Geography of the Northern Territory

Last updated

Geography of Northern Territory
Northern Territory locator-MJC.png
ContinentAustralia
Coordinates 20°S133°E / 20°S 133°E / -20; 133
Area Ranked 3rd among states and territories
  Total1,347,791 [1]  km2 (520,385 sq mi)
Coastline10,953 km (6,806 mi)
Borders Land borders: Western Australia, South Australia, Queensland
Highest point Mount Zeil
1,531 m (5021 ft)
Longest river Victoria River
560 km (348 mi)
Largest lake Lake Amadeus
1032 km2
View along the West MacDonnell Ranges West MacDonnell National Park.JPG
View along the West MacDonnell Ranges

The Northern Territory (NT) occupies the north central part of the continent of Australia. The Northern Territory borders are to the west with Western Australia, the Western Australia border being near the 129° east longitude (129° east). The NT to the south with the South Australian border being the 26th parallel south latitude (26° south). To the east the NT with the Queensland border along the 138° east longitude (138° east).

Contents

Climate

Koppen climate types in the Northern Territory Northern Territory Koppen.svg
Köppen climate types in the Northern Territory

The Northern Territory has two distinctive climate zones - a tropical climate in the north and a desert climate in the rest of the territory.

The wet season (October to April) has monsoon rains and sometimes tropical cyclones.

The highest temperature recorded in the Northern Territory was 48.3 °C (118.9 °F) at Aputula on 1 and 2 January 1960. The lowest temperature was −7.5 °C (18.5 °F) at Alice Springs on 17 July 1976. [2]

Climate data for Northern Territory (Extremes)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)48.3
(118.9)
46.4
(115.5)
45.0
(113.0)
41.5
(106.7)
40.2
(104.4)
37.9
(100.2)
37.5
(99.5)
39.7
(103.5)
42.0
(107.6)
45.0
(113.0)
46.1
(115.0)
47.2
(117.0)
48.3
(118.9)
Record low °C (°F)6.7
(44.1)
8.5
(47.3)
4.7
(40.5)
1.0
(33.8)
−4.2
(24.4)
−6.0
(21.2)
−7.5
(18.5)
−5.4
(22.3)
−2.8
(27.0)
0.0
(32.0)
3.5
(38.3)
7.5
(45.5)
−7.5
(18.5)
Source: Australian Bureau of Meteorology [3]
Climate data for Darwin (Köppen Aw)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)36.1
(97.0)
36.0
(96.8)
36.0
(96.8)
36.7
(98.1)
36.0
(96.8)
35.0
(95.0)
35.0
(95.0)
37.0
(98.6)
38.0
(100.4)
38.9
(102.0)
37.3
(99.1)
37.1
(98.8)
38.9
(102.0)
Mean maximum °C (°F)33.5
(92.3)
33.4
(92.1)
34.0
(93.2)
34.4
(93.9)
33.9
(93.0)
32.9
(91.2)
32.8
(91.0)
33.6
(92.5)
34.9
(94.8)
35.2
(95.4)
35.0
(95.0)
34.7
(94.5)
35.2
(95.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)32.0
(89.6)
31.7
(89.1)
32.3
(90.1)
33.0
(91.4)
32.3
(90.1)
31.1
(88.0)
31.1
(88.0)
31.9
(89.4)
33.1
(91.6)
33.8
(92.8)
33.7
(92.7)
33.0
(91.4)
32.4
(90.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)28.5
(83.3)
28.4
(83.1)
28.6
(83.5)
28.6
(83.5)
27.3
(81.1)
25.5
(77.9)
25.2
(77.4)
25.8
(78.4)
28.0
(82.4)
29.3
(84.7)
29.5
(85.1)
29.2
(84.6)
27.8
(82.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)25.1
(77.2)
25.1
(77.2)
24.9
(76.8)
24.2
(75.6)
22.3
(72.1)
20.0
(68.0)
19.3
(66.7)
19.8
(67.6)
22.9
(73.2)
24.8
(76.6)
25.4
(77.7)
25.5
(77.9)
23.3
(73.9)
Mean minimum °C (°F)23.1
(73.6)
23.2
(73.8)
23.3
(73.9)
22.5
(72.5)
19.1
(66.4)
16.2
(61.2)
16.3
(61.3)
16.9
(62.4)
20.6
(69.1)
23.0
(73.4)
23.3
(73.9)
23.4
(74.1)
16.2
(61.2)
Record low °C (°F)20.2
(68.4)
17.2
(63.0)
19.2
(66.6)
16.0
(60.8)
13.8
(56.8)
12.1
(53.8)
10.4
(50.7)
13.0
(55.4)
14.3
(57.7)
19.0
(66.2)
19.3
(66.7)
19.8
(67.6)
10.4
(50.7)
Average rainfall mm (inches)470.7
(18.53)
412.4
(16.24)
313.7
(12.35)
105.1
(4.14)
20.7
(0.81)
2.1
(0.08)
0.9
(0.04)
0.8
(0.03)
14.3
(0.56)
68.9
(2.71)
143.5
(5.65)
279.3
(11.00)
1,832.4
(72.14)
Average rainy days (≥ 1 mm)19.618.216.87.61.70.20.10.21.55.510.115.096.5
Average afternoon relative humidity (%)71746752413636384751586653
Average dew point °C (°F)24.2
(75.6)
24.3
(75.7)
23.4
(74.1)
19.8
(67.6)
15.8
(60.4)
12.4
(54.3)
11.8
(53.2)
13.1
(55.6)
18.1
(64.6)
20.3
(68.5)
22.3
(72.1)
23.6
(74.5)
19.1
(66.4)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 176.7162.4213.9264.0300.7303.0319.3325.5297.0294.5255.0198.43,110.4
Mean daily sunshine hours 5.75.86.98.89.710.110.310.59.99.58.56.58.5
Source: [4]
Climate data for Tennant Creek (Köppen BSh)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)45.6
(114.1)
43.2
(109.8)
42.5
(108.5)
38.4
(101.1)
36.8
(98.2)
34.0
(93.2)
34.7
(94.5)
36.0
(96.8)
39.4
(102.9)
41.9
(107.4)
43.4
(110.1)
45.4
(113.7)
45.6
(114.1)
Mean maximum °C (°F)40.7
(105.3)
39.9
(103.8)
37.9
(100.2)
35.9
(96.6)
31.8
(89.2)
29.5
(85.1)
29.2
(84.6)
32.2
(90.0)
36.6
(97.9)
39.0
(102.2)
40.2
(104.4)
41.0
(105.8)
41.0
(105.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)36.7
(98.1)
35.8
(96.4)
34.8
(94.6)
32.4
(90.3)
27.7
(81.9)
24.8
(76.6)
25.1
(77.2)
27.6
(81.7)
32.5
(90.5)
35.2
(95.4)
36.9
(98.4)
37.0
(98.6)
32.2
(90.0)
Daily mean °C (°F)30.9
(87.6)
30.2
(86.4)
29.2
(84.6)
26.7
(80.1)
22.1
(71.8)
19.0
(66.2)
18.9
(66.0)
21.0
(69.8)
25.8
(78.4)
28.6
(83.5)
30.6
(87.1)
31.0
(87.8)
26.2
(79.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)25.0
(77.0)
24.5
(76.1)
23.5
(74.3)
20.9
(69.6)
16.4
(61.5)
13.2
(55.8)
12.7
(54.9)
14.4
(57.9)
19.1
(66.4)
22.0
(71.6)
24.2
(75.6)
25.0
(77.0)
20.1
(68.1)
Mean minimum °C (°F)22.2
(72.0)
22.1
(71.8)
20.7
(69.3)
17.0
(62.6)
12.1
(53.8)
8.8
(47.8)
8.9
(48.0)
10.3
(50.5)
14.3
(57.7)
17.9
(64.2)
20.5
(68.9)
21.8
(71.2)
8.8
(47.8)
Record low °C (°F)17.2
(63.0)
17.2
(63.0)
14.7
(58.5)
12.0
(53.6)
6.7
(44.1)
5.6
(42.1)
6.0
(42.8)
6.6
(43.9)
8.3
(46.9)
11.6
(52.9)
15.9
(60.6)
15.7
(60.3)
5.6
(42.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches)128.2
(5.05)
132.9
(5.23)
45.7
(1.80)
15.0
(0.59)
8.1
(0.32)
4.1
(0.16)
3.9
(0.15)
2.4
(0.09)
5.0
(0.20)
16.9
(0.67)
45.7
(1.80)
86.8
(3.42)
494.7
(19.48)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm)8.28.03.31.11.00.70.50.21.12.53.96.737.2
Average afternoon relative humidity (%)33372824262622171719222925
Average dew point °C (°F)13.4
(56.1)
14.9
(58.8)
10.4
(50.7)
6.5
(43.7)
3.9
(39.0)
2.1
(35.8)
−0.2
(31.6)
−1.3
(29.7)
1.5
(34.7)
3.0
(37.4)
7.5
(45.5)
11.5
(52.7)
6.1
(43.0)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 285.2257.1291.4297.0303.8294.0313.1331.7309.0313.1294.0275.93,565.3
Mean daily sunshine hours 9.29.19.49.99.89.810.110.710.310.19.88.99.8
Source: Australian Bureau of Meteorology [5]
Climate data for Alice Springs (Köppen BWh)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)45.6
(114.1)
44.7
(112.5)
42.7
(108.9)
39.9
(103.8)
35.0
(95.0)
31.6
(88.9)
31.8
(89.2)
35.2
(95.4)
38.8
(101.8)
42.6
(108.7)
44.9
(112.8)
45.7
(114.3)
45.7
(114.3)
Mean maximum °C (°F)41.5
(106.7)
40.1
(104.2)
38.4
(101.1)
34.6
(94.3)
29.6
(85.3)
26.2
(79.2)
26.6
(79.9)
30.0
(86.0)
35.0
(95.0)
38.0
(100.4)
40.0
(104.0)
40.5
(104.9)
41.5
(106.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)37.1
(98.8)
35.8
(96.4)
33.5
(92.3)
29.3
(84.7)
23.6
(74.5)
20.1
(68.2)
20.7
(69.3)
23.5
(74.3)
28.8
(83.8)
31.9
(89.4)
34.4
(93.9)
35.7
(96.3)
29.5
(85.2)
Daily mean °C (°F)29.7
(85.5)
28.5
(83.3)
25.7
(78.3)
21.1
(70.0)
15.8
(60.4)
12.4
(54.3)
12.3
(54.1)
14.7
(58.5)
20.0
(68.0)
23.4
(74.1)
26.4
(79.5)
28.2
(82.8)
21.5
(70.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)22.3
(72.1)
21.1
(70.0)
17.9
(64.2)
12.9
(55.2)
8.0
(46.4)
4.7
(40.5)
3.9
(39.0)
5.8
(42.4)
11.2
(52.2)
14.9
(58.8)
18.3
(64.9)
20.7
(69.3)
13.5
(56.2)
Mean minimum °C (°F)17.2
(63.0)
16.2
(61.2)
12.1
(53.8)
7.2
(45.0)
2.4
(36.3)
−0.7
(30.7)
−1.4
(29.5)
0.3
(32.5)
4.5
(40.1)
8.4
(47.1)
12.4
(54.3)
15.2
(59.4)
−1.4
(29.5)
Record low °C (°F)10.0
(50.0)
8.5
(47.3)
6.1
(43.0)
1.4
(34.5)
−2.7
(27.1)
−6.0
(21.2)
−7.5
(18.5)
−4.1
(24.6)
−1.0
(30.2)
1.3
(34.3)
3.5
(38.3)
9.3
(48.7)
−7.5
(18.5)
Average rainfall mm (inches)48.9
(1.93)
40.7
(1.60)
19.9
(0.78)
19.9
(0.78)
17.5
(0.69)
10.3
(0.41)
13.0
(0.51)
3.8
(0.15)
7.8
(0.31)
18.7
(0.74)
33.0
(1.30)
41.3
(1.63)
274.8
(10.83)
Average rainy days (≥ 1 mm)3.73.22.01.41.91.51.40.91.32.43.95.028.6
Average relative humidity (%)27.032.528.031.041.548.543.031.524.023.026.027.532.0
Average dew point °C (°F)8.0
(46.4)
9.6
(49.3)
6.1
(43.0)
4.3
(39.7)
3.7
(38.7)
2.9
(37.2)
0.8
(33.4)
−1.1
(30.0)
−0.2
(31.6)
0.5
(32.9)
4.5
(40.1)
6.6
(43.9)
3.8
(38.8)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 316.2274.0297.6291.0266.6252.0285.2313.3303.0316.2297.0294.53,506.6
Mean daily sunshine hours 10.29.79.69.78.68.49.210.110.110.29.99.59.6
Source: Australian Bureau of Meteorology [6]

Coastal boundaries

In the Top End of the Territory is a 5500 km coastline, extending from the Joseph Bonaparte Gulf Timor Sea in the west to the Gulf of Carpentaria in the east. The various islands make up another 5500 km of coastline, resulting in a total of almost 11,000 km. [7]

The southern part of the Territory (Central Australia) is extremely arid. Alice Springs and the surrounding communities make the total population of Central Australia around 60,000 people. There are also large Cattle Stations and significant areas protected around the area. Major transportation in Central Australia mainly comes from road and rail. There are many very small settlements scattered across the Territory but the larger population centres are located on the single sealed road that links Darwin to southern Australia, the Stuart Highway, known to locals simply as "the track".

Geographical features

The coastline in the Top End includes three of Australia's largest islands, Groote Eylandt, Bathurst Island and the largest, Melville Island. The highest point in the Territory is Mount Zeil at 1,531 metres (5021.68 ft) and is situated in the MacDonnell Ranges. [8] In the northern part of the territory lies Kakadu National Park, that features wetlands and native wildlife. To the north of that is the Arafura Sea, and to the east Arnhem Land, whose regional centre is Maningrida on the Liverpool River delta.

Much of the Territory is relatively flat, but has some disconnected ranges, including the sandstone plateau of western Arnhem Land. Long mountain ranges are more a feature of Central Australia, these include the MacDonnell Ranges, the Petermann Ranges, and Harts Range. The Northern Territory also has the natural rock formations of Uluru and Kata Tjuta, which are sacred to the local Aboriginal people.

The northern portion of the territory is principally tropical savannas, composed of several distinct ecoregionsArnhem Land tropical savanna, Carpentaria tropical savanna, Kimberley tropical savanna, Victoria Plains tropical savanna, and Mitchell Grass Downs. The southern portion of the territory is covered in deserts and xeric shrublands, including the Great Sandy-Tanami desert, Simpson Desert, and Central Ranges xeric scrub. Each ecoregion consists of one or more IBRA regions.

The Northern Territory has the two largest deserts in Australia, the Tanami Desert (184,500 km)2 in the northern part of the Territory, and the Simpson Desert (176,500 km)2 of Central Australia. [9]

There is a series of river systems in the Northern Territory that include Alligator Rivers, Daly River (with its major tributary the Katherine River), Finke River, McArthur River, Roper River, Todd River and Victoria River. The Victoria River is the longest river in the Northern Territory and flows for 560 kilometres (350 mi). [10] The Hay River is east of Alice Springs, with the Marshall River, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek and Bore Creek as tributaries. [11]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northern Territory</span> Territory of Australia

The Northern Territory is an Australian internal territory in the central and central northern regions of Australia. The Northern Territory shares its borders with Western Australia to the west, South Australia to the south, and Queensland to the east. To the north, the territory looks out to the Timor Sea, the Arafura Sea and the Gulf of Carpentaria, including Western New Guinea and other islands of the Indonesian archipelago.

The Global 200 is the list of ecoregions identified by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), the global conservation organization, as priorities for conservation. According to WWF, an ecoregion is defined as a "relatively large unit of land or water containing a characteristic set of natural communities that share a large majority of their species dynamics, and environmental conditions". For example, based on their levels of endemism, Madagascar gets multiple listings, ancient Lake Baikal gets one, and the North American Great Lakes get none.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Top End</span> Region in the Northern Territory, Australia

The Top End of Australia's Northern Territory is a geographical region encompassing the northernmost section of the Northern Territory, which aside from the Cape York Peninsula is the northernmost part of the Australian continent. It covers a rather vaguely defined area of about 245,000 square kilometres (95,000 sq mi) behind the northern coast from the Northern Territory capital of Darwin across to Arnhem Land with the Indian Ocean on the west, the Arafura Sea to the north, and the Gulf of Carpentaria to the east, and with the almost waterless semi-arid interior of Australia to the south, beyond the huge Kakadu National Park.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gulf of Carpentaria</span> Gulf of Australia

The Gulf of Carpentaria is a sea off the northern coast of Australia. It is enclosed on three sides by northern Australia and bounded on the north by the eastern Arafura Sea, which separates Australia and New Guinea. The northern boundary is generally defined as a line from Slade Point, Queensland in the northeast, to Cape Arnhem on the Gove Peninsula, Northern Territory in the west.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Palm Valley (Northern Territory)</span>

Palm Valley, within the Finke Gorge National Park, is an east-west running valley in the Krichauff Range 123 km southwest of Alice Springs in the Northern Territory, Australia. Palm Valley and the surrounding area is the only place in Central Australia where Red Cabbage Palms survive. The nearest related species is 850 kilometres away in Katherine NT. The surrounding region is largely dry Central Ranges xeric scrub.

Kintore is a remote settlement in the Kintore Range of the Northern Territory of Australia about 530 km (330 mi) west of Alice Springs and 40 km (25 mi) from the border with Western Australia. It is also known as Walungurru, Walangkura, and Walangura.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rabbit Flat, Northern Territory</span>

Rabbit Flat was a roadhouse in the Northern Territory of Australia, in the locality of Tanami, about 160 kilometres (100 mi) from the Western Australia border. It lies between the Tanami Mine and The Granites Mine on the Tanami Road.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Deserts of Australia</span> Deserts in Australia

The deserts of Australia or the Australian deserts cover about 2,700,000 km2 (1,000,000 sq mi), or 18% of the Australian mainland, but about 35% of the Australian continent receives so little rain, it is practically desert. Collectively known as the Great Australian desert, they are primarily distributed throughout the Western Plateau and interior lowlands of the country, covering areas from South West Queensland, Far West region of New South Wales, Sunraysia in Victoria and Spencer Gulf in South Australia to the Barkly Tableland in Northern Territory and the Kimberley region in Western Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geography of South Australia</span>

The geography of South Australia incorporates the south central part of the continent of Australia. It is one of the six states of Australia. South Australia is bordered on the west by Western Australia, to the north by the Northern Territory, Queensland to the northeast, and both New South Wales and Victoria to the east. South Australia's south coast is flanked by the Great Australian Bight and the Southern Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geography of Australia</span>

The geography of Australia encompasses a wide variety of biogeographic regions being the world's smallest continent, while comprising the territory of the sixth-largest country in the world. The population of Australia is concentrated along the eastern and south-eastern coasts. The geography of the continent is extremely diverse, ranging from the snow-capped mountains of the Australian Alps and Tasmania to large deserts, tropical and temperate forests, grasslands, heathlands and woodlands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Katherine Region</span> Region in the Northern Territory, Australia

The Katherine Region, known as "Big River Country", is one of five major regions in the Northern Territory, Australia. It is situated just below the tropical Top End. The Katherine region covers an area of 336,674 km2 (129,991 sq mi), and has a population of 18,646, making it the third-most populous region in the Northern Territory. The main centre in the region is Katherine which is the fourth-largest population centre of the territory.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1984–85 Australian region cyclone season</span>

The 1984–85 Australian region cyclone season was one of the most active seasons on record. It officially started on 1 November 1984, and officially ended on 30 April 1985.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geography of Queensland</span>

The geography of Queensland in the north-east of Australia, is varied. It includes tropical islands, sandy beaches, flat river plains that flood after monsoon rains, tracts of rough, elevated terrain, dry deserts, rich agricultural belts and densely populated urban areas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arnhem Land tropical savanna</span> Ecoregion in Northern Territory, Australia

The Arnhem Land tropical savanna is a tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands ecoregion in Australia's Northern Territory.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carpentaria tropical savanna</span> Ecoregion in Australia

The Carpentaria tropical savanna is a tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands ecoregion in northern Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Victoria Plains tropical savanna</span> Ecoregion in Australia

The Victoria Plains tropical savanna is a tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands ecoregion in northwestern Australia.

Tanami is a locality in the Northern Territory of Australia located about 844 kilometres (524 mi) south of the territory capital of Darwin on the border with the state of Western Australia.

Chilla Well is a locality in the Northern Territory of Australia located about 995 kilometres (618 mi) south of the territory capital of Darwin and about 300 kilometres (190 mi) north-west of the municipal seat in Alice Springs.

Lake Mackay is a locality in the Northern Territory of Australia located on the territory’s south-west adjoining the border with the state of Western Australia about 1,202 kilometres (747 mi) south of the territory capital of Darwin and about 458 kilometres (285 mi) west of the municipal seat in Alice Springs.

References

  1. https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories [ bare URL ]
  2. "Rainfall and Temperature Records: National" (PDF). Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 17 November 2009.
  3. "Daily Extremes". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  4. "Darwin Airport". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  5. "Climate statistics for Tennant Creek".
  6. "Climate statistics for Australian locations- Alice Springs Airport".
  7. Geoscience Australia: Border Lengths - States and Territories. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  8. "Highest Mountains". Geoscience Australia. Archived from the original on 6 April 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
  9. "Deserts". Geoscience Australia. Archived from the original on 5 December 2009. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
  10. "Longest Rivers". Geoscience Australia. Archived from the original on 16 May 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
  11. "Hay River". Bonzle.com. Retrieved 10 June 2019.