Gaudium laevigatum

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Coast teatree
Leptospermum laevigatum flowers and foliage.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Myrtales
Family: Myrtaceae
Genus: Gaudium
Species:
G. laevigatum
Binomial name
Gaudium laevigatum
LeptospermumlaevigatumDistributionMap.png
Occurrence data from AVH, including introductions in other states
Synonyms [2]
  • Fabricia laevigataGaertn.
  • Leptospermum laevigatum(Gaertn.) F.Muell.
  • Fabricia myrtifolia Sieber ex Benth.

Gaudium laevigatum, commonly known as the coast tea tree, [3] is a species of shrub or small tree that is endemic to south-eastern Australia, but has been widely introduced in other places where it is often considered to be a weed. It has thin, rough bark on the older stems, narrow egg-shaped leaves, relatively large white flowers and flat topped fruit that is shed shortly after reaching maturity.

Contents

Description

Gaudium laevigatum is a bushy shrub or tree that typically grows to a height of 1.5–6 m (4 ft 11 in – 19 ft 8 in) and has thin, rough bark on the older stems. The young stems are covered with silky hairs at first and have a groove near the base of the petiole. The leaves are greyish green, narrow egg-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, 15–30 mm (0.59–1.18 in) long and 5–10 mm (0.20–0.39 in) wide on a short petiole. The flowers are borne on short side shoots, usually in pairs of different ages, and are usually 15–20 mm (0.59–0.79 in) wide. There are many reddish brown bracts around the flower buds but most fall off as the flower opens. The floral cup is mostly glabrous, 3–4 mm (0.12–0.16 in) long with the upper part expanded. The sepals are triangular, about 2 mm (0.079 in) long, the petals white, 5–8 mm (0.20–0.31 in) long and the stamens 1.5–2.5 mm (0.059–0.098 in) long. Flowering mainly occurs from August to October and the fruit is a capsule 7–8 mm (0.28–0.31 in) wide with the remains of the sepals initially attached. The fruit mostly fall from the plant shortly after reaching maturity. [3] [4] [5] [6]

Taxonomy and naming

This teatree was first formally described in 1788 by Joseph Gaertner who gave it the name Fabricia laevigata and published the description in his book De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum . [7] In 2023, Peter Gordon Wilson transferred the species to the genus Gaudium as G. laevigatum in the journal Taxon . [2] [8] The specific epithet (laevigatum) is from a Latin word meaning "made smooth" or "having a polished surface". [9]

Distribution and habitat

Gaudium laevigatum is native to New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania where it grows in heath, sometimes forest and on coastal dunes and cliffs south from Nambucca Heads in New South Wales to Anglesea in Victoria and northern Tasmania. It has also been introduced to Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia and countries overseas including southern Africa, New Zealand, Hawaii and the Central Coast of California. [3] [4] [10] [11] [12]

Ecology

Coast teatree is salt-resistant, very hardy and is commonly used in amenities plantings and coastal plantings. It has also been planted in Western Australia where it has become a weed. [13]

This species has been planted along the Central Coast of California in the United States [14] and on the Cape Flats [15] in Cape Town, South Africa, to stabilize sand. It is known in the United States as the Australian tea tree [16] and in South Africa as the Australian myrtle. [15] The seeds can be dispersed by wind and water. [10]

It has now become naturalised in New Zealand, southern Africa, California and Hawaii. [10]

The larvae of Holocola thalassinana feed on Leptospermum laevigatum. [17]

Use in horticulture

This species is planted widely (as Leptospermum laevigatum) as a garden ornamental or display tree. It is useful as a windbreak or hedging plant and for the rapid stabilisation of sandy soils, and in rehabilitation areas where construction or mining has taken place. [10] It has begun to be cultivated for essential oil production, marketed as Coastal tree tree oil, and has shown some beneficial anti-microbial properties. [18]

Conservation status

Gaudium laevigatum is not listed on the advisory list of rare or threatened plants in Victoria (2014). [19]

Related Research Articles

<i>Leptospermum scoparium</i> Species of flowering plant

Leptospermum scoparium, commonly called mānuka, mānuka myrtle, New Zealand teatree, broom tea-tree, or just tea tree, is a species of flowering plant in the myrtle family Myrtaceae, native to New Zealand and south-east Australia. Its nectar produces Mānuka honey.

<i>Leptospermum</i> Genus of shrubs

Leptospermum is a genus of shrubs and small trees in the myrtle family Myrtaceae commonly known as tea trees, although this name is sometimes also used for some species of Melaleuca. Most species are endemic to Australia, with the greatest diversity in the south of the continent, but some are native to other parts of the world, including New Zealand and Southeast Asia. Leptospermums all have five conspicuous petals and five groups of stamens which alternate with the petals. There is a single style in the centre of the flower and the fruit is a woody capsule.

<i>Leptospermum petersonii</i> Species of shrub

Leptospermum petersonii, commonly known as lemon-scented teatree, is a species of shrub or small tree that is endemic to eastern Australia. It has thin, fibrous or flaky bark, often strongly-scented elliptic to lance-shaped leaves, white flowers and fruit that are retained for several years. It is commonly grown as an ornamental and is regarded as a minor environmental weed in some areas.

<i>Leptospermum lanigerum</i> Species of shrub

Leptospermum lanigerum, commonly known as the woolly teatree, is a small tree or medium shrub from the plant family Myrtaceae. Its common name derives from the conspicuously hairy capsules produced as fruit, along with the fine, silky hairs present on branches and leaves. L. lanigerum is widespread in many habitats, particularly in waterlogged areas such as moist, sandy coastal heaths, on river banks, riparian scrub, woodlands and on the fringe of montane grasslands. This species is endemic to Australia, with native populations occurring in New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania and Victoria.

<i>Leptospermum grandifolium</i> Species of shrub

The Leptospermum grandifolium, commonly known as mountain tea-tree or woolly teatree, is a species of shrub or small tree that is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It has elliptical to egg-shaped leaves with a sharp point on the tip, white flowers and relatively large, broadly hemispherical fruit.

<i>Gaudium trinervium</i> Species of shrub

Gaudium trinervium, commonly known as flaky-barked tea-tree, slender tea-tree or paperbark tree, is a species of shrub or small tree that is endemic to eastern Australia. It has papery bark that is shed in thin, flaking layers, narrow elliptic to broadly egg-shaped leaves with the narrower at the base, white flowers and silky-hairy fruit that falls from the plant when mature.

<i>Leptospermum continentale</i> Species of plant

Leptospermum continentale, commonly known as prickly tea-tree, is a species of slender, straggling shrub that is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It has sharp-pointed, narrowly egg-shaped leaves, white flowers arranged singly in leaf axils and woody fruit that remains on the plant when mature.

<i>Gaudium myrsinoides</i> Species of plant

Gaudium myrsinoides, commonly known as the heath tea-tree or silky tea-tree, is a species of shrub that is endemic to south-eastern continental Australia. It has smooth bark on the younger stems, narrow egg-shaped leaves with the narrower end towards the base, white flowers and fruit that has the remains of the sepals attached but usually falls from the plant soon after the seeds are released.

<i>Gaudium jingera</i> Species of shrub

Gaudium jingera, commonly known as the stringybark tea-tree, is a species of shrub that is endemic to Victoria, Australia. It has papery bark on the larger branches, smooth bark on the younger stems, narrow egg-shaped to elliptical leaves, white flowers and silky-hairy, hemispherical fruit.

<i>Leptospermum rupestre</i> Species of shrub

Leptospermum rupestre, commonly known as alpine tea-tree or prostrate tea-tree, is a flowering shrub in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae. It is endemic to Tasmania. In alpine areas it assumes a prostrate habit while in subalpine areas it appears as a large shrub.

<i>Leptospermopsis sericea</i> Species of shrub

Leptospermopsis sericea, commonly known as the silver tea tree, is a species of shrub that is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has thin, firm bark, egg-shaped leaves with the narrower end towards the base, relatively large, pink flowers and fruit that fall from the plant with the seeds. It grows in windswept rock crevices near Esperance.

<i>Gaudium glaucescens</i> Species of shrub

Gaudium glaucescens, commonly known as the blue-green tea tree or smoky tea tree, is a species of shrub or small tree that is endemic to Tasmania. It has elliptical to egg-shaped leaves that are often greyish green, white flowers about 15 mm (0.59 in) in diameter arranged in consecutive leaf axils and fruit that remain on the plant for some time after maturity.

<i>Gaudium coriaceum</i> Australian species of plant

Gaudium coriaceum, commonly known as green tea-tree or mallee teatree, is a shrub species that is endemic to south-eastern and south-central Australia. It has smooth bark on the younger stems, elliptic to narrow egg-shaped leaves, white flowers and woody fruit. The usual habitat is mallee on sand dunes.

<i>Gaudium multicaule</i> Australian species of plant

Gaudium multicaule, commonly known as the silver tea-tree, is a species of shrub that is endemic to south eastern Australia. It has linear, narrow elliptical or narrow egg-shaped leaves, white or pink flowers usually borne singly on short side shoots, and fruit the falls from the plant soon after the seeds are released.

<i>Gaudium deanei</i> Australian species of plant

Gaudium deanei, commonly known as Deane's tea-tree, is a species of rare, slender shrub that is endemic to the northern suburbs of Sydney. It has bark peeling in long strips from the older stems, hairy young stems, narrow elliptical to lance-shaped leaves, white flowers arranged singly on short side shoots and mostly glabrous fruit.

<i>Gaudium brevipes</i> Australian species of plant

Gaudium brevipes, commonly known as the slender tea-tree, is a species of shrub or small tree that is endemic to eastern Australia. It has fibrous bark on the main stems, smooth bark on young stems, narrow elliptical to narrow egg-shaped leaves, white flowers and hemispherical fruit that is shed when mature.

<i>Leptospermum emarginatum</i> Australian species of plant

Leptospermum emarginatum, commonly known as the twin-flower tea-tree or twin flower teatree, is a species of shrub that is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It has rough bark on the older stems, lance-shaped leaves with the narrower end towards the base and a small notch at the tip, white flowers in groups of up to five and hemispherical fruit that falls off when mature.

<i>Leptospermum glabrescens</i> Species of plant

Leptospermum glabrescens, commonly known as the smooth teatree, is a shrub or small tree that is endemic to East Gippsland in Victoria, Australia. It has linear, elliptic or narrow egg-shaped leaves, white flowers arranged singly on short side shoots and fruit that remain on the plant.

<i>Gaudium semibaccatum</i> Species of shrub

Gaudium semibaccatum is a species of low, dense shrub that is endemic to eastern Australia. It has egg-shaped to narrow elliptical leaves with a blunt tip, white or pink flowers and hairy, flat-topped fruit that falls from the plant shortly after the seeds are released. It grows in poorly-drained soil in coastal heath.

Gaudium is a genus of 22 species of flowering plants in the myrtle family Myrtaceae previously included in Leptospermum. It was first formally described by Peter Gordon Wilson and Margaret M. Heslewood in the journal Taxon.

References

  1. ↑ IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group.; Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI). (2021). "Leptospermum laevigatum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T199308181A199313185. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T199308181A199313185.en . Retrieved 23 October 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 "Gaudium laevigatum". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
  3. 1 2 3 "Leptospermum laevigatum". Royal Botanic Gardens, Victoria. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  4. 1 2 "Leptospermum laevigatum". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  5. ↑ Thompson, Joy (1989). "A revision of the genus Leptospermum (Myrtaceae)". Telopea. 3 (3): 372–373. doi: 10.7751/telopea19894902 .
  6. ↑ "Leptospermum laevigatum". Australian Native Plants Society (Australia). Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  7. ↑ "Fabricia laevigata". APNI. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  8. ↑ Wilson, Peter G.; Heslewood, Margaret M. (2023). "Revised taxonomy of the tribe Leptospermeae (Myrtaceae) based on morphological and DNA data". Taxon. 72 (3): 550–571. doi:10.1002/tax.12892 . Retrieved 28 July 2024.
  9. ↑ Francis Aubie Sharr (2019). Western Australian Plant Names and their Meanings. Kardinya, Western Australia: Four Gables Press. p. 233. ISBN   9780958034180.
  10. 1 2 3 4 "Fact Sheet Index". Weeds of Australia. Queensland Government . Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  11. ↑ "Leptospermum laevigatum". University of Tasmania. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  12. ↑ "Gaudium laevigatum". FloraBase . Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
  13. ↑ Australian Weeds Committee. "Weed Identification - Coastal Tea Tree". National Weeds Strategy. Archived from the original on 2006-08-30. Retrieved 2007-07-18.
  14. ↑ "Jepson Manual Treatment". Regents of the University of California. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  15. 1 2 "Australian myrtle (Leptospermum laevigatum)" (PDF). ARC-PPRI Fact Sheets on invasive plants and their control in South Africa. Agricultural Research Centre, South Africa. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-07-23. Retrieved 2024-11-14.
  16. ↑ "Leptospermum laevigatum (Sol. ex Gaertn.) F. Muell. Australian teatree". USDA . Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  17. ↑ tortricid.net. "Holocola".
  18. ↑ Strub, Daniel (28 August 2023). "In-vitro antimicrobial activity of essential oils of Tasmania". Journal of Essential Oil Research. 35 (5): 500–508. doi:10.1080/10412905.2023.2252416 . Retrieved 21 July 2024.
  19. ↑ Advisory list of rare or threatened plants in Victoria (PDF). Department of the Environment and Primary Industries. ISBN   978-1-74146-313-2 . Retrieved 5 May 2020.
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