Health in Niger

Last updated
Life expectancy development in Niger Life expectancy development in Niger.svg
Life expectancy development in Niger

Niger is a landlocked country located in West Africa and has Libya, Chad, Nigeria, Benin, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Algeria as its neighboring countries. Niger was French territory that got its independence in 1960 and its official language is French. Niger has an area of 1.267 million square kilometres, nevertheless, 80% of its land area spreads through the Sahara Desert.

Contents

As of September 8,2021, Niger has a population of 25,308,477. [1] Niger is one of the poorest countries in the world with 2/3 of the population living below the poverty line. [2]

Niger has been facing armed violence over the last three years and this violence has resulted to people's inability to access health services. Thus, the health care system in Niger is one of the lowest ranked countries on the Human Development Index with financial, human-resource and geographical challenges. This violence has worsened these challenges in the provision of healthcare. [3] Public health in Niger suffers from a chronic lack of resources and a small number of health providers relative to population. Some medicines are in short supply or unavailable.

In Niger, development in the areas of health and economics have been lackadaisical and challenging. Niger always ranks at or close to the bottom of the United Nations Development Program's Human Development Index. Food insecurity and infectious diseases in Niger have contributed to some of the apical mortality and malnourished rates globally and also has the highest fertility rate in the world. Increased population growth has threatened to further overpower Niger's healthcare structure and its most susceptible communities.

The Human Rights Measurement Initiative [4] finds that Niger is fulfilling 73.8% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to health based on its level of income. [5] When looking at the right to health with respect to children, Niger achieves 94.8% of what is expected based on its current income. [5] In regards to the right to health amongst the adult population, the country achieves 100.0% of what is expected based on the nation's level of income. [5] Niger falls into the "very bad" category when evaluating the right to reproductive health because the nation is fulfilling only 26.7% of what the nation is expected to achieve based on the resources (income) it has available. [6]

Health infrastructure

Globally, Niger has one of the poorest economies and thus, experiences constant periods of severe droughts that abate its food resources. This has negatively impacted on the health of the population. Furthermore, Niger's history of political uncertainty and corruption have added to the country's poor standard of social, health, and welfare conditions.

There are government hospitals in Niamey (with three main hospitals in Niamey, including the National Hospital of Niamey and the Hôpital National De Lamordé ), Maradi, Tahoua, Zinder and other large cities, with smaller medical clinics in most towns. [7] In 2015, Niamey has the highest number of doctors in Niger accounting for about 598 doctors, that is, 63.35% and the districts Zinder, Maradi, Tahoua, and Tillabéri has an estimate of 89.51% of doctors. Therefore, a total number of 944 doctors were estimated in 2015. [8]

Medical facilities are limited in both supplies and staff, with a small government healthcare system supplemented by private, charitable, religious, and Non-government organisation operated clinics and public health programs (such as Galmi Hospital near Birnin Konni and Maradi). [9]

Government hospitals, as well as public health programmes, fall under the control of the Nigerian Ministry of Health. A number of private for profit clinics ("Cabinets Médical Privé") operate in Niamey and other cities. The total expenditure on health per capita in 2005 was Intl $25. In 2003, 89.2 percent of individual expenditures on healthcare were "out-of-pocket" (paid by the patient). [9]

Health indicators

Fertility rate

In Niger, the total fertility rate 7.0 live births per woman. [10] The figure below shows the trends of fertility rate in from 1990 to 2100 in Niger, Western Sub-Saharan Africa and globally.This comparison shows that Niger is far behind the global rate.

Comparison of present and future fertility trend in Niger.jpg

Maternal mortality ratio

In Niger, the maternal mortality ratio is 509 deaths per 100,000 live births. Meanwhile, there was a reduction of 38%, that is, from 342 to 211 deaths per 100,000 live births in the global maternal mortality from 2000 to 2017. This transcribes into an average decline rate of 2.9% annually. While this is significant, it is below half the 6.4% annual rate required to attain the global sustainable development goal of 70 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia are the two regions that constitute for 86% of maternal deaths globally. [1] Sub-Saharan Africans especially have the highest maternal mortality ratio, that is, 533 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births, or 200,000 maternal deaths annually. This is more than 68% (2/3) of all maternal deaths per year globally. The South Asian region has a maternal mortality ratio of 163, or 57,000 maternal deaths annually constituting to 19% of the total deaths worldwide. [1]

Neonatal mortality rate

In 2019, neonatal mortality rate for Niger was 24.3 deaths per 1,000 live births which fell gradually from 59.4 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1970 to 24.3 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2019. [12]

Infant mortality rate

In 2019, infant mortality rate for Niger was 46.7 deaths per 1,000 live births. Infant mortality rate of Niger fell gradually from 131.8 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1970 to 46.7 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2019. [12]

Under-five mortality rate

In 2019, child mortality rate for Niger was 80.4 deaths per 1,000 live births. Child mortality rate of Niger fell gradually from 325.7 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1970 to 80.4 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2019. [12]

Current health expenditure as a share of GDP

In 2018, health expenditure as a share of GDP for Niger was 7.3%. Though Niger health expenditure as a share of GDP fluctuated substantially in recent years, it tended to decrease through 2004 – 2018 period ending at 7.3% [12]

Health expenditure in Niger.jpg

Current health expenditure per capita

In 2018, health expenditure per capita for Niger was 30 US dollars. Though Niger health expenditure per capita fluctuated substantially in recent years, it tended to increase through 2004 – 2018 period ending at 30 US dollars in 2018. [12] The diagram shows the present and future expenditure on health and the sources from which it is spent from. [11]

Life expectancy

Life expectancy in Niger is shown in the table below. [10]

Both sexesMalesFemales
63.6 years

(life expectancy at birth, both sexes combined)

62.4 years

(life expectancy at birth, males)

64.9 years

(life expectancy at birth, females)

Maternal, newborn and child health in Niger

On the Human Development Index, Niger ranks # 189 and for the past twenty years, Niger has made efforts to promote maternal, newborn and child health via institutional plans. From the structure of the Millennium Development Goals, Niger made significant growth on the Goal 4 with a decline in child mortality from 123 per 1,000 in 1992 to 52 per 1,000 in 2015. [13]

In 2015, the goal of MDG 5 was to reduce maternal deaths by 175 per 1,000 live births, Niger, however reported 555 per 1,000 live births. Furthermore, the neonatal mortality rate in 2015 was 27 per 1000 live-births. These indicators contribute to major challenges for the health system and such challenges are being complicated by the inequality in the delivery of health services, non-functional and non-existing referral and antithetical-referral system such as emergency obstetric and neonatal care, inadequacy in the quantity and quality of healthcare human resources particularly midwives, gynecologists, and obstetricians, deficiency in the circulation of personnel, and scarce equipment, health structures and training institutions. Niger also experiences lack of skilled personnel in MNCH especially community outreach workers. Other challenges are socio-cultural barriers as regards family planning services, an insufficient and bumbling healthcare supervision structure crosswise the levels of the healthcare system. [13]

As reported in the recent WHO data publication in 2018, maternal mortality in Niger was 5,655 or 3.20% of total deaths while the age adjusted death rate is 37.54 per 100,000 of population. This makes Niger rank #5 globally. [14]

Health Status

The 10 top causes of deaths in Niger. Causes of deaths in Niger.jpg
The 10 top causes of deaths in Niger.

Causes of deaths and DALYs in Niger.jpg

The above figures shows the total top 10 causes of deaths and DALYs (Disability Adjusted Life Years) from 2009 to 2019 in Niger. [11]

Disease Outbreaks

Niger is prone to infectious disease outbreaks because of its poor ability to adequately handle and control communicable diseases. This results to the high risk of disease outbreaks due to lack of healthcare resources, poor sanitation, and restricted access to safe and clean water.[ citation needed ]

Highly prevalent communicable diseases in Niger are respiratory infections, hepatitis A, malaria, rabies, measles, tetanus, and waterborne parasitical and bacterial infections among others.[ citation needed ]

Diarrhea diseases

Diarrhea remains one of the leading killers of children, accounting for approximately 8% of all deaths among children under age 5 worldwide in 2017. This shows more than 1,400 young children dying daily, or an estimate of 525,000 children annually, even with the availability of an uncomplicated treatment solution. [15] The latest WHO data publication in 2018 showed that diarrhea diseases deaths in Niger hit 19,169 or 10.86% of total deaths. The age adjusted Death Rate is 134.86 per 100,000 of population. This ranks Niger #7 in the world. [16]

Malaria

Throughout the whole country of Niger, malaria is the main cause of illness and is endemic. It is reported that 28% of illnesses in Niger and 50% of reported deaths are as a result of malaria. From 2015 to 2019, there was a decline of 7.9% in malaria cases, that is, from 370 per 1,000 population to 343 per 1,000 population at risk. Also within the same period, there was a decline of 25.9% total of number deaths, that is, 0.919 per 1,000 population to 0.730 per 1,000 of the population at risk. [17]

A report by the National Malaria Strategic Plan showed that between 2014 and 2015, under-five children accounted for approximately 3/5 of the burden of disease, that is, 62% and about 3/4 of malaria-related mortality in Niger, that is 74%. [17]

Meningitis

Niger is one of the 26 countries within the belt of sub-Saharan Africa susceptible to seasonal outbreaks of Neisseria meningitidis: a meningococcal bacterial meningitis. These outbreaks tend to occur around the end of the "cold" season (temperatures dropping down to 15 degrees Celsius (59 degrees Fahrenheit) at night in some areas) in February to the beginning of the rainy season in May. The 2009 West African meningitis outbreak resulted in several thousand infections and more than one hundred deaths. [18] [19] [20] [21]

An outbreak of N. meningitidis serogroup C (NmC) happened in 2015, inflicting almost 10, 000 persons. Meanwhile, between 2009 and 2006, meningitis outbreaks caused by N. meningitidis serogroups A (NmA) and X (NmX), respectively, were recorded. [22] WHO has prioritized the implementation of vaccines that can prevent bacterial meningitis globally, especially those targeting young children. Between 2014 and 2016, there was a gradual progress coverage for the 3 doses PCV13, that is, 13% to 76% between 2010 and 2016, there was an upward gain in the coverage of the 3 doses of Hib, that is, from 71% to 80% respectively. [22]

The recent data publication by WHO in 2018 showed that the total deaths from meningitis was 7,508 or 4.25%. Also, the age adjusted death rate is 33.78 per 100,000 of population, making Niger rank #5 globally. [23]

Measles

Measles outbreaks still occur in Niger, in part due to the low vaccination rate and in part due to seasonal migration of rural populations. Sporadic outbreaks in Nigerien communities were found to have occurred beginning at the end of the rainy season, when many rural populations begin seasonal migration pattern, with traveling children often missing their vital second immunization booster against the disease. [24]

Data from the Nigerien Ministry of Public Health's Notifiable Diseases Register showed that this year, there has been an exponential increase in the number of cases in comparison to previous year. Between January and March 2021, Niger reported 3,213 cases of measles, in comparison 1,081 cases the same time in 2020. In 27 out of the 73 health districts especially Agadez, Dosso, and Tahoua, the measles epidemic was announced. [25]

Neonatal disorders

The major leading causes of neonatal deaths in Niger in 2017 is shown in the pie chart below. [26]

Leading causes of neonatal deaths in Niger in 2017. Leading causes of neonatal deaths in Niger.jpg
Leading causes of neonatal deaths in Niger in 2017.

HIV/AIDS

2008 estimates ranged from 44,000 to 85,000 people living with HIV in a nation of around 14 million, with an adult (aged 15 to 49) prevalence rate of between 0.6% and 1.1%. Adults aged 15 and up living with HIV were estimated to range from 42,000 to 81,000, with women of this age range making up about a third (12,000 to 26,000). Estimates of children (under 14) living with HIV were between 2,500 and 4,200. Total deaths were estimated to be between 3,000 and 5,600 per year. Aids orphans (under 17) were estimated at between 18,000 and 39,000. [27]

Coronavirus/ COVID-19

On 19 March 2020, the first case of COVID-19 in the country was confirmed in Niamey. [28] [29] Niger has so far recorded 5,908 COVID-19 cases, 199 deaths and 5,643 recoveries according to Worldometers. [29] [30]

Malaria

Malaria remains a major public health issue and is endemic throughout the country. [31] As the primary cause of illness in Niger, malaria accounts for 28% of all illness and 50% of all recorded deaths. [31] Children under five years of age account for about 62% of the burden of disease and 75% of malaria-related mortality. [31] In 2015, Niger instituted a National Health Policy aimed at improving the equity of services and the quality of care by increasing access to health services for vulnerable people such as women, children, disabled people, and rural populations and exempted mothers and children under five years of age from health user fees. [31]

The NMCP has focused its effort for reducing the burden of malaria morbidity and mortality through systematic use of diagnostic tools for suspected malaria cases and effective use of antimalarial medicines for confirmed cases. [31] Niger's malaria program also supports prevention strategies, such as the prevention of malaria in pregnancy, mass drug distribution for seasonal malaria prevention, and vector control interventions including promoting consistent use of long lasting insecticide treated nets. [31]

Polio

Polio, as recently as 2000 considered endemic in places, exists as a small number of cases annually, mostly imported from northern Nigeria which in 2005 was the home of around 40% of the world's confirmed cases. [32] [33]

Potential impact of climate change on health

Climate change in form of regular incidences of droughts, storms, heatwaves and floods is a menace on the health and sanitation sector. In Niger, some main health issues are morbidity and mortality via vector-borne diseases like malaria; water-borne diseases such as cholera, diarrhea, measles, meningitis, respiratory infections related to severe weather conditions for example flooding and injuries, and also climate impacts on food and water supply which can lead to an increases the risk of malnutrition and hunger. [34] There is a likelihood that several of these problems will develop more severity under climate change. In 2018, WHO reported about 8 million cases of malaria. [34] Furthermore, there is an expectation that climate change will have an effect on the periods of malaria spread and the geographic areas of vector-borne diseases. In Niger, the overall risk of malaria is predicted to decrease as a result of the increasing temperatures.Nonetheless, a few districts are expected to become more susceptible to malaria, for example, as a result of more regular flooding incidences. [34] Also, increase in temperature and low humidity as a result of climate change is likely to push forward the periodic commencement of meningitis, thereby possibly increasing cases of meningitis. Another menace by climate change is food security because in Niger, most households rely on about 40% of their food consumption form agricultural products. Temperature increase will lead to more regular heatwaves, causing increased heat-related mortality. [34]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Health in Nigeria</span> Overview of health in Nigeria

In Nigeria, there has been a major progress in the improvement of health since 1950. Although lower respiratory infections, neonatal disorders and HIV/AIDS have ranked the topmost causes of deaths in Nigeria, in the case of other diseases such as monkeypox, polio, malaria and tuberculosis, progress has been achieved. Among other threats to health are malnutrition, pollution and road traffic accidents. In 2020, Nigeria had the highest number of cases of COVID-19 in Africa.

In terms of available healthcare and health status Sierra Leone is rated very poorly. Globally, infant and maternal mortality rates remain among the highest. The major causes of illness within the country are preventable with modern technology and medical advances. Most deaths within the country are attributed to nutritional deficiencies, lack of access to clean water, pneumonia, diarrheal diseases, anemia, malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Health in Malaysia</span>

Malaysia is classified by The World Bank as upper middle income country and is attempting to achieve high-income status by 2020 and to move further up the value-added production chain by attracting investments in high technology, knowledge-based industries and services. Malaysia's HDI value for 2015 was recorded at 0.789 and HDI rank no 59 out of 188 countries and territories on the United Nations Development Programme's Human Development Index. In 2016, the population of Malaysia is 31 million; Total expenditure on health per capita is 1040; Total expenditure on health as % of GDP (2014) was 4.2 Gross national income (GNI) per capita was recorded at 24,620

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Health in Pakistan</span> Overview of health in Pakistan

Pakistan is the fifth most populous country in the world with population approaching 225 million. It is a developing country struggling in many domains due to which the health system has suffered a lot. As a result of that, Pakistan is ranked 122nd out of 190 countries in the World Health Organization performance report.

Health in Indonesia is affected by a number of factors. Indonesia has over 26,000 health care facilities; 2,000 hospitals, 9,000 community health centres and private clinics, 1,100 dentist clinics and 1,000 opticians. The country lacks doctors with only 0.4 doctors per 1,000 population. In 2018, Indonesia's healthcare spending was US$38.3 billion, 4.18% of their GDP, and is expected to rise to US$51 billion in 2020.

The current population of Myanmar is 54.05 million. It was 27.27 million in 1970. The general state of healthcare in Myanmar is poor. The military government of 1962-2011 spent anywhere from 0.5% to 3% of the country's GDP on healthcare. Healthcare in Myanmar is consistently ranked among the lowest in the world. In 2015, in congruence with a new democratic government, a series of healthcare reforms were enacted. In 2017, the reformed government spent 5.2% of GDP on healthcare expenditures. Health indicators have begun to improve as spending continues to increase. Patients continue to pay the majority of healthcare costs out of pocket. Although, out of pocket costs were reduced from 85% to 62% from 2014 to 2015. They continue to drop annually. The global average of healthcare costs paid out of pocket is 32%. Both public and private hospitals are understaffed due to a national shortage of doctors and nurses. Public hospitals lack many of the basic facilities and equipment. WHO consistently ranks Myanmar among the worst nations in healthcare.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Health in Ukraine</span>

In Ukraine, the Human Rights Measurement Initiative finds that country is fulfilling 79.4% of what they should be fulfilling for the right to health, based on their level on income.

Botswana's healthcare system has been steadily improving and expanding its infrastructure to become more accessible. The country's position as an upper middle-income country has allowed them to make strides in universal healthcare access for much of Botswana's population. The majority of the Botswana's 2.3 million inhabitants now live within five kilometres of a healthcare facility. As a result, the infant mortality and maternal mortality rates have been on a steady decline. The country's improving healthcare infrastructure has also been reflected in an increase of the average life expectancy from birth, with nearly all births occurring in healthcare facilities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Health in Burkina Faso</span>

A landlocked sub-Saharan country, Burkina Faso is among the poorest countries in the world—44 percent of its population lives below the international poverty line of US$1.90 per day —and it ranks 185th out of 188 countries on UNDP's 2016 Human Development Index .Rapid population growth, gender inequality, and low levels of educational attainment contribute to food insecurity and poverty in Burkina Faso. The total population is just over 20 million with the estimated population growth rate is 3.1 percent per year and seven out of 10 Burkinabe are younger than 30. Total health care expenditures were an estimated 5% of GDP. Total expenditure on health per capita is 82 in 2014.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Health in Chad</span>

Health in Chad is suffering due to the country's weak healthcare system. Access to medical services is very limited and the health system struggles with shortage of medical staff, medicines and equipment. In 2018, the UNHCR reported that Chad currently has 615,681 people of concern, including 446,091 refugees and asylum seekers. There is a physician density of 0.04 per 1,000 population and nurse and midwife density of 0.31 per 1,000 population. The life expectancy at birth for people born in Chad, is 53 years for men and 55 years for women (2016). In 2019 Chad ranked as 187 out of 189 countries on the human development index, which places the country as a low human development country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">African meningitis belt</span> Region of Africa with high rate of incidence of meningitis

The African meningitis belt is a region in sub-Saharan Africa where the rate of incidence of meningitis is very high. It extends from Senegal to Ethiopia, and the primary cause of meningitis in the belt is Neisseria meningitidis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Health in Lesotho</span>

Lesotho's Human development index value for 2018 was 0.518—which put the country in the low human development category—positioning it at 164 out of 189 countries and territories. Health care services in Lesotho are delivered primarily by the government and the Christian Health Association of Lesotho. Access to health services is difficult for many people, especially in rural areas. The country's health system is challenged by the relentless increase of the burden of disease brought about by AIDS, and a lack of expertise and human resources. Serious emergencies are often referred to neighbouring South Africa. The largest contribution to mortality in Lesotho are communicable diseases, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Health in Rwanda</span>

The quality of health in Rwanda has historically been very low, both before and immediately after the 1994 genocide. In 1998, more than one in five children died before their fifth birthday, often from malaria. But in recent years Rwanda has seen improvement on a number of key health indicators. Between 2005 and 2013, life expectancy increased from 55.2 to 64.0, under-5 mortality decreased from 106.4 to 52.0 per 1,000 live births, and incidence of tuberculosis has dropped from 101 to 69 per 100,000 people. The country's progress in healthcare has been cited by the international media and charities. The Atlantic devoted an article to "Rwanda's Historic Health Recovery". Partners In Health described the health gains "among the most dramatic the world has seen in the last 50 years".

Zambia is a landlocked country in Sub Saharan Africa which experiences a burden of both communicable and non-communicable diseases. In line with WHO agenda for equity in health, it has adopted the Universal Health Coverage agenda to mitigate the challenges faced within the health sector. The Ministry of Health (MOH) provides information pertaining to Zambian health. The main focus of the Ministry of Health has been provision of uninterrupted care with emphasis on health systems strengthening and services via the primary health care approach.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Health in Papua New Guinea</span>

Life expectancy in Papua New Guinea (PNG) at birth was 64 years for men in 2016 and 68 for women.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Health in Brunei</span>

Brunei's healthcare system is managed by the Brunei Ministry of Health and funded by the General Treasury. It consists of around 15 health centers, ten clinics and 22 maternal facilities, considered to be of reasonable standard. There are also two private hospitals. Cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes are the leading cause of death in the country, with life expectancy around 75 years, a vast improvement from 1961. Brunei's human development index (HCI) improved from 0.81 in 2002 to 0.83 in 2021, expanding at an average annual rate of 0.14%. According to the UN's Human Development Report 2020, the HCI for girls in the country is greater than for boys, though aren't enough statistics in Brunei to break down HCI by socioeconomic classes. Brunei is the second country in Southeast Asia after Singapore to be rated 47th out of 189 nations on the UN HDI 2019 and has maintained its position in the Very High Human Development category. Being a culturally taboo subject, the rate of suicide has not been investigated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Health in Senegal</span>

Expenditure on health in Senegal was 4.7% of GDP in 2014, US$107 per capita.

Zimbabwe was once a model functional healthcare system in post colonial Africa, boasting a strong primary healthcare system and skilled healthcare workers under the Mugabe administration. In 2008, Zimbabwe had a 76.9 billion percent inflation rate and this worsened the state of the healthcare system which has not recovered today and is relying mostly on donor funding to keep running.

Child Mortality in Ghana describes the child mortality in the country of Ghana. Like in other parts of the world, child mortality is declining in Ghana.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sustainable Development Goal 3</span> Good Health and Well-Being

Sustainable Development Goal 3, regarding "Good Health and Well-being", is one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations in 2015. The official wording is: "To ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages." The targets of SDG 3 focus on various aspects of healthy life and healthy lifestyle. Progress towards the targets is measured using twenty-one indicators.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Niger Population 2021 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)". worldpopulationreview.com. Retrieved 2021-09-08.
  2. ↑ Guptill, Mindi (2016). "Healthcare in Niger".
  3. ↑ Polkowski, Maciej (2018). "A matter of life and death".
  4. ↑ "Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries". humanrightsmeasurement.org. Retrieved 2022-03-26.
  5. 1 2 3 "Niger - HRMI Rights Tracker". rightstracker.org. Retrieved 2022-03-26.
  6. ↑ "Niger - HRMI Rights Tracker". rightstracker.org. Retrieved 2022-03-26.
  7. ↑ REPUBLIC OF NIGER PRELIMINARY ATLAS OF POVERTY/VULNERABILITY. MAP 8: VILLAGES WITH CLINICS/HOSPITALS Archived 2012-02-13 at the Wayback Machine . Prepared for The World Bank Technical Department, Africa Region. 6 March 2001.
  8. ↑ "Niger Number of doctors by region, 2015 - knoema.com". Knoema. Retrieved 2021-09-16.
  9. 1 2 Niger. Country Health System Fact Sheet, 2006 Archived 2010-01-07 at the Wayback Machine . World Health Organization.]
  10. 1 2 "Niger Demographics 2020 (Population, Age, Sex, Trends) – Worldometer". www.worldometers.info. Retrieved 2021-09-09.
  11. 1 2 "Niger". Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2015-09-09. Retrieved 2021-09-10.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 "Niger Maternal mortality ratio, 1960-2020 - knoema.com". Knoema. Retrieved 2021-09-10.
  13. 1 2 "Improving maternal and new-born health in Niger: a targeted approach to universal health coverage". www.who.int. Retrieved 2021-09-12.
  14. ↑ "Maternal Conditions in Niger". World Life Expectancy. Retrieved 2021-09-13.
  15. ↑ "Diarrhoea". UNICEF DATA. Retrieved 2021-09-11.
  16. ↑ "Diarrhoeal diseases in Niger". World Life Expectancy. Retrieved 2021-09-11.
  17. 1 2 "Niger". Severe Malaria Observatory. Retrieved 2021-09-11.
  18. ↑ "Nigeria: Battling the Lassa, CSM Outbreaks". All Africa. 2009-03-11. Retrieved 2009-03-15.
  19. ↑ "In Brief: Meningitis infections climb in Niger". IRIN News. 2009-03-09. Retrieved 2009-03-15.
  20. ↑ "West Africa: Meningitis Emergency Vaccine Stock Tapped Early". All Africa. 2009-03-05. Retrieved 2009-03-16.
  21. ↑ Agadez : des migrants vecteurs de la méningite [ permanent dead link ]. Ibrahim Manzo DIALLO, Aïr Info. 1 May 2009. Accessed 2009-06-04.
  22. 1 2 Kourna Hama, Mamadou; Khan, Dam; Laouali, Boubou; Okoi, Catherine; Yam, Abdoulaye; Haladou, Moussa; Worwui, Archibald; Ndow, Peter Sylvanus; Nse Obama, Ricardo; Mwenda, Jason M; Biey, Joseph (2019-09-15). "Pediatric Bacterial Meningitis Surveillance in Niger: Increased Importance of Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup C, and a Decrease in Streptococcus pneumoniae Following 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Introduction". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 69 (Suppl 2): S133–S139. doi:10.1093/cid/ciz598. ISSN   1058-4838. PMC   6761310 . PMID   31505636.
  23. ↑ "Meningitis in Niger". World Life Expectancy. Retrieved 2021-09-11.
  24. ↑ Researchers Blame Seasonal Migration for Measles in Niger Archived 2008-09-16 at the Wayback Machine . Jessica Berman, Voice of America. 6 February 2008.
  25. ↑ "Niger: "If vaccinations fail to happen, the effects will be felt for years to come" – Niger". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2021-09-11.
  26. ↑ "Niger". Healthy Newborn Network. Retrieved 2021-09-12.
  27. ↑ UNAIDS country overview Archived 2009-03-25 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 2009-02-20.
  28. ↑ "Le Niger enregistre son premier cas de coronavirus (Officiel) | ANP". www.anp.ne. Retrieved 2020-04-19.
  29. 1 2 Nzeribe, Emmanuella; Michael, Udofa Edidiong; Musa, Shuaibu Saidu; Marc, Mirindi Batumike; David, Success; Bassey, Esther Edet; Essar, Mohammad Yasir; Adebisi, Yusuff Adebayo; Lucero-Prisno, Don Eliseo (2021-07-01). "COVID-19 and its impacts: The situation in Niger republic". Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health. 11: 100797. doi:10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100797. ISSN   2213-3984. PMC   8163563 . PMID   34095612.
  30. ↑ "Niger COVID: 5,908 Cases and 199 Deaths - Worldometer". www.worldometers.info. Retrieved 2021-09-10.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Niger" (PDF). President's Malaria Initiative. 2018.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  32. ↑ Polio Eradication Initiative: Program Overview. USAID, 2006.
  33. ↑ Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication --- Nigeria, January 2007 – August 12, 2008. MMWR Weekly. United States Centers for Disease Control. August 29, 2008 / 57(34);942–946
  34. 1 2 3 4 "Climate Risk Profile: Niger" (PDF). 2021.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.