Heterophragma

Last updated

Heterophragma
Heterophragma quadriloculare Roxburgh 1798 2-145.jpg
Heterophragma quadriloculare (Illustration)
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Bignoniaceae
Clade: Crescentiina
Clade: Paleotropical clade
Genus: Heterophragma
DC.
Type species
Heterophragma quadriloculare
(Roxb.) K. Schum.

Heterophragma is a genus of two species of tree, constituting part of the plant family Bignoniaceae. [1] The species are found in Southeast Asia and India.

Contents

Naming and classification

Heterophragma is part of the Palaeotropical Clade of the Bignoniaceae, closely related to the following genera: Catophractes , Dolichandrone , Fernandoa , Kigelia , Markhamia , Newbouldia , Radermachera , Rhigozum , Spathodea , and Stereospermum ; and to the Coleeae clade (which contains Colea , Phyllarthron , Phylloctenium , and Rhodocolea ). [2] The Coleeae clade species are found in Madagascar and surrounding islands, whereas the other genera are found in Asia, Africa and Madagascar.

The influential Swiss botanist, Augustin Pyramus de Candolle (1778-1841) named the genus in 1845, in his publication Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis . [3]

Heterophragma quadriloculare, Fruit Heterophragma quadriloculare (2396003962).jpg
Heterophragma quadriloculare, Fruit

Description

The trees, which can grow up to 20m tall, have whorled/verticillate arrangement of leaves, which are in 3 or four pinnate pairs. [4] Upper side of the leaves are hairy/possessing trichomes, which are star-shaped/stellate. Inflorescences/groups of flowers are in terminal thyrses (put simply, in a stalked arrangement at end of branches). Flowers are cream-white to pale yellow. Calyx are tubular and irregularly lobed. Corolla are tubular with unequal lobes, straight, cream-white to pale yellow in colour. The 4 stamen are shorter that the corolla, anthers are hairless, a single staminodium (infertile stamen structure) is adjacent to the stamens. Ovary is elliptical, lacks hairs and has many ovules per ovary chamber. Fruit are long cylindrical pods with woody valves. Calyx is not permanent on fruit. Seeds are broad and possess translucent wings.

Species

The following former species have now been shifted to other taxa listed:

Further reading

Related Research Articles

<i>Tabebuia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Tabebuia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae. The common name "roble" is sometimes found in English. Tabebuias have been called "trumpet trees", but this name is usually applied to other trees and has become a source of confusion and misidentification.

<i>Genipa</i> Genus of flowering plants

Genipa is a genus of trees in the family Rubiaceae. This genus is native to the American tropical forests.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acanthaceae</span> Family of flowering plants comprising the acanthus

Acanthaceae is a family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing almost 250 genera and about 2500 species. Most are tropical herbs, shrubs, or twining vines; some are epiphytes. Only a few species are distributed in temperate regions. The four main centres of distribution are Indonesia and Malaysia, Africa, Brazil, and Central America. Representatives of the family can be found in nearly every habitat, including dense or open forests, scrublands, wet fields and valleys, sea coast and marine areas, swamps, and mangrove forests.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bignoniaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

Bignoniaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales commonly known as the bignonias or trumpet vines. It is not known to which of the other families in the order it is most closely related.

<i>Jacaranda</i> Genus of trees

Jacaranda is a genus of 49 species of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae, native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas. The generic name is also used as the common name.

<i>Pueraria</i> Genus of legumes

Pueraria is a genus of 15–20 species of legumes native to Asia. The best known member is kudzu, also called Japanese arrowroot. The genus is named after 19th century Swiss botanist Marc Nicolas Puerari.

<i>Radermachera</i> Genus of flowering plants

Radermachera is a genus of about 17 species of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae, native to southeastern Asia. They are evergreen trees reaching 5–40 m tall, with bipinnate or tripinnate leaves, and panicles of large bell-shaped, white, pink, pale purple or yellow flowers 5–7 cm diameter.

<i>Bignonia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Bignonia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae. Its genus and family were named after Jean-Paul Bignon by his protégé Joseph Pitton de Tournefort in 1694, and the genus was established as part of modern botanical nomenclature in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus. Species have been recorded from the southern USA, Central to most of South America.

<i>Stereospermum</i> Genus of trees

Stereospermum is a genus of trees in the paleotropical clade of the family Bignoniaceae. A species of Stereospermum is used in herbal medicine in Ayurveda as well as it is an integral part of the culture and tradition of the cold desert biosphere reserve.

<i>Clerodendrum</i> Genus of flowering plants

Clerodendrum is a genus of flowering plants formerly placed in the family Verbenaceae, but now considered to belong to the Lamiaceae (mint) family. Its common names include glorybower, bagflower and bleeding-heart. It is currently classified in the subfamily Ajugoideae, being one of several genera transferred from Verbenaceae to Lamiaceae in the 1990s, based on phylogenetic analysis of morphological and molecular data.

<i>Fernandoa</i> Genus of flowering plants

Fernandoa is a genus of plants in the family Bignoniaceae.

<i>Memecylon</i> Genus of flowering plants

Memecylon is a plant group in Melastomataceae. It consists of 350-400 species of small to medium-sized trees and shrubs occurring in the Old World tropics. Memecylon is a monophyletic group basal to the Melastomataceae clade. Memecylon taxa have more than 600 published basionyms. Diversity of this group is concentrated in tropical Africa, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, India and Malaysia.

<i>Handroanthus</i> Genus of flowering plants (trees)

Handroanthus is a genus of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae. It consists of 30 species of trees, known in Latin America by the common names poui, pau d'arco, or ipê. The latter sometimes appears as epay or simply ipe (unaccented) in English. The large timber species are sometimes called lapacho or guayacan, but these names are more properly applied to the species Handroanthus lapacho and Handroanthus guayacan, respectively.

Ekmanianthe is a genus of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae. It is most closely related to Tabebuia and has sometimes been included within it. It consists of two species of trees, neither of which is especially common in any part of its range:

<i>Astianthus</i> Genus of trees

Astianthus is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the Bignoniaceae family. The sole species is Astianthus viminalis. It is known by the common names achuchil in Mexico and chilca in Guatemala and Honduras.

<i>Amphilophium</i> Genus of flowering plants

Amphilophium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae, native to South America. Amphilophium crucigerum has escaped from cultivation elsewhere, and has become an invasive weed in Australia.

<i>Dolichandra</i> Genus of Bignoniaceae plants

Dolichandra is a genus of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae, native to Latin America and the Caribbean. They are climbing lianas with trifid and uncate tendrils. The best-known species is Dolichandra unguis-cati.

Xylophragma is a genus of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae, native to dry forests of Mexico, Central America, Trinidad and northern South America. They are lianas or scandent shrubs.

Haplophragma sulfureum is a tree in the Bignoniaceae family, found in four countries of Southeast Asia. The pods are used as tinder, while the wood is used for light construction and traditional medicine.

Martinella is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Bignoniaceae. It is a genus of Neotropical lianas within the tribe Bignonieae.

References

  1. 1 2 "Heterophragma DC". Plants of the World Online (POWO). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  2. Olmstead, Richard G.; Zjhra, Michelle L.; Lohmann, Lúcia G.; Grose, Susan O.; Eckert, Andrew J. (2009). "A molecular phylogeny and classification of Bignoniaceae". American Journal of Botany. 96 (9, September): 1731–1743. doi: 10.3732/ajb.0900004 . PMID   21622359.
  3. "Heterophragma DC., Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 9: 210 (1845)". International Plant Name Index (IPNI). The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  4. Fischer, E.; Theisen, I.; Lohmann, L.G. (2004). "Bignoniaceae". In Kubitzki, Klaus; Kadereit, Joachim W. (eds.). Flowering Plants, Dicotyledons: Lamiales (except Acanthaceae Including Avicenniaceae). Springer. pp. S. 18. ISBN   978-3-5404059-3-1 . Retrieved 21 January 2021.