Gun Fight

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Gun Fight
December 1975 advertisement for Gun Fight by Midway.jpg
A printed ad for the Midway version
Developer(s) Taito
Publisher(s)
Designer(s) Tomohiro Nishikado
Dave Nutting (US)
Programmer(s) Tom McHugh (US)
Platform(s) Arcade, Astrocade, Atari 8-bit
ReleaseArcade
Astrocade
Atari 8-bit
Genre(s) Multidirectional shooter
Mode(s) Multiplayer
Arcade system Taito Discrete Logic
Midway 8080 (US)

Gun Fight, known as Western Gun [a] in Japan [4] [1] and Europe, [5] is a 1975 multidirectional shooter arcade video game designed by Tomohiro Nishikado, [6] and released by Taito in Japan [4] and Europe [5] and by Midway in North America. [4] [6] Based around two Old West cowboys armed with revolvers and squaring off in a duel, it was the first video game to depict human-to-human combat. [7] The Midway version was also the first video game to use a microprocessor instead of TTL. [7] [8] The game's concept was adapted from Sega's 1969 arcade electro-mechanical game Gun Fight.

Contents

The game was a global commercial success. In Japan, Western Gun was among the top ten highest-grossing arcade video games of 1976. In the United States, Gun Fight sold 8,600 arcade cabinets and was the third highest-grossing arcade game of 1975, second highest-grossing arcade game of 1976 and fifth highest arcade game of 1977.

It was ported to the Bally Astrocade video game console [9] as a built-in game [10] in 1977 [11] and later the Atari 8-bit computers. [12]

Gameplay

Western Gun is a single-screen shooter [13] where two players compete in an Old West gun fight. [14] It was the first video game to depict human-to-human combat. [7] [9] When shot, the characters fall to the ground and the words "GOT ME!" appear above the body. [15] The game has two joysticks per player: an eight-way joystick for moving the computerized cowboy and the other for changing the shooting direction. [4] [16] Unlike later dual stick games, Western Gun has the movement joystick on the right.

Obstacles between the characters block shots, such as a cactus, [17] and (in later levels) stagecoaches. [15] The guns have limited ammunition, with each player given six bullets. A round ends if both players run out of ammo. [13] Gunshots can ricochet off the top and bottom edges of the playfield, allowing for indirect hits. [13] [17]

Taito's original Western Gun allows the two players to move around anywhere on the screen. Midway's version, Gun Fight, restricts each player to their respective portions of the screen and also increased the size of the characters. [18]

Development

Western Gun

Western Gun was developed by Tomohiro Nishikado for Taito Corporation. He based the gameplay off of the electro-mechanical game Gun Fight (1969) released by Sega. [19] Gun Fight featured two cowboys on a movable track behind rock walls were separated by a field of objects like cacti, trees, and a saloon. If the players shot the cacti, the top would temporarily fall over, as would the cowboy if struck. Points were accumulated by shooting an opponent as many times as possible within the allotted timeframe. Nishikado adapted the mechanics of the original game and added rocks that bullets could ricochet off. Cacti in the environment would be partially destroyed when shot.

Having previously explored creating representational humanoids with the game TV Basketball (1974), Nishikado pushed the bar further by creating two articulated characters who could wander the screen as well as move their arms to aim the gun. The game was developed using transistor–transistor logic (TTL), as game development had not yet moved to microprocessors. The game was among the most complex TTL games developed in the 1970s.

The game features two sets of controls – one joystick to move the character and fire the weapon and another for aiming the arm. The secondary joystick only allows for vertical movement, with direction being dependent on the movement of the character. Western Gun could be considered the first twin-stick shooter.

Gun Fight

Taito had previously made licensing deals with Midway Manufacturing to release their video games in the United States, including TV Basketball and Speed Race (1974) (renamed Wheels by Midway). Once Western Gun was in development, the game was shown to representatives of Midway. The executives were not impressed with the game's graphics, which they considered unappealing for North American audiences.

Dave Nutting Associates (DNA) was a coin-operated game development firm operated by Dave Nutting and Jeffery Fredriksen. Previously, DNA had tried to interest Midway's parent company Bally Manufacturing in a microprocessor-based pinball game. Though Bally did not accept this deal, DNA maintained a close relationship. Using the Intel 8080 microprocessor, Fredriksen developed hardware to power arcade video games. He pioneered the use of a cost-effective framebuffer, which enabled versatility to create any type of game they desired. [20] The hardware included a special barrel shifter circuit built from discrete chips. [21] The microprocessor used this to shift each pattern of picture bits to the proper horizontal bit offset, reading back each shifted byte and then writing it into the framebuffer. The 8080, like other microprocessors of its era, had shift instructions that could only shift by a single bit position. With the shifter circuit, the microprocessor could quickly shift a picture byte by several bit positions, giving it more time for other work.

Nutting and Fredriksen developed a basic demonstration of a baseball game and showcased it to Midway, who had created many pitch-and-bat electro-mechanical baseball games. Midway instead proposed that DNA should adapt Western Gun to their arcade hardware. To program this translation, Fredriksen recruited from his alma mater the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. The head of the Robotic and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Richard Northouse, agreed to have two of his students sent to DNA as a work-study. Thomas A. McHugh (1946-2020) and another programmer (later replaced by Jamie Fenton) were propositioned to work on Gun Fight. McHugh took the offer and served as the principle programmer under game designer David Nutting. The game was programmed in assembly language using an Intellec 8 microprocessor development system, with graphical elements translated from hexadecimal code. [22]

DNA's version increased the size of the player characters, while at the same time restricting each character's movement on their respective halves of the screen. It also added limited shots, indicated by a set of bullets drawn graphically at the bottom of the screen. The game's cabinet featured a bezel which provided indications of score, game time, and bullets. The screen also featured an overlay which rendered the white graphical elements of the screen yellow. Controls were altered slightly from Western Gun, with a larger aiming stick featuring a wider range of movement rather than purely vertical.

Their version of the game eliminated the rock obstacles, added indestructible trees, and created a progression of stages after each round. More obstacles were added to the field as the scores got higher, introducing a moving stagecoach to serve as an additional impediment.

Midway's version was released as Gun Fight in November 1975.

Reception

In Japan, Western Gun was among the top ten highest-rated arcade video games of 1976 by operators polled in the 1976 New Year's Holiday period. [23]

Gun Fight sold 8,600 units in the United States, making it among the best selling video games of the time period and the top selling game released in 1975. [24]

In March 1976, the first annual RePlay arcade chart listed Gun Fight as third best-charting video game among its polled operators. [25] In October the same year, RePlay listed Gun Fight in second place, below Midway's Sea Wolf . [26] In November 1977, the first annual Play Meter arcade chart listed Gun Fight as the fifth best-charting arcade video game of 1977. [27] Play Meter later listed it among the top 30 top arcade games of 1978 among operators polled. [28]

Tomohiro Nishikado believed that his original version was more fun than Midway's version, but he was impressed with the Midway machine's improved graphics and smoother animation. He was inspired to explore microprocessor-based hardware, which eventually resulted in Space Invaders (1978). [29] The hardware of Space Invaders is incredibly similar to Gun Fight, including the use of the barrel shifter circuit. [30] [31] The hardware was also reused in subsequent Dave Nutting Associates-developed Midway games including Sea Wolf (1976) and 280 ZZZAP (1976). In Taito's Space Invaders Part II of 1979, this circuit was replaced by a Fujitsu MB14241, a single-chip implementation of the barrel shifter introduced in Gun Fight.

In 2021, The Guardian listed it as the eleventh greatest video game of the 1970s. [32]

Ports

When Dave Nutting Associates developed the Bally Professional Arcade console, they included a built-in version of Gun Fight in the system's ROM. [33] This version was programmed by Alan McNeil, later of Berzerk fame.

In 1984, Epyx released Gun Fight bundled with another Midway game, Sea Wolf II , for Atari 8-bit computers as part of their Arcade Classics compilation.

Legacy

Gun Fight was popular enough to spawn a sequel released in 1977, Boot Hill .

The game was included in GameSpy's "Hall of Fame" in 2002. They commented that "Gun Fight was the first game to feature two humanized characters attempting to outfight each other, which would become one of the most common themes in games for the next 25-plus years"; that it was one of the first Japanese video games imported to North America; and that Midway's version "was the first microprocessor-based arcade game". [15]

Outlaw released for the Atari Video Computer System was a clone of Gun Fight, rather than the arcade game it was named after which was a light gun shooting game.

In 1982, the clone Gunfight was released for the Atari 8-bit computers by Hofacker / Elcomp Publishing. [34] The Duel for the Commodore 64 is a clone released in 1985. [35]

Taito used a control scheme similar to Western Gun for the run and gun video game Front Line (1982). [36] In 1995, GamesMaster host Dominik Diamond called Sega's arcade game Virtual On: Cyber Troopers "a futuristic version" of Gun Fight. [37]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Japanese: ウエスタンガン, Hepburn: Uesutan Gan

References

  1. 1 2 Akagi, Masumi (13 October 2006). アーケードTVゲームリスト国内•海外編(1971-2005) [Arcade TV Game List: Domestic • Overseas Edition (1971-2005)] (in Japanese). Japan: Amusement News Agency. pp. 40–1. ISBN   978-4990251215.
  2. ↑ "New Midway's 'Gun Fight' – Old West Thrills". Cash Box: 39. 1975-11-08.
  3. ↑ "Arcade Classics. A Blast-From-The-Past". Compute!. 6 (2): 31. February 1984.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Stephen Totilo (August 31, 2010). "In Search Of The First Video Game Gun". Kotaku . Retrieved 2011-03-27.
  5. 1 2 "Western Gun". The Arcade Flyer Archive. Killer List of Video Games . Retrieved 2011-04-02.
  6. 1 2 Chris Kohler (2005), "Chapter 2: An Early History of Cinematic Elements in Video Games", Power-Up: How Japanese Video Games Gave the World an Extra Life, BradyGames, p. 18, ISBN   0-7440-0424-1 , retrieved 2011-03-27
  7. 1 2 3 Cassidy, William (May 6, 2002). "Gun Fight". GameSpy. Archived from the original on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 14 September 2012.
  8. ↑ Steve L. Kent (2001), The ultimate history of video games: from Pong to Pokémon and beyond: the story behind the craze that touched our lives and changed the world , p. 64, Prima, ISBN   0-7615-3643-4
  9. 1 2 Shirley R. Steinberg (2010), Shirley R. Steinberg; Michael Kehler; Lindsay Cornish (eds.), Boy Culture: An Encyclopedia, vol. 1, ABC-CLIO, p. 451, ISBN   978-0-313-35080-1 , retrieved 2011-04-02
  10. ↑ Mini-micro systems, Volume 11. Cahners Publishing. 1978. p. 46. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
  11. ↑ "Gunfight (Astrocade)". GameFAQs . Retrieved 12 February 2012.
  12. ↑ "Atarimania - Arcade Classics: Sea Wolf II / Gun Fight". Atarimania.com. Retrieved 2011-02-01.
  13. 1 2 3 "Gun Fight". Archived from the original on 2014-11-14.
  14. ↑ "The Arcade Flyer Archive: Western Gun" . Retrieved 2015-06-18.
  15. 1 2 3 Cassidy, William (May 6, 2002). "Gun Fight". GameSpy. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
  16. ↑ Western Gun at the Killer List of Videogames
  17. 1 2 Rusel DeMaria & Johnny L. Wilson (2003), High score! The illustrated history of electronic games (2 ed.), McGraw-Hill Professional, pp. 24–5, ISBN   0-07-223172-6 , retrieved 2011-04-02
  18. ↑ "Gun Fight (Arcade) review". Honest Gamers. June 15, 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  19. ↑ Smith, Alexander (19 November 2019). They Create Worlds: The Story of the People and Companies That Shaped the Video Game Industry, Vol. I: 1971-1982. CRC Press. pp. 193–95. ISBN   978-0-429-75261-2.
  20. ↑ "The Mass Impact of Video Games" (PDF). Vasulka.org. p. 116. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  21. ↑ The schematic for the "game logic" board of Gun Fight has a shifter circuit made from four AMD Am25S10 4-bit barrel-shifter chips wired together, along with several 74175 latches to hold the data to be shifted and the number of bit positions to shift by.
  22. ↑ historyofhowweplay (2018-04-03). "Interview: Tom McHugh". The History of How We Play. Retrieved 2024-03-16.
  23. ↑ "本紙アンケー 〜 ト調査の結果" [Paper Questionnaire: Results of the Survey](PDF). Game Machine (in Japanese). No. 65. Amusement Press, Inc. 1 February 1977. p. 2.
  24. ↑ Jarrell, Timothy (November 1976). "Like Old Man River Midway Sales Go Rollin' Along". Play Meter. 2 (12): 50–52.
  25. ↑ "The Nation's Top Arcade Games". RePlay. 1 (22): 26. March 1976.
  26. ↑ "Profit Chart". RePlay. October 1976.
  27. ↑ "Top Arcade Games". Play Meter . November 1977.
  28. ↑ "The 'Winners' of '78: Top Arcade Games". Play Meter . 1978.
  29. ↑ Chris Kohler (2005), Power-Up: How Japanese Video Games Gave the World an Extra Life, BradyGames, p. 19, ISBN   0-7440-0424-1, As a game, I thought our version of Western Gun was more fun. But just from using a microprocessor, the walking animation became much smoother and prettier in Midway's version.
  30. ↑ "mw8080bw.cpp". Github.com. Retrieved 2020-03-09. Most of these games do not actually use the MB14241 shifter IC, but instead implement equivalent functionality using a bunch of standard 74XX IC's.
  31. ↑ "mw8080bw.cpp". Github.com. Retrieved 2020-03-09. ... data shifter, using either ~11 74xx chips, AM25S10s, Fujitsu MB14221 or Fujitsu MB14241 chips, which all do the same thing.
  32. ↑ "The 15 greatest video games of the 70s – ranked!". The Guardian . 13 May 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  33. ↑ Rusel DeMaria & Johnny L. Wilson (2003), High score! The illustrated history of electronic games (2 ed.), McGraw-Hill Professional, p. 48, ISBN   0-07-223172-6 , retrieved 2011-04-02
  34. ↑ "Atarimania - Gunfight". Atarimania.com. Retrieved 2012-03-08.
  35. ↑ "Lemon64 - Duel, The". Lemon64.com. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  36. ↑ "Front Line / Top Ten Hits". Video Games. Vol. 1, no. 7. Pumpkin Press. March 1983. pp. 49, 66.
  37. ↑ Diamond, Dominik (7 December 1995). "Episode #106". GamesMaster. Series 5. Episode 12. United Kingdom. 3 minutes in. Channel 4. Archived from the original on 2021-12-22. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
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