Extreme cinema

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A set of props used in the production of the Saw films, which are notorious for depicting extreme graphic violence Saw movie series props (5134032571).jpg
A set of props used in the production of the Saw films, which are notorious for depicting extreme graphic violence

Extreme cinema (or hardcore horror and extreme horror [1] [2] ) is a subgenre used for films distinguished by its use of excessive sex and violence, and depiction of extreme acts such as mutilation and torture. The rising popularity of Asian films in the 21st century has contributed to the growth of extreme cinema, although extreme cinema is still considered to be a horror film-based genre. [3] Being a relatively recent genre, extreme cinema is controversial and widely unaccepted by the mainstream media. [4] Extreme cinema films target a specific and small audience group. [5]

Contents

History

The history of extreme cinema can be traced back to censorship of art films and advertising tactics for classical exploitation films to Anglophone markets alongside later liberal representations of sex in the first half of the 20th century onwards. [6]

The name "extreme cinema" originated from a "line of Asian films that share a combination of sensational features, such as extreme violence, horror and shocking plots". [7] Extreme cinema can be rooted as "Asian Extreme", the term for Japanese and other Asian films used to its excessive nature. Early examples of Asian Extreme such as Ring (1998) and Battle Royale (2000). [8]

Notable films

TitleYearRef.
A Serbian Film 2010 [9] [10] [11] [12] [13]
August Underground 2001 [14] [15]
August Underground's Mordum 2003 [16] [17] [18]
August Underground's Penance 2007 [19] [1] [20]
Act of Vengeance 1974 [21]
Angst 1983 [22]
Antichrist 2009 [23] [24]
Audition 1999 [25] [12]
Auschwitz 2011 [26]
Bandit Queen 1994 [27]
Begotten 1989 [26] [23]
Benny's Video 1992 [26]
Black Friday 2004 [28]
Blood Feast 1963 [26] [1]
Caligula (unrated version)1979 [26]
Caligula... The Untold Story 1982 [29]
Cannibal Holocaust 1980 [30] [31] [32] [33] [12]
The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover 1989 [34]
Cannibal 2006 [35]
Crash 1996 [26] [36]
The Devils 1971 [26] [37]
Dogtooth 2009 [25] [12]
Dogville 2003 [38]
Faces of Death 1978 [29] [23]
Fat Girl 2001 [39]
Flower Of Flesh And Blood 1985 [40]
Frontier(s) 2007 [41] [42] [43]
Freaks 1932 [44] [45]
Funny Games 1997 [25] [46] [12]
Gandu 2010 [47]
Grotesque 2009 [48]
Gummo 1997 [49]
The Green Elephant 1999 [50]
Hacksaw 2020 [51]
Hated: GG Allin and the Murder Junkies 1994 [29]
Hellraiser 1987 [29]
Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer 1986 [52] [53]
Hostel 2005 [29]
The House That Jack Built 2018 [54]
The Human Centipede 2009 [29] [55]
I Spit on Your Grave 1978 [29]
I Stand Alone 1998 [1]
Ichi the Killer 2001 [56] [57]
The Idiots 1998 [58]
Ilsa: She Wolf of the SS 1975 [29]
Infinity Pool 2023 [59] [60]
À L'Intérieur 2007 [61]
In the Realm of the Senses 1976 [62] [12]
Irréversible 2002 [29] [12]
Julien Donkey-Boy 1999 [49]
Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love 1996 [63]
The Kashmir Files 2022 [64]
Kinatay 2009 [65]
The Machine Girl 2008 [66]
Maniac 1980 [67] [68]
Man Bites Dog 1992 [69]
Mark of the Devil 1970 [69]
Men Behind The Sun Quadriology 1988-1995 [70] [71] [72] [73]
Melancholie der Engel 2009 [74] [75] [76]
Martyrs 2008 [9] [11] [13]
Masking Threshold 2021 [77] [78] [79]
Matrubhoomi 2003 [80]
Megan is Missing 2011 [81] [82]
Multiple Maniacs 1970 [83] [84]
Mysterious Skin 2004 [69]
Naked Blood 1996 [85]
Natural Born Killers 1994 [86] [87]
Nekromantik 1987 [69] [88]
Oedipus Rex 1967 [69]
Oldboy 2003 [46] [89] [12] [1]
Paanch 2003 [90]
The Passion of the Christ 2004 [91] [92] [93]
Pieces 1982 [94] [95]
Pigsty 1969 [69]
Philosophy of a Knife 2008 [96] [97] [98]
Pink Flamingos 1972 [69] [99] [12]
The Poughkeepsie Tapes 2007 [69]
Poultrygeist: Night of the Chicken Dead 2006 [69]
Rambo 4 2008 [69]
Re-Animator 1985 [69]
Relic 2020 [100]
Requiem for a Dream 2000 [69]
The Revenant 2015 [55]
Saani Kaayidham 2022 [101]
Schramm 1993 [102] [103]
Snuff 102 2007 [104] [105]
The Sadness 2021 [106] [13]
Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom 1975 [31] [107] [12] [13]
Saw 2004 [108] [1]
Sick: The Life and Death of Bob Flanagan, Supermasochist 1997 [108]
Snuff 1976 [1]
Stille Nacht 1969 [108]
The Substance 2024 [109]
Suicide Club 2001 [56]
Subconscious Cruelty 2000 [110] [111]
Sweet Movie 1974 [108]
Taxidermia 2006 [11]
Tetsuo: The Iron Man 1989 [112]
Thanatomorphose 2012 [113] [114]
Thriller: A Cruel Picture 1973 [108]
Trash Humpers 2009 [49]
Tumbling Doll Of Flesh 1998 [115] [116]
Un Chien Andalou 1929 [108]
Vase de Noces 1974 [108]
What is It? 2005 [117]
Where the Dead Go to Die 2012 [108]
Who's Watching Oliver 2018 [118]

Notable directors

Controversy and legacy

Extreme cinema is highly criticized and debated by film critics and the general public. There have been debates over the hypersexualization that makes these films a threat to the 'mainstream' community standards. [132]

There has also been criticism over the increasing use of violence in modern-day films. Ever since the emergence of slasher-gore films in the 1970s, the rising popularity of extreme cinema has contributed to the casual violence in popular media. [133] Some criticize the easy exposure and unintended targeting of adolescents by extreme cinema films. [134]

Both Freaks and Pink Flamingos are inducted into the National Film Registry. [135] Requiem for a Dream and Oldboy were named on the BBC's 100 Greatest Films of the 21st Century. [136] The behind-the-scenes look at Cannibal Holocaust was the subject of a Season 2 episode of the documentary series Cursed Films . [137] [138]

See also

Related Research Articles

A snuff film, snuff movie, or snuff video is a theoretical type of film, produced for profit or financial gain, that shows, or purports to show, scenes of actual homicide. The victims are supposedly typically lured to their murders by false pretenses and their murder is then filmed and the video depicting it is sold to buyers.

<i>Cannibal Holocaust</i> 1980 Italian horror film directed by Ruggero Deodato

Cannibal Holocaust is a 1980 Italian cannibal film directed by Ruggero Deodato and written by Gianfranco Clerici. It stars Robert Kerman as Harold Monroe, an anthropologist who leads a rescue team into the Amazon rainforest to locate a crew of filmmakers that have gone missing while filming a documentary on local cannibal tribes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Splatter film</span> Horror genre

A splatter film is a subgenre of horror films that deliberately focuses on graphic portrayals of gore and graphic violence. These films, usually through the use of special effects, display a fascination with the vulnerability of the human body and the theatricality of its mutilation. The term "splatter cinema" was coined by George A. Romero to describe his film Dawn of the Dead, though Dawn of the Dead is generally considered by critics to have higher aspirations, such as social commentary, than to be simply exploitative for its own sake.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Exploitation film</span> Informal film genre

An exploitation film is a film that tries to succeed financially by exploiting current trends, niche genres, or lurid content. Exploitation films are generally low-quality "B movies", though some set trends, attract critical attention, become historically important, and even gain a cult following.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ruggero Deodato</span> Italian film director and screenwriter (1939–2022)

Ruggero Deodato was an Italian film director, screenwriter, and actor.

Cannibal films, alternatively known as the cannibal genre or the cannibal boom, are a subgenre of horror films made predominantly by Italian filmmakers during the 1970s and 1980s. This subgenre is a collection of graphically violent movies that usually depict cannibalism by primitive, Stone Age natives deep within the Asian or South American rainforests. While cannibalism is the uniting feature of these films, the general emphasis focuses on various forms of shocking, realistic and graphic violence, typically including torture, rape and genuine cruelty to animals. This subject matter was often used as the main advertising draw of cannibal films in combination with exaggerated or sensational claims regarding the films' reputations.

<i>Aftermath</i> (1994 film) 1994 Spanish short film by Nacho Cerdà

Aftermath is a 1994 Spanish horror short film written and directed by Nacho Cerdà. It stars Pep Tosar, Jordi Tarrida, Ángel Tarris, and Xevi Collellmir. The film contains no spoken dialogue, and follows an unnamed morgue worker, played by Tosar, as he mutilates and has sex with the dead body of a woman named Marta. It is the middle installment in a thematic trilogy of short films by Cerdà, being preceded by The Awakening in 1991 and proceeded by Genesis in 1998.

<i>Zombie Holocaust</i> 1980 Italian film

Zombie Holocaust is a 1980 Italian horror film directed by Marino Girolami. The film is about a team of scientists who follow a trail of corpses in New York to a remote Indonesian island where they meet a mad doctor who performs experiments on both the living and dead in his laboratory. The team face both zombies and cannibals in an attempt to stop the doctor. The film was re-edited and released theatrically in the United States in 1982 under the title Doctor Butcher M.D.

<i>Martyrs</i> (2008 film) 2008 psychological horror film written and directed by Pascal Laugier

Martyrs is a 2008 French-language psychological horror film written and directed by Pascal Laugier, and starring Mylène Jampanoï, Morjana Alaoui, and Catherine Bégin. It follows a young woman's quest to seek revenge against individuals who abducted and tortured her as a child, and her friend, also a victim of abuse.

New French Extremity describes a range of French transgressive films made at the turn of the 21st century that sparked controversy, and provoked significant debate and discussion. They were notable for including graphic images of violence, especially sexual violence and rape, as well as explicit sexual imagery.

<i>August Underground</i> 2001 American exploitation horror film directed by Fred Vogel

August Underground is a 2001 American exploitation horror film directed by Fred Vogel, who co-wrote it with Allen Peters. The film stars Vogel as a serial killer named Peter, who kidnaps and kills several innocent people, while his unnamed accomplice, played by Peters, films and documents the murders.

<i>Maniac</i> (2012 film) 2012 French psychological slasher film directed by Franck Khalfoun

Maniac is a 2012 psychological slasher film directed by Franck Khalfoun, written by Alexandre Aja and Grégory Levasseur, and starring Elijah Wood and Nora Arnezeder. It is a remake of the 1980 film of the same name, and follows the violent exploits of a brutal serial killer.

<i>Terror Trap</i> 2010 American film

Terror Trap, is a 2010 American horror film. It was written and directed by Dan Garcia. Filming took place in Louisiana. The film stars David James Elliott, Michael Madsen and Jeff Fahey. Movie tagline is "Once you check in, there's no escape...". The film is similar to the 2008 film, Vacancy which also features a couple being terrorized by a motel's owner and his employees while being recorded.

<i>Cannibalism: The Last Supper</i> 2002 American film

Cannibalism is a 2002 pornographic horror film written and directed by Lizzy Borden.

The Mason Brothers is a 2017 American crime drama film written, directed by and starring Keith Sutliff. It also stars Brandon Sean Pearson, Matthew Webb, Tim Park, Julien Cesario, and Carlotta Montanari.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Body horror</span> Subgenre of horror fiction

Body horror, or biological horror, is a subgenre of horror fiction that intentionally showcases grotesque or psychologically disturbing violations of the human body or of another creature. These violations may manifest through aberrant sex, mutations, mutilation, zombification, gratuitous violence, disease, or unnatural movements of the body. Body horror was a description originally applied to an emerging subgenre of North American horror films, but has roots in early Gothic literature and has expanded to include other media.

<i>Nightmare Cinema</i> 2018 American horror anthology film

Nightmare Cinema is a 2018 American horror anthology film featuring work by directors Alejandro Brugués, Joe Dante, Mick Garris, Ryūhei Kitamura, and David Slade.

Hall, also stylized as HALL, is a 2020 Canadian mystery horror film that was directed by Francesco Giannini.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mario Cerrito</span> American filmmaker

Mario Cerrito is an American filmmaker, writer and producer most closely associated with the horror genre. He is best known for his film trilogy, Human Hibachi, Human Hibachi 2: Feast in The Forest and Human Hibachi: The Beginning. Each film won a Best Film award at the New Jersey Horror Con and Film Festival in Atlantic City and were released by Troma Entertainment.

Butcher Boys is a 2012 American horror cannibal film written and produced by Kim Henkel, who co-created 1974's The Texas Chain Saw Massacre with Tobe Hooper. The film was directed by Duane Graves and Justin Meeks. It was originally titled Boneboys.

References

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  2. ↑ "Extreme horror". The Michigan Daily. October 24, 2024.
  3. ↑ "The Most Disturbing Movies of All Time". Complex Networks.
  4. ↑ Dirks, Tim (9 February 2016). "100 Most Controversial Films of All Time". Filmsite.
  5. ↑ gtr.rcuk.ac.uk
  6. ↑ Frey, Mattias (15 March 2016). Extreme Cinema: The Transgressive Rhetoric of Today's Art Film Culture. Rutgers University Press. ISBN   9780813576527 – via Google Books.
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  8. ↑ "10 great Japanese films of the 21st century". BFI. 10 September 2015. Retrieved 2022-07-02.
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  10. ↑ "Extreme Cinema". Edinburgh University Press Books.
  11. 1 2 3 4 The 30 Most Extreme Movies of the 21st Century So Far « Taste of Cinema
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 10 essential films from the 'Extreme Cinema' genre|Far Out Magazine
  13. 1 2 3 4 Mainstream Extreme: How 2022 Made "Disturbing" Popular – Fangoria
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  16. ↑ "Special Mention (Most Extreme Movies)". thelastexit.net. The Worldwide Celluloid Massacre. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
  17. ↑ "Film Censorship: M #3". refused-classification.com. Refused Classification. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
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  22. ↑ 10 Extreme Horror Movies That Try To Break Their Audience - WhatCulture.com
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  27. ↑ Bandit Queen (1995)|Roger Ebert
  28. ↑ Black Friday is grim yet great|Rediff.com
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Extreme Cinema: List of Disturbing Films Compendium E-K". 27 July 2019.
  30. ↑ "Extreme Cinema: Top 25 Most Disturbing Films of all time – part2". 23 August 2010.
  31. 1 2 3 "Cultivating Extreme Art Cinema". Edinburgh University Press Books.
  32. ↑ Extreme Cinema – Cannibal Holocaust (1980) – Flickering Myth
  33. ↑ Ruggero Deodato, Director Of The Controversial Horror Film Cannibal Holocaust, Dies At 83|/Film
  34. ↑ The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover (1989)|Roger Ebert
  35. ↑ Weinberg, Scott (2006-12-05). "Cannibal". DVD Talk . Retrieved 2014-01-16.
  36. ↑ Extreme Cinema – David Cronenberg's Crash (1996) – Flickering Myth
  37. ↑ (Butcher Block) Ken Russel's Controversial 'The Devils' Is a Holy Trinity of Sex, Violence and Religion – Bloody Disgusting
  38. 1 2 3 4 The New Extremism in Cinema: From France to Europe - Google Books
  39. 1 2 3 Genre Trouble and Extreme Cinema: Film Theory at the Fringes of Contemporary Art Cinema - Google Books
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  41. ↑ Dargis, Manohla (9 May 2008). "After Making It Out of Paris, Finding There's No Escape". The New York Times . Archived from the original on 1 June 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
  42. ↑ Ridley, Jim (14 September 1972). "Xavier Gens's Frontière(s)". The Village Voice . Archived from the original on 22 October 2008. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  43. ↑ Anderson, John (17 September 2007). "Frontier(s)". Variety . Archived from the original on 13 November 2012.
  44. ↑ "Freaks's censorship".
  45. ↑ "Freaks 1932".
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  47. ↑ Gandu – Variety
  48. ↑ "Bathed in Blood: Director Koji Shiraishi's torture-porn flick Grotesque gets banned in Britain—and ignites a debate about Japan's splatter-film boom". Metropolis Magazine. September 24, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
  49. 1 2 3 4 Trash Humpers: How a Stupid Comedy Premise Became a Truly Disturbing Movie - MovieWeb
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  51. ↑ "Hacksaw (2020) Review". 8 January 2021.
  52. ↑ Extreme Cinema – Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer – Flickering Myth
  53. ↑ (Butcher Block) The Uncomfortable Realism of 'Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer' – Bloody Disgusting
  54. ↑ Extreme Cinema – The House That Jack Built (2018) – Flickering Myth
  55. 1 2 The birth of "extreme cinema": "The Revenant" is an endurance test of suffering for Leonardo DiCaprio -- and moviegoers. But for what?|Salon.com
  56. 1 2 "5 Examples Of Extreme Japanese Cinema That Will Freak You Out". Monkey Fighting Robots. July 6, 2016.
  57. ↑ How Ichi the Killer brought ultra-violence to the mainstream – BBC Culture
  58. ↑ Extreme Cinema – The Idiots (1998) – Flickering Myth
  59. ↑ Infinity Pool Review – An Imperfect Experiment in Extreme Cinema – The Curb
  60. ↑ ‘Infinity Pool’ Review: Extreme Sci-Fi Tale Squanders a Promising Premise – TheWrap
  61. ↑ "Blody Disgusting's top 20 films". 17 December 2009.
  62. ↑ "Extreme Asian Horror – Cat III Asian Films". horrornews.net. 26 February 2019.
  63. ↑ Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love (1997)|Roger Ebert
  64. ↑ The Kashmir Files director Vivek Agnihotri: Glamourising extreme violence in cinema is considered talent|Bollywood – The Hindustan Times
  65. ↑ Extreme cinema: the transgressive rhetoric of today's art film culture 2015021892 ... – EBIN.PUB
  66. ↑ "Extreme Cinema in Asia".
  67. ↑ Extreme Cinema – Maniac (1980) – Flickering Myth
  68. ↑ (Butcher Block) Tom Savini's Gore Effects of 'Maniac' – Bloody Disgusting
  69. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "Extreme Cinema: List of Disturbing Films Compendium L-R". 30 July 2019.
  70. ↑ "Man Behind the Sun 1 & 2". Refused-Classification.com. Retrieved 2006-12-16.
  71. ↑ Hicks, Jess (2016-12-20). "The Awful Truth Of MEN BEHIND THE SUN". Birth.Movies.Death. Retrieved 2020-10-31.
  72. ↑ "Man Behind the Sun (18)". British Board of Film Classification . August 22, 1988. Retrieved February 4, 2019.
  73. ↑ Hawker, Philippa (2004-04-23). "The Man Behind the Sun". The Age. Retrieved 2009-01-03.
  74. ↑ Leonard, Sean (5 February 2020). "Film Review: Melancholie der Engel (2009)". HorrorNews.net. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
  75. ↑ Casta, Ray (11 April 2011). "Melancholie der Engel (The Angels' Melancholy) Review! – Severed Cinema". Severed Cinema.com. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
  76. ↑ Lawrence, Gregory (31 July 2020). "The Most Disturbing Movies of All Time (Y'know, Some Light Reading!)". Collider.com. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
  77. ↑ Interview with Johannes Grenzfurthner on quepeliverehoy.es; 22 November 2021
  78. ↑ "Masking Threshold: A True Macro Exploration of Existential, Ringing Madness" (iHorror); 26 September 2021
  79. ↑ "Masking Threshold: Obsession Takes Hold In This Brutal Horror Film"; review in: Film Inquiry, 26 October 2021
  80. ↑ A Nation Without Women (2003) – Moria
  81. ↑ Megan Is Missing (Movie Review)|Bloody Good Horror
  82. ↑ Some movies blur the line between shock and trauma. Here's why that's problematic. - The Diamondback
  83. ↑ Top Gross-Out Moments in John Waters Films – Antigravity Magazine
  84. ↑ Multiple Maniacs – DVD Talk
  85. ↑ Firsching, Robert. "Megyaku: Naked Blood". Allmovie . Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  86. ↑ Exploring the Popularity of Squid Game — When Extreme Goes Mainstream
  87. ↑ Extreme Cinema – Natural Born Killers – Flickering Myth
  88. ↑ Extreme Cinema – Nekromantik – Flickering Myth
  89. ↑ Extreme Cinema|Rutgers University Press
  90. ↑ Anurag Kashyap’s Paanch Movie Review: Flash of Brilliance – madaboutmoviez.in
  91. ↑ Sanburn, Josh (September 2, 2010). "Top 10 Ridiculously Violent Movies". Time . Retrieved February 18, 2023.
  92. ↑ Ebert, Roger (February 24, 2004). "The Passion of the Christ". Chicago Sun-Times . Retrieved February 18, 2023.
  93. ↑ Why Passion Of The Christ Was So Controversial - Screen Rant
  94. ↑ (Butcher Block) Going to 'Pieces' Over J. Piquer Simon's Gory Slasher – Bloody Disgusting
  95. ↑ Extreme Cinema – Pieces (1982) – Flickering Myth
  96. ↑ "Andrey Iskanov". Philosophy of a Knife. The Worldwide Celluloid Massacre. Retrieved November 15, 2012.
  97. ↑ "Foreign Objects: Philosophy of a Knife". Film School Rejects. 2008-09-17. Retrieved 2019-05-09.
  98. ↑ Johnson, Scott (5 July 2008). "Philosophy of a Knife (2008)". dreadcentral.com. Dread Central . Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  99. ↑ 10 Midnight Movies That Made History – MovieWeb
  100. ↑ What to watch at LFF: New extreme cinema|London Film Festival 2020|BFI
  101. ↑ Keerthy Suresh, Selvaraghavan are terrific in this bloody, yet focused revenge drama
  102. ↑ "Schramm".
  103. ↑ "Extreme Cinema - Schramm".
  104. ↑ "Snuff 102".
  105. ↑ "Top 25 Most Disturbibg Horror Films".
  106. ↑ 'The Sadness' Review – Gory Virus Movie Goes for the Jugular With Transgressive, Extreme Horror|Bloody Disgusting
  107. ↑ Extreme Cinema – Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom – Flickering Myth
  108. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Extreme Cinema: List of Disturbing Films Compendium S-Z". August 2019.
  109. ↑ The extreme body horror film prompting mass cinema walkouts around the world|The Independent
  110. ↑ Condit, Jon (2004). "Subconscious Cruelty (1999)". Dread Central.com. Jon Condit. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
  111. ↑ "Subconscious Cruelty".
  112. ↑ (Butcher Block) Cyberpunk and Body Horror Collide in 'Tetsuo: The Iron Man' – Bloody Disgusting
  113. ↑ "Thanatomorphose".
  114. ↑ "Thanatomorphose".
  115. ↑ "Fright Fest". International Business Times . 13 March 2015.
  116. ↑ "Most Extreme Japanese Horror movies". 3 January 2024.
  117. ↑ Goodbye, McFly: Crispin Glover's 'It' Trilogy and the Cinema of Reaction – Senses of Cinema
  118. ↑ "Who's Watching Oliver (2017) Review". 1 July 2017.
  119. 1 2 "Against Happiness – Los Angeles Review of Books". 23 September 2015.
  120. ↑ Extreme Cinema – Gaspar Noé’s Irreversible – Flickering Myth
  121. ↑ Repp, Mark (14 May 2015). "The 30 Most Extreme Movies of The 21st Century So Far". Taste of Cinema – Movie Reviews and Classic Movie Lists. Retrieved 2022-07-02.
  122. ↑ Extreme Cinema: The Most Shocking Movies Of All Time – Flickering Myth
  123. ↑ Eaker, Alfred (2015-07-02). "JOHN WATERS' MULTIPLE MANIACS (1970)". 366 Weird Movies. Retrieved 2022-07-02.
  124. ↑ "John Waters brings back Multiple Maniacs: 'Of course I went a little too far'". The Guardian. 2016-08-03. Retrieved 2022-07-02.
  125. ↑ "Extreme Cinema – The Last House on the Left (1972)". Flickering Myth. 2020-05-01. Retrieved 2022-07-02.
  126. ↑ Nicodemo, Timothy (21 August 2013). The New French Extremity: Bruno Dumont and Gaspar Noé, France's Contemporary Zeitgeist (Thesis).
  127. ↑ When Takashi Miike Heard He Could Do 'Anything' For Masters Of Horror, He Put That To The Test|/Film
  128. ↑ One of the World's Most Extreme Horror Movie Directors Made a 19-Minute Film for Apple|Gizmodo
  129. ↑ Sex and Violence: Journey into Extreme Cinema – Offscreen
  130. ↑ (Butcher Block) Eli Roth’s Flesh-Eating Viral Frenzy ‘Cabin Fever’ – Bloody Disgusting
  131. ↑ The 30 Most Extreme Movies of the 21st Century So Far « Taste of Cinema
  132. ↑ Pett, Emma (2 January 2015). "A new media landscape? The BBFC, extreme cinema as cult, and technological change". New Review of Film and Television Studies. 13 (1): 83–99. doi:10.1080/17400309.2014.982910. S2CID   146431677.
  133. ↑ Sapolsky, Burry S.; Molitor, Fred; Luque, Sarah (March 2003). "Sex and Violence in Slasher Films: Re-examining the Assumptions". Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. 80 (1): 28–38. doi:10.1177/107769900308000103. S2CID   143908234.
  134. ↑ Sargent, James D; Heatherton, Todd F; Ahrens, M.Bridget; Dalton, Madeline A; Tickle, Jennifer J; Beach, Michael L (December 2002). "Adolescent exposure to extremely violent movies". Journal of Adolescent Health. 31 (6): 449–454. doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(02)00399-3. PMID   12457577.
  135. ↑ Brief Descriptions and Expanded Essays of National Film Registry Titles|Library of Congress
  136. ↑ The 21st Century's 100 greatest films – BBC Culture
  137. ↑ Romanchick, Shane (March 25, 2022). "'Cursed Films' Season 2 Trailer Reveals More Mysteries and Oddities From Famous Films". Collider.
  138. ↑ Cursed Films' Episodes, Ranked - MovieWeb

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