in that short span of time, a person's fortune can change, too. That would seem to call for rather frequent readings if the system is to be of any use whatsoever." [31]

See also

Related Research Articles

Minor Arcana

The Minor Arcana are the 56 suit cards of the 78-card deck of tarot cards. The Minor Arcana comprise four suits with 14 cards each. Although there are variations, the Minor Arcana commonly employ the Italo-Spanish suits: Wands, cups, swords, and pentacles. In contrast, the corresponding French suits are clubs (♣), hearts, spades (♠), and diamonds.

Major Arcana trump in the occult applications of tarot decks

The Major Arcana are the emblematic picture cards of a tarot deck. There are usually 22 of these trump cards found in a 78-card deck. The cards start at 0 and are numbered to 21.

<i>The Pictorial Key to the Tarot</i> book by Arthur Edward Waite

The Pictorial Key to the Tarot is A. E. Waite's guide to divinatory tarot, published in England in 1911 in conjunction with the Rider-Waite-Smith deck. Waite was very concerned with the accuracy of the symbols he used for his deck, and he did much research into the traditions, interpretations, and history behind the cards.

Etteilla French occultist

"Etteilla", the pseudonym of Jean-Baptiste Alliette, was the French occultist who was the first to popularise tarot divination to a wide audience (1785), and therefore the first professional tarot occultist known to history who made his living by card divination. Etteilla published his ideas of the correspondences between the tarot, astrology, and the four classical elements and four humors, and was the first to issue a revised tarot deck specifically designed for occult purposes (1791).

Tarot of Marseilles

The Tarot of Marseilles or Tarot of Marseille, also widely known by the French designation Tarot de Marseille, is one of the standard patterns for the design of tarot cards. It is a pattern from which many subsequent tarot decks derive.

Marie Anne Lenormand French professional fortune-teller

Marie Anne Adelaide Lenormand (1772–1843) was a French professional fortune-teller of considerable fame during the Napoleonic era. In France, Lenormand is considered the greatest cartomancer of all time, highly influential on the wave of French cartomancy that began in the late 18th century.

Oswald Wirth Swiss occultist

Joseph Paul Oswald Wirth was a Swiss occultist, artist and author. He studied esotericism and symbolism with Stanislas de Guaita and in 1889 he created, under the guidance of de Guaita, a cartomantic Tarot consisting only of the twenty-two major arcana. Known as the "Arcanes du Tarot kabbalistique", it followed the designs of the Tarot de Marseille closely but introduced several alterations, incorporating extant occult symbolism into the cards. The Wirth/de Guaita deck is significant in the history of the occult tarot for being the first in a long line of occult, cartomantic, and initiatory decks.

Four of Wands playing card

Four of Wands is a card used in Latin suited playing cards which include tarot decks. It is part of what tarot card readers call the "Minor Arcana".

Eight of Wands playing card

Eight of Wands is a Minor Arcana Tarot card. In the Rider-Waite deck, the card shows eight diagonal staves of staggered length angled across an open landscape with river, as designed by artist Pamela Colman Smith.

Ten of Cups playing card

Ten of Cups is a Minor Arcana tarot card.

King of Cups playing card

King of Cups is a card used in suited playing cards which include tarot decks. It is part of what esotericists call the Minor Arcana. Tarot cards are used throughout much of Europe to play Tarot card games.

Knight of Swords playing card

Knight of Swords is a card used in Latin suited playing cards which include tarot decks. It is part of what tarot card readers call the "Minor Arcana".

Suit of swords playing card suit

The Suit of Swords is one of the four suits of the Minor Arcana in a 78-card tarot deck. It is used in Latin suited playing cards, such Spanish, Italian and tarot decks. Like the other tarot suits, it contains fourteen cards: ace (one), two through ten, page, knight, queen and king. The suit represents the Second Estate.

Tarot Nouveau tarot card deck used in France

The Tarot Nouveau, French Tarot Nouveau or Bourgeois Tarot deck is a pattern of tarot cards. As such it differs from those tarot decks used in fortune-telling, such as the Tarot of Marseilles and Rider-Waite decks, in that the Tarot Nouveau is designed solely for playing the various tarot card games for which the 78-card tarot deck was originally devised, such as the game of French Tarot. In the French language, this deck is often called the tarot à jouer or playing tarot. This usage is distinct from cartomancy and other divinatory purposes, for which the tarot is most commonly known outside Continental Europe. This deck is most commonly found in France, Wallonia, Romandy, Québec, and Denmark.

Tarot card games class of card games played with a tarot card deck

Tarot games, occasionally called tarock games, are card games played with tarot decks, also known as Tarock decks. The basic rules first appeared in the manuscript of Martiano da Tortona, written before 1425. The games, known as "tarot", "tarock", "tarocco" and other spellings, are known in many variations, mostly cultural and regional.

Tarocco Bolognese

The Tarocco Bolognese is a tarot deck found in Bologna and is used to play tarocchini. It is a 62 card Italian suited deck which influenced the development of the Tarocco Siciliano and the obsolete Minchiate deck.

The Fool (Tarot card) card in a Tarot deck

The Fool or The Jester is one of the 78 cards in a Tarot deck. In occult tarot, it is one of the 22 Major Arcana, sometimes numbered as 0 or XXII. However, in decks designed for playing traditional Tarot card games, it is typically unnumbered, as it is not one of the 21 trump cards and instead serves a unique purpose by itself.

References

  1. ↑ R. Steele. A notice of the Ludus Triumphorum and Some Early Italian Card Games: With Some Remarks on the Origin of the Game of Cards,' Archaeologia, vol LVII, 1900. pp. 185–200
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Michael Dummett. The Game of Tarot. London: Duckworth, 1980. ISBN   0715631225
  3. ↑ P.D. Ouspensky. The Symbolism of the Tarot: philosophy of occultism in pictures and numbers. Dover Publications. 1976
  4. ↑ Inna Semetsky. Tarot images and spiritual education: the three I’s model. International Journal of Children’s Spirituality. 16(3): 249–260. 2011
  5. ↑ Eliphas Levi. The Key of the Mysteries. Translated by Aleister Crowley. Red Wheel/Weiser. 2002 ISBN   0877280789
  6. ↑ John Beeb. A Tarot Reading on the Possibility of Nuclear War. Psychological Perspectives: A Quarterly Journal of Jungian Thought. 16(1): 97–106. pp. 97
  7. ↑ Sallie Nichols. The Wisdom of the Fool. Psychological Perspective: A Quarterly Journal of Jungian Thought. 5(2): 97–116. 1974
  8. ↑ Salie Nichols. Jung and Tarot: An Archetypal Journey. San Francisco: Weiser Books. Also Inna Semetsky. When Cathy was a Little Girl: The Healing Praxis of Tarot Images. International Journal of Children's Spirituality. 15(1): 59–72. 2010. pp. 59
  9. ↑ Ronald Decker and Michael Dummett. A history of the occult tarot, 1870–1970. London: Duckworth, 2002. ISBN   0715610147.
  10. ↑ Court de Gébelin, Antoine (1781), Le Monde Primitif volume viii, p. 370
  11. ↑ Court de Gébelin, Antoine (1781), Le Monde Primitif volume viii, p. 371
  12. ↑ Court de Gébelin, Antoine (1781), Le Monde Primitif volume viii, p. 376
  13. ↑ Court de Gébelin, Antoine (1781), Le Monde Primitif volume viii, p. 380
  14. ↑ The asterix and the abbreviations are the actual way Court de Gébelin refers to the second essay. As Dummett (1980) notes, Mr Robin Briggs identifies the contributor as Louis-Raphael-Lucrece de Fayolle, Comte de Mellet. Louis was a brigadier, governor, and "unremarkable court noble."
  15. ↑ Ronald Decker and Michael Dummett, History of the Occult Tarot, London: Duckworth, 2002 ISBN   978-0715631225
  16. ↑ Robert Place, The Tarot: History, Symbolism, and Divination, New York: Tarcher/Penguin, 2005 ISBN   978-1585423491
  17. ↑ Eliphas Lévi. Transcendental Magic. p. 103
  18. ↑ Dummett (1980) singles out Christian's writing as one of the worst examples of what he calls false ascription to be found in the occult literature.
  19. ↑ Arcana in the Adytum by Mary K. Greer.
  20. ↑ Israel Regardie, The Tree of Life, (London, Rider, 1932)
  21. ↑ Waite, Arthur Edward (1911). The Pictorial Key to the Tarot. London: W. Rider. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
  22. ↑ Israel Regardie, The Tree of Life, (London, Rider, 1932)
  23. ↑ Miller, Laura (2011). "Tantalizing tarot and cute cartomancy in Japan". Japanese Studies. 31 (1): 73–91. doi:10.1080/10371397.2011.560659.
  24. ↑ "Queen of Tarot".
  25. ↑ "Queen of Tarot".
  26. ↑ Court de Gébelin is the first to attempt to provide the correct order and nomenclature for the tarot trumps. See Michael Dummett. The Game of Tarot. London: Duckworth, 1980. ISBN   0715631225
  27. ↑ Etteilla's tarot is the first cartomantic tarot, thus the broken nomenclature that bears little resemblance to that which comes before! The imagery of Ettiella's Egyptian Tarot is similar to Tarot de Marseille, but he breaks the ordering significantly putting, for example, the imagery of the Sun (traditionally triumph 19) as triumph 1. This interested in viewing the images by do so by visiting this link
  28. ↑ van Rijn, Bastiaan Benjamin (September 2017). "The Mind Behind the Cards" . Retrieved 31 July 2017.
  29. ↑ (CW, 9.1, p.38)
  30. ↑ Visions: Notes of the Seminar given in 1930–1934 by C. G. Jung, edited by Claire Douglas. Vol. 2. (Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, Bollingen Series XCIX, 1997), p. 923
  31. ↑ Randi, James. "Tarot cards". James Randi Educational Foundation. Archived from the original on 2013-05-14. Retrieved 2019-07-03.
  32. ↑ Levy, Ariel (18 April 2016). "Beautiful Monsters". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2017-03-28.
  33. ↑ Vincent Cespedes, ″Philosopher est-il jouer ?″ (″Philosophy, is it playing?″), Libération, Nov. 2011.
  34. ↑ "Fool's Gold: Cliff Johnson Puts His Money Where His Mouth Is". Wired. 2012-10-29. Retrieved 24 January 2018.


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