Haplogroup NO

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Haplogroup NO
Haplogroup NO.png
Possible time of originFormed circa 45,400–45,840 years  BP
(NO/NO1, based on YFull 2017, [1] and previous estimates of: 41,500 [95% CI 37,400 <-> 45,600] years BP, [2] 48,871 [95% CI 37,095 <-> 58,831] years BP, [3] and 50,800 or 43,500 years BP [4] )
Coalescence ageCirca 41,500 – 40,067 years BP (NO/NO1, based on YFull 2017, [1] and previous estimates of: 36,800 [95% CI 34,300 <-> 39,300] years BP, [2] 41,900 [31,294 <-> 51,202] years BP, [3] and 44,700 or 38,300 years BP depending on mutation rate [4] )
Possible place of origin Southeast Asia or East Asia (Northern China) [5] [6] [7]
Ancestor K2a1 (M2313/Z4858)
Descendants N (M231) and O (M175). [8]
Defining mutationsM214/Page39; F176/M2314; CTS5858/M2325/F346; CTS11572 [1] [6]

Haplogroup NO (M214/Page39; F176/M2314; CTS5858/M2325/F346; CTS11572), [8] also known as NO-M214 and NO1, [8] is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. NO is the sole confirmed subclade of Haplogroup K2a1 (K-M2313), which is the sole subclade of Haplogroup K2a (K-M2308). [6] NO is the dominant Y-DNA haplogroup in most parts of eastern and northern Eurasia, including East Asia, Siberia and northern Fennoscandia.

Contents

Before 2016, NO was generally regarded as synonymous with K2a. [6] Researchers such as David Poznik (Poznik et al. 2016) documented examples of previously unknown subclades of haplogroup K2, in both ancient remains and living individuals, which: (firstly) had several, varying suites of the SNPs regarded previously as uniquely defining K2a and NO, but also (secondly) lacked any of the SNPs specifically identifying haplogroups Haplogroup N (M231) and Haplogroup O (M175). [6] This demonstrated conclusively that multiple stages of development separated K2a from NO, which therefore constituted "grandparent" and "grandchild" clades. Poznik et al. 2016 used the name "K2a1" for the Y-DNA of some of the individuals who belonged to K2a(xK2a*,NO), while also mentioning that K2a1 did not include all examples of K2a(xK2a*,NO).

As of 2020, the International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) refers to NO-M214 as "NO1", and to K2a/K2a1 as "NO". [8]

There may be at least one other primary branch of NO: the ISOGG official Y-DNA haplogroup tree lists a haplogroup known as "NO1~" [ sic ] (CTS707/M2306) alongside NO-M214 (which ISOGG refers to as "NO1"). [8] The tilde (~) indicates that its exact position of NO1~ in the phylogeny is unknown. It may be a primary branch or sibling of NO, it may be a primary branch or sibling of K2a1, or it may instead be a primary branch of K2a.

Based on the projected origins of K2a, K2a1, and the basal haplogroups N* and O* respectively, NO* probably originated in East Asia. [5] [6]

Distribution

Migration of Haplogroup NO. Migration of the Y chromosome haplogroup N and O in East Asia.png
Migration of Haplogroup NO.

While there is some evidence of NO* being found in living individuals, these examples are not well-researched. Further research may instead identify them as belonging to N* (M231), N1, or the provisional subclade N2 (F3373/M2283/Page56/S323). [10] [11] These cases include:

Members of Haplogroup NO* include a Telugu of Indian origin sampled in the United Kingdom and a Malay sampled in Singapore. [6] [1]

Two sets of ancient remains previously considered as possibly belonging to NO have since been reclassified upstream to K2a.[ citation needed ]

Likewise, cases previously regarded as possible examples of NO* or NO1*, and since ruled out, include:

Subclades

Phylogenetic tree

This phylogeny of haplogroups K2a, K2a1, and NO is based on YFull 2018, [1] Poznik 2016, ISOGG 2018, Karafet 2008. [6] [8] [15]

K2aK-M2308 (M2308) Found only in the ancient remains "Ust'-Ishim man" (c. 45,000 BP) and "Oase 1" (c. 39,500 BP). [6]

The position of NO1~ (CTS707/M2306), a subclade of K2a1 or NO, in this phylogeny is unclear. [8]

See also

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335" (9 December 2017); PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (9 December 2017); GeneticHomeland.com, 2016, DNA Marker Index Chromosome Y V4208 (9 December 2017).
  2. 1 2 YFull Haplogroup YTree v5.06 at 25 September 2017
  3. 1 2 Karmin, Monika; Saag, Lauri; Vicente, Mário; et al. (2015). "", "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture". Genome Research. 25 (4): 459–466. doi:10.1101/gr.186684.114. PMC   4381518 . PMID   25770088.
  4. 1 2 G. David Poznik, Yali Xue, Fernando L. Mendez, et al., 2016, "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences." Nature Genetics vol. 48, no. 6 (June): pp. 593–599. doi:10.1038/ng.3559.
  5. 1 2 Rootsi, Siiri; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Baldovič, Marian; Kayser, Manfred; Kutuev, Ildus A; Khusainova, Rita; Bermisheva, Marina A; Gubina, Marina; Fedorova, Sardana A; Ilumäe, Anne-Mai; Khusnutdinova, Elza K; Voevoda, Mikhail I; Osipova, Ludmila P; Stoneking, Mark; Lin, Alice A; Ferak, Vladimir; Parik, Jüri; Kivisild, Toomas; Underhill, Peter A; Villems, Richard; et al. (2007). "A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics. 15 (2): 204–211. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201748 . PMID   17149388.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 G. David Poznik et al., 2016, "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences" Nature Genetics, no. 48, pp. 593–599.
  7. ↑ 『DNA・考古・言語の学際研究が示す新・日本列島史 日本人集団・日本語の成立史』
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ISOGG, Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2018 (17 January 2018).
  9. ↑ Wang, Chuan-Chao; Li, Hui (2013-06-03). "Inferring human history in East Asia from Y chromosomes". Investigative Genetics. 4 (1): 11. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-4-11. ISSN   2041-2223. PMC   3687582 . PMID   23731529.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Hammer et al. (2005) "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes," Archived 2009-03-04 at the Wayback Machine The Japan Society of Human Genetics, 2005
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Xue, Yali; Zerjal, Tatiana; Bao, Weidong; Zhu, Suling; Shu, Qunfang; Xu, Jiujin; Du, Ruofu; Fu, Songbin; Li, Pu; et al. (2006). "Male demography in East Asia: a north-south contrast in human population expansion times". Genetics. 172 (4): 2431–2439. doi:10.1534/genetics.105.054270. PMC   1456369 . PMID   16489223.
  12. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-24. Retrieved 2017-03-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  13. ↑ Poznik, GD; Xue, Y; Mendez, FL; Willems, TF; Massaia, A; Wilson Sayres, MA; Ayub, Q; McCarthy, SA; Narechania, A; Kashin, S; Chen, Y; Banerjee, R; Rodriguez-Flores, JL; Cerezo, M; Shao, H; Gymrek, M; Malhotra, A; Louzada, S; Desalle, R; Ritchie, GR; Cerveira, E; Fitzgerald, TW; Garrison, E; Marcketta, A; Mittelman, D; Romanovitch, M; Zhang, C; Zheng-Bradley, X; Abecasis, GR; McCarroll, SA; Flicek, P; Underhill, PA; Coin, L; Zerbino, DR; Yang, F; Lee, C; Clarke, L; Auton, A; Erlich, Y; Handsaker, RE; Bustamante, CD; Tyler-Smith, C (2016). "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences". Nat Genet. 48 (6): 593–9. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-002A-F024-C. PMC   4884158 . PMID   27111036.
  14. ↑ Tatiana M. Karafet, Brian Hallmark, Murray P. Cox et al., "Major East-West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification Across Indonesia," MBE Advance Access published March 5, 2010.
  15. ↑ Karafet; Mendez, F. L.; Meilerman, M. B.; Underhill, P. A.; Zegura, S. L.; Hammer, M. F.; et al. (2008). "Abstract New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree". Genome Research. 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC   2336805 . PMID   18385274.
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