| Mountain needlewood | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Proteales |
| Family: | Proteaceae |
| Genus: | Hakea |
| Species: | H. lissosperma |
| Binomial name | |
| Hakea lissosperma | |
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| Occurrence data from AVH | |
| Synonyms | |
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Hakea lissosperma, commonly known as needle bush and mountain needlewood, [2] is a species of Hakea native to parts of south eastern Australia.
The mountain needlewood is a spreading shrub or small tree commonly with spiny leaves and dense clusters of white flowers, growing approximately from 2 to 6 metres (7 to 20 ft) in height. [3] It is a low woody plant with several main stout branches. [2] The flat evergreen leaves are terete, usually 6 to 10 centimetres (2.4 to 3.9 in) in length and 1.5 to 2 millimetres (0.059 to 0.079 in) wide. The leaf follicles are usually 20 to 30 mm (0.79 to 1.18 in) long and 15 to 20 mm (0.59 to 0.79 in) wide while the mature ones are about 2.3 to 2.7 cm (0.91 to 1.06 in) and 1.7 to 2 cm (0.67 to 0.79 in) wide and coarsely wrinkled or blistered. [4]
Flowers commonly form in late spring and early summer between October and December in alpine areas, earlier at lower altitudes. [5] The flowers are white or cream in colour and clustered in leaf axils on stalks usually 4 to 6 mm (0.157 to 0.236 in) long. The perianth is usually glabrous and 5 to 6 mm (0.197 to 0.236 in) in length. [2] The fruit that forms after flowering commonly becomes hard and brown or grey-brown when it is mature usually in the second year after flowering. Immature fruit will not ripen off the plant and fruit is usually held on the plant for several years. Seed is usually not occupying whole valve face. [6] Each seed is usually 17 to 23 mm (0.669 to 0.906 in) long and 6.5 to 10.5 mm (0.256 to 0.413 in) wide. The seeds are wrinkled with a wing down one side only and dark blackish-brown in colour.
Hakea lissosperma was first formally described by Robert Brown in 1810 as part of the work On the natural order of plants called Proteaceae published in Transactions of the Linnean Society of London . [7] [8] The type specimen was collected in Tasmania on mountains between the Derwent and "Heron" rivers. [8] The specific epithet (lissosperma) is derived from the Ancient Greek words lissos meaning "smooth" or "polished" [9] : 722 and sperma meaning "seed". [9] : 736
H. lissosperma is found in Tasmania, Victoria, New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory. [6] In Tasmania the species is commonly found in the following areas: Break O'Day, Central Highlands, Circular Head, Derwent Valley, Dorset, Flinders Island, Glamorgan-Spring Bay, Hobart, Huon Valley, Kentish, Kingborough, Launceston, Meander Valley, Northern Midlands, Southern Midlands, Tasman, Waratah-Wynyard, West Coast. [2] In Victoria it is found in the east parts including; East Gippsland, Fall Highlands, Victorian Alps and Snowy Mountains. [6] In New South Wales it is found only in alpine areas in the south east surrounding the Australian Capital Territory.
The species is commonly found in wet Eucalypt forest and it is widespread especially on mountains to 1,200 metres (3,937 ft) and to sea level in areas of high rainfall. [3] The tree is frost hardy and drought tolerant to cope with its habitat. [10] It is also found in dry forest habitat at altitudes of 700 m (2,297 ft) in parts of Victoria [6] It prefers a moist and shady site and grows well in fertile, loam soils but is phosphorus intolerant. [3]
This tree should only be planted in a sheltered location. Seeds can be collected any time of year but only from older fruit which is usually grey-brown in colour. The seeds must then be leached and the dry fruit will usually open in 2–3 weeks or place in an oven 80 to 100 °C (176 to 212 °F) for 30 minutes with the door partially open. Besides leaching stratification can also be used. [3] Once planted the germination time is approximately 6 months. The species is a favourite of birds due to the dense clusters of flowers and pungent rigid needle-shaped leaves which can be a shelter against predators. It is also resistant to wildlife browsing due to its unpalatability. [3]
Hakea is a genus of about 150 species of plants in the Family Proteaceae, endemic to Australia. They are shrubs or small trees with leaves that are sometimes flat, otherwise circular in cross section in which case they are sometimes divided. The flowers are usually arranged in groups in leaf axils and resemble those of other genera, especially Grevillea. Hakeas have woody fruit which distinguishes them from grevilleas which have non-woody fruit which release the seeds as they mature. Hakeas are found in every state of Australia with the highest species diversity being found in the south west of Western Australia.
Hakea corymbosa, commonly known as the cauliflower hakea is a plant of the family Proteaceae which is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. An attractive extremely prickly bush with sweetly scented yellowish flowers. The nectar rich blooms and dense form provides a good habitat for wildlife.
Hakea nodosa, commonly known as yellow hakea, is a shrub that is endemic to Australia. It usually has golden yellow flowers in profusion and needle-shaped leaves.
Hakea ulicina, commonly known as furze hakea, is a shrub in the family Proteaceae and endemic to Victoria. It has stiff, long, narrow leaves and creamy-white flowers.
Hakea decurrens, commonly known as bushy needlewood, is a species of shrub or small tree in the family Proteaceae.
Hakea epiglottis is a shrub commonly known as beaked hakea or needlebush hakea and is endemic to Tasmania where populations consist of functional unisexual plants. In a 1989 publication by John Wrigley & Murray Fagg states specimens at Wakehurst Place, an annexe of Kew Gardens London are specimens believed to be 60-70 years old measuring 3 m (9.8 ft) high and wide.
Hakea trifurcata, commonly known as two-leaf, two-leaved hakea, or kerosene bush, is a shrub, endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. The species has two leaf forms, needle-like or oblong egg-shaped. Unlike most hakea species the fruit remain green at maturity and resemble the broader leaf form. The mimicry creates a camouflage, reducing predation of the seed by granivores in particular cockatoos.
Dillwynia cinerascens, commonly known as grey parrot-pea, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It is an erect to low-lying shrub with linear or thread-like leaves and orange or yellow flowers.
Hakea rugosa, commonly known as wrinkled hakea or dwarf hakea, is a shrub of the family Proteaceae native to Australia. It has sharp needle-shaped leaves and white or cream fragrant flowers in profusion from August to October.
Hakea cycloptera, commonly known as elm-seed hakea, is a shrub in the family Proteaceae endemic to South Australia. It is a small spreading shrub with an abundance of pale pink or white flowers from December to August.
Lepidosperma laterale, commonly known as the variable swordsedge, is a plant found in south-eastern Australia, New Caledonia and New Zealand. It is often found on sandy soils or rocky areas in wooded areas.
Hakea tephrosperma commonly known as hooked needlewood, is a shrub or small tree species in the family Proteaceae. It has cream flowers, needle-shaped leaves and is one of the taller species adaptable for dry to temperate locations.
Hakea microcarpa , commonly known as small-fruit hakea is a flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to eastern Australia. It is a spreading shrub, often growing in woodlands, heathlands and near swamps in montane areas of eastern Australia.
Hakea leucoptera, commonly known as silver needlewood, needle hakea, pin bush or water tree and as booldoobah in Koori language, is a shrub or small tree with rigid, cylindrical, sharply pointed leaves and white, cream-coloured or yellow flowers in late spring and early summer. It is widespread and common in central parts of the Australian mainland.
Hakea arborescens, commonly known as the common hakea or the yellow hakea, is a shrub or tree of the genus Hakea native to parts of northern Australia.
Hakea actites, commonly known as the mulloway needle bush or wallum hakea is a shrub or tree of the Proteacea family native to areas in north eastern New South Wales and south eastern Queensland. White nectar rich flowers appear in abundance from late autumn to early spring.
Hakea divaricata, commonly known as needlewood, corkbark tree or fork-leaved corkwood, is a tree or shrub in the family Proteaceae native to an area in central Australia. A slow growing species with up to 120 showy cream to greenish-yellow flowers in long racemes from June to November.
Hakea vittata, commonly known as the striped hakea, hooked needlewood, is a shrub of the family Proteaceae. Restricted to an area on the Eyre Peninsula and the Gawler Range in South Australia and small areas in eastern Victoria.
Lomandra multiflora is a perennial, rhizomatous herb found in Australia. Lomandra multiflora is also commonly known as many-flowered mat rush, mat rush and many flowered mat-lily. Lomandra multiflora is a species that is native to Australia and can be found in New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, South Australia, Northern Territory of Australia and also in Papua New Guinea. The mat rush is distributed widely in the region and common within its preferred growing conditions. The conservation status of Lomandra multiflora is considered not to be of concern and risk.
Centrolepis aristata, commonly known as pointed centrolepis, is a species of plant in the Restionaceae family and is found in areas of southern Australia.