Helenium

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Sneezeweeds
Helenium autumnale1.jpg
Helenium autumnale
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Subfamily: Asteroideae
Tribe: Helenieae
Subtribe: Gaillardiinae
Genus: Helenium
L. 1753 not Mill. 1754 [1]
Synonyms [2]
  • OxylepisBenth.
  • HecubaeaDC.
  • MesodetraRaf.
  • GrahamiaSpreng.
  • BrassavolaAdans.
  • PicradeniaHook.
  • CephalophoraCav.
  • GraemiaHook.
  • HeleniastrumHeist. ex Fabr.
  • ActineaJuss.
  • ActinellaPers.
  • LeptophoraRaf.
  • LeptopodaNutt.
  • TetrodusCass.

Helenium is a genus of annuals and herbaceous perennial plants in the family Asteraceae, native to the Americas. [3] [4]

Contents

They bear yellow or orange daisy-like composite flowers. A number of these species (particularly Helenium autumnale ) have the common name sneezeweed, based on the former use of their dried leaves in making snuff. It was inhaled to cause sneezing that would supposedly rid the body of evil spirits. Larger species may grow up to 2 metres (6.6 ft) tall. [5]

The genus is named for Helen of Troy, daughter of Zeus and Leda. [6] [7]

Helenium species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Phymatopus behrensii .

Genus level properties: most conspicuously globe-like disk-shaped flowers, rays three-lobed at tip.

Species

[2] [8] [9]

Cultivation

Helenium hybrid "Moerheim Beauty" . Helenium hybrid.jpg
Helenium hybrid "Moerheim Beauty" .

Numerous cultivars have been developed for garden use - mainly from H. autumnale and H. bigelovii. They are useful for late summer and fall bloom, usually in less formal compositions. They are appropriate for native gardens in areas where they are indigenous, and they look wonderfully in bouquets. Annual species are easily grown from seed, and perennials should be divided every year in order to retain their vigor. The soil should be fertile with a generous amount of organic manner in the form of compost, manure or other decayed organic matter in addition to, perhaps, an application of a complete fertilizer in spring. Heleniums should be grown in full sun average to moist soil with good drainage. They are drought tolerant, but should be watered on planting and regularly until established.

Cultivars

The following have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:- [10]

  • 'Baudirektor Linne' [11]
  • 'Blütentisch' [12]
  • 'Butterpat' [13]
  • 'Dunkle Pracht' [14]
  • 'Feuersiegel' [15]
  • 'Gartensonne' [16]
  • 'Karneol' [17]
  • 'Moerheim Beauty' [18]
  • 'Ring of Fire' [19]
  • 'Rubinzwerg' [20]
  • 'Sahin's Early Flowerer' [21]
  • 'Waltraut' [22]
  • 'Wesergold' [23]

The UK National Collection of heleniums is located at Yew Tree House, Hall Lane, Hankelow. near Audlem in Cheshire. [24] [25]

Related Research Articles

<i>Penstemon</i> Genus of plants

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<i>Fuchsia</i> Genus of plants

Fuchsia is a genus of flowering plants that consists mostly of shrubs or small trees.

<i>Agave americana</i> Species of flowering plant

Agave americana, commonly known as the century plant, maguey, or American aloe, is a flowering plant species belonging to the family Asparagaceae. It is native to Mexico and the United States, specifically Texas. This plant is widely cultivated worldwide for its ornamental value and has become naturalized in various regions, including Southern California, the West Indies, South America, the Mediterranean Basin, Africa, the Canary Islands, India, China, Thailand, and Australia.

<i>Dasiphora fruticosa</i> Species of flowering plant in the rose family Rosaceae

Dasiphora fruticosa is a species of hardy deciduous flowering shrub in the family Rosaceae, native to the cool temperate and subarctic regions of the northern hemisphere, often growing at high altitudes in mountains. Dasiphora fruticosa is still widely referenced in the horticultural literature under its synonym Potentilla fruticosa. Common names include shrubby cinquefoil, golden hardhack, bush cinquefoil, shrubby five-finger, widdy, kuril tea and tundra rose.

<i>Dasylirion wheeleri</i> Species of flowering plant

Dasylirion wheeleri is a species of flowering plant in the asparagus family (Asparagaceae), native to arid environments of northern Mexico and the southwestern United States.

<i>Lavandula angustifolia</i> Species of plant

Lavandula angustifolia, formerly L. officinalis, is a flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae, native to the Mediterranean. Its common names include lavender, true lavender and English lavender ; also garden lavender, common lavender and narrow-leaved lavender.

<i>Helenium autumnale</i> Species of flowering plant

Helenium autumnale is a North American species of poisonous flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. Common names include common sneezeweed and large-flowered sneezeweed.

<i>Helenium bigelovii</i> Species of flowering plant

Helenium bigelovii is a North American perennial plant in the sunflower family, commonly known as Bigelow's sneezeweed. It grows in moist areas such as meadows, marshes, or streamsides. It is found at moderate and higher elevations (3000-10,000 ft) in the foothills and mountains of California and Oregon: Cascades, Coast Ranges, Klamath Mountains, Sierra Nevada, etc. Cultivars of the species are used in gardening as ornamentals.

<i>Psilostrophe</i> Genus of plants

Psilostrophe, the paperflowers is a genus of North American plants in the sneezeweed tribe within the sunflower family.

<i>Helenium amarum</i> Species of flowering plant

Helenium amarum is a species of annual herb in the daisy family known by the common names yellowdicks, yellow sneezeweed, fiveleaf sneezeweed, and bitter sneezeweed. It is native to much of the south-central United States and northern Mexico, and it is present elsewhere in North America, Australia, and the West Indies as an introduced species.

<i>Helenium bolanderi</i> Species of flowering plant

Helenium bolanderi is a North American species of flowering plant in the daisy family known by the common name coastal sneezeweed. It is native to southern Oregon and northern California as far south as Mendocino County, primarily along the seacoast.

<i>Hymenothrix</i> Genus of flowering plants

Hymenothrix is a small genus of North American flowering plants in the daisy family known as thimbleheads. They are native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico.

<i>Artemisia ludoviciana</i> Species of plant

Artemisia ludoviciana is a North American species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae, known by several common names, including silver wormwood, western mugwort, Louisiana wormwood, white sagebrush, lobed cud-weed, prairie sage, and gray sagewort.

<i>Cyclamen persicum</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Primulaceae

Cyclamen persicum, the Persian cyclamen, is a species of flowering herbaceous perennial plant growing from a tuber, native to rocky hillsides, shrubland, and woodland up to 1,200 m (3,900 ft) above sea level, from south-central Turkey to Lebanon-Syria and the Palestine region. It also grows in Algeria and Tunisia and on the Greek islands of Rhodes, Karpathos, and Crete, where it may have been introduced by monks. Cultivars of this species are the commonly seen florist's cyclamen.

Helenium virginicum is a rare species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common name Virginia sneezeweed. It occurs in the United States, where it has a disjunct distribution; it is known only from Virginia and Missouri. It is limited to a specific type of habitat and it is threatened by modification of this habitat. It was federally listed as a threatened species of the United States in 1998.

Carphochaete bigelovii, common name Bigelow's bristlehead, is a species of North American flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. They are native to northern Mexico and the southwestern United States.

<i>Helenium microcephalum</i> Species of flowering plant

Helenium microcephalum is a North American perennial plant in the sunflower family, commonly known as smallhead sneezeweed. It is found in the southwestern and south-central United States and northern Mexico.

<i>Helenium pinnatifidum</i> Species of flowering plant

Helenium pinnatifidum is a North American perennial plant in the sunflower family, commonly known as southeastern sneezeweed. It is found in the southeaster United States.

Helenium thurberi is a North American plant in the sunflower family, commonly known as Thurber's sneezeweed. It is native to Mexico and the southwestern United States (Arizona).

<i>Helenium vernale</i> Species of flowering plant

Helenium vernale is a North American species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common name Savanna sneezeweed or spring sneezeweed. It is native to the southeastern United States, from Louisiana to the Carolinas.

References

  1. Tropicos, search for Helenium
  2. 1 2 Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist
  3. Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 2: 886 in Latin
  4. Tropicos, Helenium L
  5. Hughes-Jones 2012 , p. 38
  6. Flora of North America Vol. 21 Page 426 Sneezeweed Helenium Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 886. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 377. 1754.
  7. Homer. Circa 760–710 BCE. Iliad.
  8. Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution maps
  9. Turner, B. L. 2013. The comps of Mexico. A systematic account of the family Asteraceae (chapter 11: tribe Helenieae). Phytologia Memoirs 16: 1–100
  10. "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 43. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  11. "RHS Plant Selector - Helenium 'Baudirektor Linne'" . Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  12. "RHS Plant Selector - Helenium 'Blütentisch'" . Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  13. "RHS Plant Selector - Helenium 'Butterpat'" . Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  14. "Helenium 'Dunkle Pracht'". RHS. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  15. "RHS Plant Selector - Helenium 'Feuersiegel'" . Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  16. "RHS Plant Selector - Helenium 'Gartensonne'" . Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  17. "RHS Plant Selector - Helenium 'Karneol'" . Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  18. "RHS Plant Selector - Helenium 'Moerheim Beauty'" . Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  19. "RHS Plant Selector - Helenium 'Ring of Fire'" . Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  20. "RHS Plant Selector - Helenium 'Rubinzwerg'" . Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  21. "RHS Plant Selector - Helenium 'Sahin's Early Flowerer'" . Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  22. "RHS Plant Selector - Helenium 'Waltraut'" . Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  23. "RHS Plant Selector - Helenium 'Wesergold'" . Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  24. Welcome to Chester & Cheshire, Helenium National Collection Weekend
  25. Special Perennials, National Collections of Helenium and Centaurea, Hankelow, Cheshire, United Kingdom

Bibliography