Gymnocranius grandoculis

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Gymnocranius grandoculis
Gymnocranius grandoculis JNC1246 (big specimen) Body.JPG
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Spariformes
Family: Lethrinidae
Genus: Gymnocranius
Species:
G. grandoculis
Binomial name
Gymnocranius grandoculis
(Valenciennes, 1830)
Synonyms [2]
  • Cantharus grandoculis Valenciennes, 1830
  • Dentex rivulatus Rüppell, 1838
  • Gymnocranius rivulatus (Rüppell, 1838)
  • Dentex lethrinoides Bleeker, 1850
  • Gymnocranius lethrinoides (Bleeker, 1850)
  • Pentapus dux Valenciennes, 1862
  • Pentapus curtus Guichenot, 1863
  • Dentex robinsoni Gilchrist & Thompson, 1909
  • Gymnocranius robinsoni (Gilchrist & Thompson, 1909)
  • Paradentex marshalli Whitley, 1936
  • Gymnocranius ruppellii J. L. B. Smith, 1941

Gymnocranius grandoculis, the blue-lined large-eye bream, iodine bream, Maori sea bream or Robinson's sea bream, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Lethrinidae, the emeprors and emperor breams. This fish has a wide Indo-Pacific distribution.

Contents

Taxonomy

Gymnocranius grandoculis was first formally described as Cantharus grandoculis in 1830 by the French zoologist Achille Valenciennes with its type locality given as the Seychelles. [3] In 1870 Carl Benjamin Klunzinger proposed a new subgenus of Dentex , Gymnocranius , with Dentex rivulatus, a species described in 1838 by Eduard Rüppell from Jeddah, as its only species. Rüppell's D. rivulatus is now treated as a synonym of G. grandoculis and is the type species of the genus Gymnocranius. [4] [3] Some authors place this genus in the subfamily Monotaxinae but the 5th edition of Fishes of the World does not recognise the subfamilies traditionally accepted within the family Lethrinidae as valid. The family Lethrinidae is classified by the 5th edition of Fishes of the World as belonging to the order Spariformes. [5]

Etymology

Gymnocranius grandoculis has a specific name, grandoculis, which means "big-eyed", referring to the large eyes of this species, and genus. [6]

Description

Gymnocranius grandoculis has an oblong body that has a depth which fits into its standard length around two and a half times. The head has a moderately sloping dorsal profile with the larger adults having a bony ridge on the nape and a bony shelf oabove the anterior part of the eye. The eye is placed high on the head and is relatively large, although its diameter is a little less than the length of the snout. [7] The continuous dorsal fin is supported by 10 spines and 10 soft rays while the anal fin contains 2 spines and 10 soft rays. [2] The teeth in the jaws are conical at the front and are bristle-like to conical at the sides. [8] The caudal fin is moderately fork with pointed lobes. [7] The overall colour is golden brown to yellowish with wavy blue lines and spots on the head in front of the eye, the cheek and the operculum. The fins are yellowish-orange and the caudal fin has an orange margin. They frequently show dark diagonal bars on the body. [9] This species has a maximum published total length of 80 cm (31 in), although 64 cm (25 in) is more typical, and the maximum published weight is 5.5 kg (12 lb). [2]

Distribution and habitat

Gymnocranius grandoculis has a wide distribution in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It occurs from the Red Sea south to South Africa across the Indian Ocean, although it is absent from the Persian Gulf [8] into the Pacific Ocean where it occurs north to Japan and east to the Tuamotus and south to Australia. [1] In Australia it occurs at least as far south as Yanchep in Western Australia along the northern coasts to Townsville in Queensland, as well as the Cocos (Keeling) Islands and the Ashmore and Cartier Reefs in the Timor Sea. [9] This species is found on soft mud or sand substrates, also on rock substrates in offshore waters at depths of 50 to 100 m (160 to 330 ft). [8]

Biology

Gymnocranius grandoculis occurs a solitary individuals or in small schools. It feeds mainly on bethic invertebrates and smaller fishers. [2]

Fisheries

Gymnocranius grandoculis is a target for artisanal fishers in many parts of its range, much of the catch is caught with bottom longlines and bottom trawls. It is used as bait in tuna fisheries in the Philippines and is taken as bycatch on the Great Barrier Reef. [1]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sparidae</span> Family of fishes

Sparidae is a family of ray-finned fishes belonging to the order Spariformes, the sea breams and prrgies, although they were traditionally classified in the order Perciformes. They are found in shallow temperate and tropical waters around the world and are demersal carnivores.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lethrinidae</span> Family of fishes

Lethrinidae are a family of ray-finned fishes belonging to the order Spariformes commonly known as emperors, emperor breams, and pigface breams.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nemipteridae</span> Family of fishes

Nemipteridae, the threadfin breams or whiptail breams, is a family of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the order Spariformes. These fishes are found in the Indo-West Pacific region.

<i>Monotaxis grandoculis</i> Species of fish

Monotaxis grandoculis, the humpnose big-eye bream, bigeye barenose, bigeye bream, bigeye emperor, grand-eyed porgy fish, humpnose sea-bream, large-eye bream,mu and roundtooth large-eye bream, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Lethrinidae, the emperors and emperor breams. This species is found in the Indian and Pacific Ocean.

<i>Gymnocranius audleyi</i> Species of fish

Gymnocranius audleyi, the collared large-eye bream, collar bream, bastard bream, coral bream, iodine bream, pale-faced bream or sand snapper, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Lethrinidae, the emperors and emperor breams. This species is found in the Western Pacific Ocean.

<i>Monotaxis</i> (fish) Genus of fishes

Monotaxis is a small genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Lethrinidae, the emperors and emperor breams. The fishes in this genus are found in the Indian and western Pacific Oceans.

<i>Gnathodentex</i> Genus of fishes

Gnathodentex is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Lethrinidae, the emperors or emperor breams. It is a monotypic genus, containing a single species, the goldspot seabream, also known as the striped large-eye bream. This taxon has a wide distribution in Indo-West Pacific region.

<i>Gymnocranius</i> Genus of fishes

Gymnocranius is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Lethrinidae, the emperors and emperor breams. These fishes are found in the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean.

Wattsia is a monospecific genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the familyLethrinidae, the emperors and emperor breams. The only species in the genus is Wattsa mossambica, the Mozambique large-eye bream or Mozambique sea bream of the Indian and Western Pacific Oceans.

<i>Lethrinus obsoletus</i> Species of fish

Lethrinus obsoletus, the orange-striped emperor, yellow-banded emperor or yellowstripe emperor, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Lethrinidae, the emperors or emperor breams. This species has a wide Indo-Pacific distribution.

<i>Gymnocranius euanus</i> Species of fish

Gymnocranius euanus, the Japanese large-eye bream, Japanese sea bream, paddletail bream, speckled emperor or iodine bream, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Lethrinidae, the emperors and emperor breams. This fish is found in the Western Pacific Ocean.

<i>Nemipterus bipunctatus</i> Species of fish

Nemipterus bipunctatus, the Delagoa threadfin bream, Bleeker's threadfin bream or butterfly bream, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Nemipteridae, the threadfin and whiptail breams. This demersal fish is found over soft bottoms in the Indian Ocean.

<i>Gymnocranius griseus</i> Species of fish

Gymnocranius griseus, the grey large-eye bream, barred large-eye bream, grey emperor, grey seabream and naked-head seabream, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Lethrinidae, the emperors and emperor breams. This species is found in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

<i>Nemipterus tambuloides</i> Species of fish

Nemipterus tambuloides, the fivelined threadfin bream, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Nemipteridae, the threadfin breams. This fish is found in the Indo-Pacific region.

<i>Nemipterus peronii</i> Species of fish

Nemipterus peronii, the notchedfin threadfin bream, notchedfin butterfly breamrosy threadfin bream or Peron's threadfin bream, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to family Nemipteridae, the threadfin breams. This species occurs in the Indo-West Pacific region.

Nemipterus isacanthus, the teardrop threadfin bream or twinlined threadfin bream, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Nemipteridae, the threadfin and whiptail breams. This fish is found in the western Pacific Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Doublewhip threadfin bream</span> Species of fish

The doublewhip threadfin bream is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Nemipteridae, the threadfin breams. This species is found in the Indo-West Pacific region.

<i>Lethrinus crocineus</i> Species of marine fish

Lethrinus crocineus, the yellowtail emperor, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Lethrinidae, the emperors and emperor breams. This fish is found in the Indian Ocean.

<i>Monotaxis heterodon</i> Species of fish

Monotaxis heterodon, the redfin emperor, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Lethrinidae, the emperors and emperor breams. This fish is found in the Indian and Western Pacific Oceans.

<i>Lethrinus borbonicus</i> Species of fish

Lethrinus borbonicus, the snubnose emperor, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Lethrinidae, the emperor breams and emperors. This species is found in the Western Indian Ocean and is of some importance to commercial fisheries in that region.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Carpenter, K.E.; Lawrence, A. & Myers, R. (2016). "Gymnocranius grandoculis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T16719605A16722290. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T16719605A16722290.en . Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2023). "Gymnocranius grandoculis" in FishBase. October 2023 version.
  3. 1 2 Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Gymnocranius". Catalog of Fishes . California Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  4. ↑ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Gymnocranius". Catalog of Fishes . California Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  5. ↑ Nelson, J.S.; Grande, T.C.; Wilson, M.V.H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 502–506. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN   978-1-118-34233-6. LCCN   2015037522. OCLC   951899884. OL   25909650M.
  6. ↑ "Order SPARIFORMES: Families LETHRINIDAE, NEMIPTERIDAE and SPARIDAE". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf. 17 October 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  7. 1 2 Kent E. Carpenter; Gerald R. Allen (1989). Emperor fishes and large-eye breams of the world (Family Lethrinidae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of lethrinid species known to date (PDF). FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 9. FAO, Rome. pp. 27–28.
  8. 1 2 3 Kent E. Carpenter (2022). "Family Lethrinidae". In Phillip C Heemstra; Elaine Heemstra; David A Ebert; Wouter Holleman; John E Randall (eds.). Coastal Fishes of the Western Indian Ocean (PDF). Vol. 3. South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity. pp. 316–327. ISBN   978-1-990951-32-9.
  9. 1 2 Bray, D.J. (2020). "Gymnocranius grandoculis". Fishes of Australia. Museums Victoria. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
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