Ganoderma applanatum

Last updated

Artist's bracket
Ganoderma applanatum 2010 G1.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Polyporales
Family: Ganodermataceae
Genus: Ganoderma
Species:
G. applanatum
Binomial name
Ganoderma applanatum
Synonyms
  • Boletus applanatus
  • Elfvingia applanata
  • Fomes applanatus
  • Fomes vegetus
  • Ganoderme aplani
  • Ganoderma lipsiense
  • Polyporus applanatus
  • Polyporus vegetus
Ganoderma applanatum
Information icon.svg
Pores icon.pngPores on hymenium
No cap icon.svgNo distinct cap
Decurrent gills icon2.svg Hymenium is decurrent
NA cap icon.svgLacks a stipe
Transparent spore print icon.svg
 Spore print is brown
Parasitic fungus.svgEcology is parasitic
Mycomorphbox Inedible.pngEdibility is inedible

Ganoderma applanatum (the artist's bracket, artist's conk, [1] artist's fungus or bear bread) is a bracket fungus with a cosmopolitan distribution.

Contents

Description

Ganoderma applanatum is parasitic and saprophytic, [2] and grows as a mycelium within the wood of living and dead trees. It grows in single, scattered, or compound formations. [2] It forms fruiting bodies that are 3–30 centimetres (1–12 inches) wide, 5–50 cm (2–19+1⁄2 in) long and 1–10 cm (1⁄2–4 in) thick, [1] hard as leather, and woody-textured. [3] They are white at first but soon turn dark red-brown. The upper surface of the fruiting body is covered with reddish brown conidia.

The fruiting bodies are perennial, and may persist for multiple years, increasing in size and forming new layers of pores as they grow. These layers can be distinguished in a cross section or from observation of the concentric rings on the upper surface of the fruiting body. [4] This allows the fruiting body's age to be determined using the same method as tree rings.[ citation needed ]

Brown spores are released from the pores on the underside of the fruiting body. The spores are highly concentrated, and as many as 4.65 billion spores can be dispersed from a 10 cm (4 in) by 10 cm section of the conk within 24 hours. [5] The tubes are 4–12 millimetres (1⁄8–1⁄2 in) deep and terminate in pores that are round with 4–6 per millimetre. [1]

Similar species

The similar Ganoderma brownii has thicker, darker flesh, often a yellow pore surface, and larger spores than G. applanatum. [1] G. oregonense , G. lucidum , [2] and Fomitopsis pinicola are also similar. [6]

Ecology

G. applanatum is a wood-decay fungus, causing a rot of heartwood in a variety of trees. It can also grow as a pathogen of live sapwood, particularly on older trees that are sufficiently wet. It is a common cause of decay and death of beech and poplar, and less often of several other tree genera, including alder, apple, elm, buckeye and horse chestnut, maple, oak, live oak, walnut, willow, western hemlock, Douglas fir, old or sick olive tree, and spruce. G. applanatum grows more often on dead trees than living ones. [7]

There are anecdotal references of higher primates consuming this fungus for self-medication. [8] [2] In her book Gorillas in the Mist (1983), Dian Fossey writes the following:

Still another special food (for the gorillas) is bracket fungus (Ganoderma applanatum)... The shelflike projection is difficult to break free, so younger animals often have to wrap their arms and legs awkwardly around a trunk and content themselves by only gnawing at the delicacy. Older animals who succeed in breaking the fungus loose have been observed carrying it several hundred feet from its source, all the while guarding it possessively from more dominant individuals' attempts to take it away. Both the scarcity of the fungus and the gorillas' liking of it cause many intragroup squabbles, a number of which are settled by the silverback, who simply takes the item of contention for himself. [9]

Larval galls (black objects) of Agathomyia wankowiczii on an artist's bracket fungus Ganoderma applanatum03.jpg
Larval galls (black objects) of Agathomyia wankowiczii on an artist's bracket fungus

The midge Agathomyia wankowiczii lays its eggs on the fruiting body of the fungus, forming galls. [10] Female forked fungus beetles, Bolitotherus cornutus lay their eggs on the surface of the fruiting bodies and the larvae live inside of the fruiting bodies of G. applanatum and a few other bracket fungi. [11] Meanwhile, the fly Hirtodrosophila mycetophaga courts and mates entirely on the underside of dark fungi. [12]

Uses

A drawing on the lower side of the sporocarp of G. applanatum Ganoderma applanatum with a drawing of Boletus pinophilus on it.jpg
A drawing on the lower side of the sporocarp of G. applanatum

A peculiarity of this fungus lies in its use as a drawing medium for artists. [13] When the fresh white pore surface is rubbed or scratched with a sharp implement, dark brown tissue under the pores is revealed, resulting in visible lines and shading that become permanent once the fungus is dried. This practice is what gives G. applanatum its common name. [5] [7]

G. applanatum is a medicinal farming crop that is used as a flavor enhancer in Asian cuisine. G. applanatum is non-digestible in its raw form, [2] [3] but is considered edible when cooked.[ citation needed ] Hot herbal soups, or fermentation in lemon acid with onion is a common use for cooking with G. applanatum slices as an umami flavor enhancer in fermented foods. G. applanatum can also be used in tea.[ citation needed ]

G. applanatum has been used to produce amadou, even though Fomes fomentarius is most commonly associated with the production of amadou. [14] Amadou is a leathery, easily flammable material that is produced from different polypores, but can also be consist of similar material. [15] Amadou generally has three areas of use: fire making, medicinal, [16] and clothing, [17] [15] however, it is mostly associated with fire making. [18] [19]

Medicinal uses

Medicinal use of G. applanatum has been extensive over thousands of years. [20] In Chinese medicine this fungus has been used to treat rheumatic tuberculosis and esophageal carcinoma. It has also been used more commonly to resolve indigestion, relieve pain and reduce phlegm. [21] Further studies have shown that its medicinal qualities also include anti-tumor, anti-oxidation and as a regulator for body immunity. [20]

G. applanatum is known in Japan as kofuki-saru-no-koshikake (コフキサルノコシカケ), [22] [23] literally meaning "powder-covered monkey's bench", and in China as shu-she-ling-zhi (树舌灵芝), where it has long been used in traditional medicines. [24] Studies have shown G. applanatum contains compounds with potent anti-tumor, [25] [26] [27] antibacterial [28] [29] anti-fibrotic [30] properties.

G. applanatum is generally studied from three angles: medicinal, phytopathological, and biotechnological. [31] Medicinal fungi such as G. applanatum are of special interest due to their antibiotic properties. Methanol extracts from G. applanatum have shown that the fatty acids present, such as palmitic acid, show antibacterial properties. [32] Compared to synthetic antibiotics these compounds extracted from G. applanatum lack problems of drug resistance and side effects. [32]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polypore</span> Group of fungi

Polypores are a group of fungi that form large fruiting bodies with pores or tubes on the underside. They are a morphological group of basidiomycetes-like gilled mushrooms and hydnoid fungi, and not all polypores are closely related to each other. Polypores are also called bracket fungi or shelf fungi, and they characteristically produce woody, shelf- or bracket-shaped or occasionally circular fruiting bodies that are called conks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lingzhi (mushroom)</span> Species of fungus

Lingzhi, Ganoderma sichuanense, also known as reishi or Ganoderma lingzhi is a polypore fungus native to East Asia belonging to the genus Ganoderma.

<i>Fomitopsis betulina</i> Common bracket fungus

Fomitopsis betulina, commonly known as the birch polypore, birch bracket, or razor strop, is a common bracket fungus and, as the name suggests, grows almost exclusively on birch trees. The brackets burst out from the bark of the tree, and these fruit bodies can last for more than a year.

<i>Ganoderma lucidum</i> Species of fungus

Ganoderma lucidum, commonly known as the reishi, varnished conk, or ling chih, is a red-colored species of Ganoderma with a limited distribution in Europe and parts of China, where it grows on decaying hardwood trees. Wild populations have been found in the United States in California and Utah but were likely introduced anthropogenically and naturalized.

<i>Phallus indusiatus</i> Widespread species of stinkhorn fungus

Phallus indusiatus, commonly called the basket stinkhorn, bamboo mushrooms, bamboo pith, long net stinkhorn, crinoline stinkhorn, bridal veil, or veiled lady, is a fungus in the family Phallaceae, or stinkhorns. It has a cosmopolitan distribution in tropical areas, and is found in southern Asia, Africa, the Americas, and Australia, where it grows in woodlands and gardens in rich soil and well-rotted woody material. The fruit body of the fungus is characterised by a conical to bell-shaped cap on a stalk and a delicate lacy "skirt", or indusium, that hangs from beneath the cap and reaches nearly to the ground. First described scientifically in 1798 by French botanist Étienne Pierre Ventenat, the species has often been referred to a separate genus Dictyophora along with other Phallus species featuring an indusium. P. indusiatus can be distinguished from other similar species by differences in distribution, size, color, and indusium length.

<i>Fomitopsis pinicola</i> Stem decay fungus

Fomitopsis pinicola, is a stem decay fungus common on softwood and hardwood trees. Its conk is known as the red-belted conk. The species is common throughout temperate Europe and Asia. It is a decay fungus that serves as a small-scale disturbance agent in coastal rainforest ecosystems. It influences stand structure and succession in temperate rainforests. It performs essential nutrient cycling functions in forests. As well as a key producer of brown rot residues that are stable soil components in coniferous forest ecosystems. It has been reported that mushrooms have significant antioxidant activity.

<i>Inonotus obliquus</i> Species of fungus

Inonotus obliquus, commonly called chaga, is a fungus in the family Hymenochaetaceae. It is parasitic on birch and other trees. The sterile conk is irregularly formed and resembles burnt charcoal. It is not the fruiting body of the fungus, but a sclerotium or mass of mycelium, mostly black because of a substantial amount of melanin.

<i>Ganoderma</i> Genus of mushroom

Ganoderma is a genus of polypore fungi in the family Ganodermataceae that includes about 80 species, many from tropical regions. They have a high genetic diversity and are used in traditional Asian medicines. Ganoderma can be differentiated from other polypores because they have a double-walled basidiospore. They may be called shelf mushrooms or bracket fungi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ganoderic acid</span> Chemical compound

Ganoderic acids are a class of closely related triterpenoids found in Ganoderma mushrooms. For thousands of years, the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma fungi have been used in traditional medicines in East Asia. Consequently, there have been efforts to identify the chemical constituents that may be responsible for the putative pharmacological effects. The two most well described ganoderic acids out of the many that have been identified and characterized are ganoderic acids A and B. Some ganoderic acids have been found to possess biological activities including hepatoprotection, anti-tumor effects, and 5-alpha reductase inhibition.

<i>Rhodofomes cajanderi</i> Species of fungus

Rhodofomes cajanderi is a widely distributed species of bracket fungus. Commonly known as the rosy conk due to its rose-colored pore surface, it causes a disease called a brown pocket rot in various conifer species. It is inedible. It is widespread in western North America, with more prevalence in southern climates. It has a particular preference for higher-altitude spruce forests.

<i>Laricifomes officinalis</i> Species of fungus

Laricifomes officinalis, also known as agarikon, eburiko, or the quinine conk, is a wood-decay fungus that causes brown heart rot on conifers native to Europe, Asia, and North America, as well as Morocco. This fungus is the only member of the genus Laricifomes, in the order Polyporales. The fruiting bodies grow in large conks on the trunks of trees.

<i>Ganoderma brownii</i> Species of fungus

Ganoderma brownii is a species of polypore fungus in the Ganodermataceae family. It is a plant pathogen and occasional saprotroph similar in appearance to Ganoderma applanatum. This species is restricted geographically to the Pacific Northwest, primarily observed in California. In the San Francisco Bay Area, it is very common on Umbellularia californica.

<i>Fomes fasciatus</i> Species of fungus

Fomes fasciatus, common name the Southern Clam Shell, is a pathogenic white rot fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It is found in the southeastern United States and Central and South America where it can be seen growing on various dead and living hardwood trees. It was first described by Swedish botanist Olof Swartz in Jamaica in 1788 as Boletus fasciatus. It was later transferred by Cooke to Fomes fasciatus in 1885. The genus name "Fomes" translates to tinder as its holotype was historically used to start fires and the specific epithet "fasciatus" translates to "banded", in reference to the bands of brown to grey and black colors that the top of its fruiting body displays.

<i>Phellinus igniarius</i> Species of fungus

Phellinus igniarius, commonly known as the willow bracket, fire sponge,false tinder polypore, punk ash polypore, or false tinder conk, is a fungus of the family Hymenochaetaceae. Like other members of the genus of Phellinus, it lives by saprotrophic nutrition, in which the lignin and cellulose of a host tree is degraded and is a cause of white rot.

<i>Bridgeoporus</i> Genus of fungi

Bridgeoporus is a fungal genus in the family Polyporaceae. A monotypic genus, it contains the single polypore species Bridgeoporus nobilissimus, first described to science in 1949. Commonly known both as the noble polypore and the fuzzy Sandozi, this fungus produces large fruit bodies that have been found to weigh up to 130 kilograms (290 lb). The upper surface of the fruit body has a fuzzy or fibrous texture that often supports the growth of algae, bryophytes, or vascular plants.

<i>Astraeus hygrometricus</i> Cosmopolitan species of fungus in the family Diplocystaceae.

Astraeus hygrometricus, commonly known as the hygroscopic earthstar, the barometer earthstar, or the false earthstar, is a species of fungus in the family Diplocystaceae. Young specimens resemble a puffball when unopened. In maturity, the mushroom displays the characteristic earthstar shape that is a result of the outer layer of fruit body tissue splitting open in a star-like manner. The false earthstar is an ectomycorrhizal species that grows in association with various trees, especially in sandy soils. A. hygrometricus was previously thought to have a cosmopolitan distribution, though it is now thought to be restricted to Southern Europe, and Astraeus are common in temperate and tropical regions. Its common names refer to the fact that it is hygroscopic (water-absorbing) and can open up its rays to expose the spore sac in response to increased humidity, then close them up again in drier conditions. The rays have an irregularly cracked surface, while the spore case is pale brown and smooth with an irregular slit or tear at the top. The gleba is white initially, but turns brown and powdery when the spores mature. The spores are reddish-brown and roughly spherical with minute warts, measuring 7.5–11 micrometers in diameter.

<i>Inonotus dryadeus</i> Bracket fungus that attacks oak trees

Inonotus dryadeus, commonly known as oak bracket, warted oak polypore, weeping polypore or weeping conk, is an inedible species of fungus belonging to the genus Inonotus, which consists of bracket fungi with fibrous flesh. Most often found growing at the base of oak trees, it causes white rot and decay of the trunks. It secretes an amber liquid which weeps from tubes in its upper surface.

<i>Fomes fomentarius</i> Species of fungus

Fomes fomentarius is a species of fungal plant pathogen found in Europe, Asia, Africa and North America. The species produces very large polypore fruit bodies which are shaped like a horse's hoof and vary in colour from a silvery grey to almost black, though they are normally brown. It grows on the side of various species of tree, which it infects through broken bark, causing rot. The species typically continues to live on trees long after they have died, changing from a parasite to a decomposer.

<i>Boletus curtisii</i> Species of fungus

Boletus curtisii is a species of fungus in the family Boletaceae. It produces small- to medium-sized fruit bodies (mushrooms) with a convex cap up to 9.5 cm (3.7 in) wide atop a slender stem that can reach a length of 12 cm (4.7 in). In young specimens, the cap and stem are bright golden yellow, although the color dulls to brownish when old. Both the stem and cap are slimy or sticky when young. On the underside of the cap are small circular to angular pores. The mushroom is edible, but not appealing. It is found in eastern and southern North America, where it grows in a mycorrhizal association with hardwood and conifer trees. Once classified as a species of Pulveroboletus, the yellow color of B. curtisii is a result of pigments chemically distinct from those responsible for the yellow coloring of Pulveroboletus.

<i>Hapalopilus rutilans</i> Species of fungus

Hapalopilus rutilans is a species of polypore fungus in the family Polyporaceae. Officially described in 1821, it was transferred to its current genus Hapalopilus six decades later. It is commonly known as the tender nesting polypore, purple dye polypore, or the cinnamon bracket. This widely distributed species is found on five continents. It grows on the fallen or standing dead wood of deciduous trees, in which it fruits singly, in groups, fused, or in overlapping clusters. Fruit bodies are in the form of kidney-shaped to semicircular, cinnamon-orange-brown brackets. The underside of the fruit body features a yellowish to brownish pore surface with tiny angular pores, from which spores are released.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Ginns, James (2017). Polypores of British Columbia (Fungi: Basidiomycota). Victoria, BC: Province of British Columbia - Forests, Lands, and NR Operations. p. 105. ISBN   978-0-7726-7053-3.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Goldman, Gary B. (2019). Field Guide to Mushrooms & Other Fungi in South Africa. Marieka Gryzenhout. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik Nature. ISBN   978-1-77584-654-3. OCLC   1117322804.
  3. 1 2 Meuninck, Jim (2017). Foraging Mushrooms Oregon: Finding, Identifying, and Preparing Edible Wild Mushrooms. Falcon Guides. p. 46. ISBN   978-1-4930-2669-2.
  4. ↑ Atkinson, George Francis (1901). Studies of American fungi. Mushrooms, edible, poisonous, etc. Ithaca, NY: Andrus & Church. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.120494.
  5. 1 2 "White Mottled Rot" (PDF). Fs.usda.gov. Retrieved 2022-03-21.
  6. ↑ Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 348. ISBN   978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC   797915861.
  7. 1 2 Biek, David (1984). The mushrooms of northern California. Redding, CA: Spore Prints. ISBN   0-9612020-0-9. OCLC   10870632.
  8. ↑ COUSINS, Don; HUFFMAN, Michael A. (June 2002). "MEDICINAL PROPERTIES IN THE DIET OF GORILLAS" (PDF). African Study Monographs. 23 (2): 71. doi:10.14989/68214. S2CID   52244011.
  9. ↑ Fossey, Dian (1983). Gorillas in the Mist. Mariner Books. p. 52. ISBN   9780395282175.
  10. ↑ Brian Spooner; Peter Roberts (1 April 2005). Fungi. Collins. p. 126. ISBN   978-0-00-220152-0 . Retrieved 31 January 2012.
  11. ↑ Liles, M.P. (1956). "A study of the life history of the forked fungus beetle, Bolitotherus cornutus". Ohio J Sci. 56: 329–337. hdl:1811/4397/V56N06_329.pdf.
  12. ↑ "The Evolutionary Biology of Colonizing Species - PDF Free Download". Epdf.pub. Retrieved 2019-11-18.
  13. ↑ "Ganoderma applanatum: The Artist's Conk". The Fungal Kingdom. 2015-01-12. Archived from the original on 2015-01-12. Retrieved 2021-10-27.
  14. ↑ Sundström, Lisa. "Fnöske - Naturhistoriska riksmuseet". Nrm.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 2021-11-08.
  15. 1 2 "fnöske | SAOB" (in Swedish). Retrieved 2021-11-08.
  16. ↑ Molitoris, H. P. (1994-04-01). "Mushrooms in medicine". Folia Microbiologica. 39 (2): 91–98. doi:10.1007/BF02906801. ISSN   1874-9356. PMID   7959435. S2CID   19354468.
  17. ↑ Sundström, Lisa. "Fnösktickan, Fomes fomentarius, och dess användningsområden". Nrm.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 2021-11-08.
  18. ↑ "Göra eld med fnöske" (PDF). Bioresurs.uu.se. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 December 2014.
  19. ↑ Nationalencyklopedin 1991 (in Swedish). 1991. p. 450.
  20. 1 2 Elkhateeb, Waill A.; Zaghlol, Gihan M.; El-Garawani, Islam M.; Ahmed, Eman F.; Rateb, Mostafa E.; Abdel Moneim, Ahmed E. (2018-05-01). "Ganoderma applanatum secondary metabolites induced apoptosis through different pathways: In vivo and in vitro anticancer studies". Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 101: 264–277. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.058. ISSN   0753-3322. PMID   29494964. S2CID   4639322.
  21. ↑ Moradali, Mohammad-Fata; Mostafavi, Hossien; Hejaroude, Ghorban-Ali; Tehrani, Abbas Sharifi; Abbasi, Mehrdad; Ghods, Shirin (2006). "Investigation of Potential Antibacterial Properties of Methanol Extracts from Fungus Ganoderma applanatum". Chemotherapy. 52 (5): 241–244. doi:10.1159/000094866. PMID   16899973. S2CID   24881421.
  22. ↑ "kofuki- saru-no-koshikake (コフキサルノコシカケ)". Flora of Mikawa. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  23. ↑ Mizuno, Takashi (1995). "Sarunokoshikake: Polyporaecea fungi-kofukisarunokoshikake, ganoderma applanatum and tsugasarunokoshikake, fomitopsis pinicola". Food Reviews International. 11: 129–133. doi:10.1080/87559129509541023.
  24. ↑ "About Asian Anti-Cancer Materia Database". Asiancancerherb.info. Archived from the original on 2018-01-02. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
  25. ↑ MIZUNO, TAKASHI; et al. "Isolation and characterization of antitumor active β-d-glucans from the fruit bodies of Ganoderma applanatum". Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam - Printed in The Netherlands. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  26. ↑ Taichi Usui; et al. (2014). "Antitumor Activity of Water-Soluble β-D-Glucan Elaborated by Ganoderma applanatum". Agricultural and Biological Chemistry. 45: 323–326. doi:10.1080/00021369.1981.10864512.
  27. ↑ Chairul; Tokuyama, Takashi; Hayashi, Yoshinori; Nishizawa, Mugio; Tokuda, Harukuni; Chairul, Sofni M.; Hayashi, Yuji (26 March 1991). "Applanoxidic acids A, B, C and D, biologically active tetracyclic triterpenes from Ganoderma applanatum". Phytochemistry. 30 (12): 4105–4109. Bibcode:1991PChem..30.4105C. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(91)83476-2.
  28. ↑ Smania, Jr; Monache, Franco Delie; Smania, Elza de Fatima Albino; Cuneo, Rodrigo S. (1999). "Antibacterial Activity of Steroidal Compounds Isolated from Ganoderma applanatum". International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms. 1, 1999 Issue 4 (4): 325–330. doi:10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v1.i4.40.
  29. ↑ Osińska-Jaroszuk, Monika; Jaszek, Magdalena; Mizerska-Dudka, Magdalena; Błachowicz, Adriana; Rejczak, Tomasz Piotr; Janusz, Grzegorz; Wydrych, Jerzy; Polak, Jolanta; Jarosz-Wilkołazka, Anna; Kandefer-Szerszeń, Martyna (July 2014). "Exopolysaccharide from Ganoderma applanatum as a Promising Bioactive Compound with Cytostatic and Antibacterial Properties". BioMed Research International. 2014: 743812. doi: 10.1155/2014/743812 . PMC   4120920 . PMID   25114920.
  30. ↑ Luo, Q; Di, L; Dai, WF; Lu, Q; Yan, YM; Yang, ZL; Li, RT; Cheng, YX (February 23, 2015). "Applanatumin A, a new dimeric meroterpenoid from Ganoderma applanatum that displays potent antifibrotic activity". Org. Lett. 17 (5): 1110–3. doi:10.1021/ol503610b. PMID   25706347.
  31. ↑ Ćilerdžić, Jasmina; Stajić, Mirjana; Vukojević, Jelena (2016-10-01). "Degradation of wheat straw and oak sawdust by Ganoderma applanatum". International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 114: 39–44. Bibcode:2016IBiBi.114...39C. doi:10.1016/j.ibiod.2016.05.024. ISSN   0964-8305.
  32. 1 2 Moradali M, -F, Mostafavi H, Hejaroude G, -A, Tehrani A, S, Abbasi M, Ghods S: Investigation of Potential Antibacterial Properties of Methanol Extracts from Fungus <i>Ganoderma applanatum</i>. Chemotherapy 2006;52:241-244. doi: 10.1159/000094866
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