| Gymnocranius | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Gymnocranius euanus | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Spariformes |
| Family: | Lethrinidae |
| Genus: | Gymnocranius Klunzinger, 1870 [1] |
| Type species | |
| Dentex rivulatus | |
| Synonyms [1] | |
| |
Gymnocranius is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Lethrinidae, the emperors and emperor breams. These fishes are found in the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean. [2]
Gymnocranius was first proposed as a monospecific genus by the German zoologist Carl Benjamin Klunzinger in 1870 with Dentex rivulatus as its only species. [1] Dentex rivulatus had been described by Eduard Rüppell in 1838 with its type locality given as Jeddah but this has subsequently been found to be a synonym of Cantharus grandoculis described in 1830 by Achille Valenciennes from the Seychelles. [3] Some authors place this genus in the subfamily Monotaxinae but the 5th edition of Fishes of the World does not recognise the subfamilies traditionally accepted within the family Lethrinidae as valid. The family Lethrinidae is classified by the 5th edition of Fishes of the World as belonging to the order Spariformes. [4]
Gymnocranius means "naked skull" and it was originally a subgeneus of Dentex distinguished by having no scales on the crown. [5]
There are currently eleven recognized species in this genus, but more species are awaiting description. [6]
Gymoncranius fishes are medium to large breams, have oval shaped, laterally compressed bodies with a convex profile in front of the eye and a steeply sloping snout. In adults there is frequently a bony ridge on the nape and a bony shelf above the front of the eye. [7] They have a continuous dorsal fin supported by 10 spines and 10 soft rays and the anal fin has 3 spines and 10 soft rays. The pectoral fin contains 14 fin rays. The cheek has between 3 and 6 transverse scale rows There are no scales on the inner axilla of the pectoral fin. There are canine-like and bristle-like teeth on the outer row of the sides of both jaws. The outer surface of the maxilla is smooth. [8] The caudal fin is typically forked with pinted lobs, The typical colour is mostly silver with some markings. [7] The blue-lined large eyed bream (G. grandoculis) is the largest species with a maximum published total length of 80 cm (31 in) while the rest of the species in the genus have maximum lengths between 35 and 45 cm (14 and 18 in). [9]
Gymnocranius emperors are found in the Indo-West Pacific from the coast of eastern Africa [8] and the Indian Ocean to the western and central Pacific Ocean. They are typically found in waters between 10 and 80 m (33 and 262 ft) deep over substrates of sand or rubble on continental coasts, although some species can be found off islands. [7]
Gymnocranius emperors are normally solitary, although one species G. griseus.. aggregates in schools. They are predators of benthic invertebrates. [7]
Sparidae is a family of ray-finned fishes belonging to the order Spariformes, the seabreams and porgies, although they were traditionally classified in the order Perciformes. They are found in shallow temperate and tropical waters around the world and are demersal carnivores.
Lethrinidae are a family of ray-finned fishes belonging to the order Spariformes commonly known as emperors, emperor breams, and pigface breams.
Monotaxis grandoculis, the humpnose big-eye bream, bigeye barenose, bigeye bream, bigeye emperor, grand-eyed porgy fish, humpnose sea-bream, large-eye bream,mu and roundtooth large-eye bream, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Lethrinidae, the emperors and emperor breams. This species is found in the Indian and Pacific Ocean.
Gymnocranius audleyi, the collared large-eye bream, collar bream, bastard bream, coral bream, iodine bream, pale-faced bream or sand snapper, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Lethrinidae, the emperors and emperor breams. This species is found in the Western Pacific Ocean.
Diplodus is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging the family Sparidae, which includes the seabreams and porgies. These fishes are found in the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and the western Indian Ocean.
Monotaxis is a small genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Lethrinidae, the emperors and emperor breams. The fishes in this genus are found in the Indian and western Pacific Oceans.
Gnathodentex is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Lethrinidae, the emperors or emperor breams. It is a monotypic genus, containing a single species, the goldspot seabream, also known as the striped large-eye bream. This taxon has a wide distribution in Indo-West Pacific region.
Wattsia is a monospecific genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the familyLethrinidae, the emperors and emperor breams. The only species in the genus is Wattsa mossambica, the Mozambique large-eye bream or Mozambique sea bream of the Indian and Western Pacific Oceans.
Gymnocranius euanus, the Japanese large-eye bream, Japanese sea bream, paddletail bream, speckled emperor or iodine bream, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Lethrinidae, the emperors and emperor breams. This fish is found in the Western Pacific Ocean.
Sparidentex is a genus of ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, which includes the seabreams and porgies. These fishes are found in the Indian Ocean.
Nemipterus bipunctatus, the Delagoa threadfin bream, Bleeker's threadfin bream or butterfly bream, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Nemipteridae, the threadfin and whiptail breams. This demersal fish is found over soft bottoms in the Indian Ocean.
Gymnocranius griseus, the grey large-eye bream, barred large-eye bream, grey emperor, grey seabream and naked-head seabream, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Lethrinidae, the emperors and emperor breams. This species is found in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
Nemipterus tambuloides, the fivelined threadfin bream, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Nemipteridae, the threadfin breams. This fish is found in the Indo-Pacific region.
Dentex is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Sparidae, which includes the seabreams and porgies. The fishes in this genus are found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and the eastern Indian and Western Pacific Oceans.
Polysteganus is a genus of ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, which includes the seabreams and porgies. The fishes in this genus are found in the Indian Ocean.
Parascolopsis baranesi, also known as Baranes’s dwarf monocle bream, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Nemipteridae, the threadfin breams. This fish is endemic to the Gulf of Aqaba in the western Indian Ocean.
Gymnocranius grandoculis, the blue-lined large-eye bream, iodine bream, Maori sea bream or Robinson's sea bream, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Lethrinidae, the emeprors and emperor breams. This fish has a wide Indo-Pacific distribution.
Lethrinus crocineus, the yellowtail emperor, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Lethrinidae, the emperors and emperor breams. This fish is found in the Indian Ocean.
Lethrinus variegatus, the slender emperor or variegated emperor, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Lethrinidae, the emperors and emperor breams. This fish has a wide Indo-Pacific distribution.
Monotaxis heterodon, the redfin emperor, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Lethrinidae, the emperors and emperor breams. This fish is found in the Indian and Western Pacific Oceans.