Hippeastreae | |
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Hippeastrum striatum | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Monocots |
Order: | Asparagales |
Family: | Amaryllidaceae |
Subfamily: | Amaryllidoideae |
Tribe: | Hippeastreae Herb. ex Sweet [1] |
Type genus | |
Hippeastrum | |
Subtribes | |
Hippeastreae is a tribe of plants belonging to the subfamily Amaryllidoideae of the Amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae). Species in this tribe are distributed in South America. Flowers are large and showy, zygomorphic, with the stamens in varying lengths, inflorescence bracts are often fused basally (along one side). The seeds are flattened, winged or D-shaped. Reported basic chromosome numbers are x= 8-13, 17, and higher. All the species in this tribe present a remarkable aesthetic interest and horticultural value. [2] [3]
Meerow et al. (1999) provide a history of the treatment of the genera of Amaryllidaceae, including Hippeastreae, from the mid-twentieth century. [4] While morphological phylogeny has been frustrated by the perversive homoplasy typical of the Amaryllidaceae, [5] application of molecular phylogenetics to the Amaryllidaceae did not indicate clear tribal divisions but rather broad biogeographical clades. However the American clade resolved the tribe Hippeastreae. [4] A later examination of the deeper relationships of the American genera suggested the two subclades, Andean and hippeastroid and within the latter separated the Brazilian Griffineae as sister to the remaining hippeastroids. The larger and more diverse grouping of hippeastroids formed two smaller monophyletic groups. The smaller contained Hippeastrum (with the exception of Hippeastrum blumenavium ), [lower-alpha 1] but also a Rhodophiala . With the exception of Rodophilia (Brazil) all specimens were from Chile and Argentina. The second group corresponded to those genera variously included in tribe Zephyrantheae (Traub) or subtribe Zephyranthinae (Müller-Doblies), but only including some Zephyranthes species. The hippeastroid clade is predominantly diploid and extra-Andean by comparison to the Andean clade which is predominantly tetraploid, and contain those genera traditionally included in Hippeastreae. The precise position of Griffineae remained unresolved since its sister status to Hippeastrae was weak, leaving the possibility that it could be sister to the whole American clade. [2] The tribe consists of 10–13 genera and about 180 species. [5]
The placement of Hippeastreae within subfamily Amaryllidoideae is shown in the following cladogram, where this tribe is shown as a sister group to the Griffineae, forming the Hippeastroid subclade, of two American clades: [2]
Cladogram: Tribes of subfamily Amaryllidoideae | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The genera of the tribe Hippeastreae have been treated in a number of different ways over the years. Traub (1963) [6] in his monograph on the Amaryllidacea distributed those genera now considered in this tribe over a number of other tribes (see Table, below), while Dahlgren et al. included them all under Hippeastrae for the first time. [7] The concept of subtribes came from the Müller-Doblies' (1996), who had three subtribes, Griffinineae, Hippeastrinae and Zephyranthinae. [8]
Consequently, it has been customary to describe the tribe Hippeastreae as consisting of two subtribes:
In the study of Meerow et al. (2000) based on molecular markers Zephyranthinae (Zephyranthae of Traub) [6] were clearly polyphyletic, largely due to the polyphyly of Zephyranthes itself. This subgroup has been broadly characterised as having a chromosome number, x=6, but with considerable variation. Other polyphyletic genera included Rodophiala and Habranthus. [2] Hippeastreae also include Haylockia, Rhodolirion and Tocantinia. [5] [10]
A more focused study of Hippeastreae alone in 2014, resolved two major clades: [5] [10]
However it also showed that of the 13 genera, two are monotypic (Haylockia and Traubia). Of the remaining 11 genera, based on Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences the only monophyletic non-monotypic genera were Hippeastrum (about 60 species) and Sprekelia (2 species). But on chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) analysis, not even these genera were monophyletic. This brings into question the existing generic classification within Hippeastreae. Consequently, the authors proposed the following nomenclature: [5] [10]
A major generic recircumscription was published in 2019, although the basic subdivision into the two above subtribes remained unchanged. [1]
Subtribe Traubiinae D. & U. Müll.-Doblies (Clade A) includes about 20 endemic Chilean taxa, but only about 10% of the species within tribe Hippeastreae. Characterisation includes a haploid chromosome number, x=8, lack of polyploidy and a capitate stigma. [5] [10] This subtribe has 4 genera. [1]
Subtribe Hippeastrinae Walp. (Clade B), by contrast has a variable chromosome number, x=6–11, with frequent aneuploidy and polyploidy. Although there are no unique synapomorphies, most taxa exhibit a trifid or trilobed stigma, although in a few it is capitate. [5] [10] This subtribe has 2 genera. [1]
Tribe Hippeastreae has included various numbers of genera over the years, some of which were monotypic. [5] [10]
Genus (alphabetical) | Traub 1963 [6] | Dahlgren 1985 [7] | Müller-Doblies 1996 [8] | Meerow 1998 [11] | Garcia 2014 [5] [10] | Species |
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Eithea formerly Hippeastrum blumenavium | Hippeastreae Hippeastrinae | 1–2 | ||||
Famatina =Rhodophiala, Phycella | 4 | |||||
Griffinia | Euchareae | Hippeastreae Griffiniinae | Hippeastreae | Griffineae | 21 | |
Habranthus | Zephyrantheae | Hippeastreae | Hippeastreae Zephyranthinae | Hippeastreae | Hippeastreae Hippeastrinae | 40 |
Haylockia | Zephyrantheae | Hippeastreae Zephyranthinae | =Zephyranthes | =Zephyranthes | 1 | |
Hippeastrum | = Amaryllis | Hippeastreae | Hippeastreae Hippeastrinae | Hippeastreae | Hippeastreae Hippeastrinae | 60 |
Phycella | Eustephieae | Hippeastreae | Hippeastreae Traubiinae | 6 | ||
Placea | Amarylleae | Hippeastreae | Hippeastreae Hippeastrinae | Hippeastreae | Hippeastreae Traubiinae | 6 |
Sprekelia | Zephyrantheae | Hippeastreae | Hippeastreae Zephyranthinae | Hippeastreae | Hippeastreae Hippeastrinae | 2 |
Rhodolirium | =Rhodophiala | Hippeastreae Traubiinae | 5 | |||
Rhodophiala | Zephyrantheae | Hippeastreae | Hippeastreae Hippeastrinae | Hippeastreae | Hippeastreae Hippeastrinae | 8 |
Tocantinia | Hippeastreae Hippeastrinae | 1–2 | ||||
Traubia | Traubieae | Hippeastreae Traubiinae | Hippeastreae | Hippeastreae Traubiinae | 1 | |
Worsleya | Amarylleae | Hippeastreae | Hippeastreae | Griffineae | 1 | |
Zephyranthes | Zephyrantheae | Hippeastreae | Hippeastreae Zephyranthinae | Hippeastreae | Hippeastreae Hippeastrinae | 50 |
As of March 2022 [update] , the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (APweb) accepted only six genera in the tribe Hippeastrae: [12] shown here as amended by Garcia et al 2019. [1]
Genera that have been synonymized with other genera in the tribe according to APweb include: [12]
Hippeastreae have a major center of diversification in central Chile and western (Andean) Argentina, together with minor centres in eastern Brazil, the north east of Argentina and with more distant centers in Mexico, the Greater Antilles and southern United States ( Habranthus , Zephyranthes). [5]
The economic significance of the tribe lies in its horticultural usage. [5]
Zephyranthes is a genus of temperate and tropical bulbous plants in the Amaryllis family, subfamily Amaryllidoideae, native to the Americas and widely cultivated as ornamentals. Following the expansion of the genus in 2019, which now includes the genera Habranthus and Sprekelia, there are about 200 recognized species, as well as numerous hybrids and cultivars. Common names for species in this genus include fairy lily, rainflower, zephyr lily, magic lily, Atamasco lily, and rain lily.
Sprekelia is a genus of Mesoamerican plants in the Amaryllis family, subfamily Amaryllidoideae. Sprekelia plants are sometimes called Aztec lilies or Jacobean lilies although they are not true lilies. This genus has been submerged in Zephyranthes, but as of January 2023 is accepted by Plants of the World Online with a single species, Sprekelia formosissima, endemic to Mexico.
Habranthus (copperlily) was a formerly recognized genus of tender herbaceous flowering bulbs in the subfamily Amaryllidoideae of the family Amaryllidaceae. It is now included within a more broadly circumscribed genus Zephyranthes. The genus was first identified by pioneering bulb enthusiast William Herbert in 1824.
Rhodophiala was a genus of herbaceous, perennial and bulbous plants in the Amaryllis family. It consisted of about 30 South American species distributed in southern Brazil, Argentina, and, specially, in Chile. Most of the species are known colloquially as añañuca. It has now been submerged in Zephyranthes.
Rhodolirium is a small South American genus in the tribe Hippeastreae of the family Amaryllidaceae. Although originally described by Philippi in 1858 it has long remained buried in other taxa, principally Hippeastrum and more recently Rhodophiala. Only in recent years has it been rehabilitated.
The Griffineae is a tribe in the family Amaryllidaceae, subfamily Amaryllidoideae. It includes 3 genera with 22 species endemic to Brazil in South America. A typical character of the representatives of the tribe are the flowers - They are blue or lilac and collected into an umbel. Only the members of this tribe and the genus Lycoris are able to form flowers with such color in the whole subfamily Amaryllidoideae of Amaryllidaceae. The species in this group are typically perennial and produce bulbs. The leaves are green, with elliptical form in most of the cases but in some members, as in Worsleya, they are sword-shaped.
The Amaryllidaceae are a family of herbaceous, mainly perennial and bulbous flowering plants in the monocot order Asparagales. The family takes its name from the genus Amaryllis and is commonly known as the amaryllis family. The leaves are usually linear, and the flowers are usually bisexual and symmetrical, arranged in umbels on the stem. The petals and sepals are undifferentiated as tepals, which may be fused at the base into a floral tube. Some also display a corona. Allyl sulfide compounds produce the characteristic odour of the onion subfamily (Allioideae).
Amaryllidoideae is a subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae, order Asparagales. The most recent APG classification, APG III, takes a broad view of the Amaryllidaceae, which then has three subfamilies, one of which is Amaryllidoideae, and the others are Allioideae and Agapanthoideae. The subfamily consists of about seventy genera, with over eight hundred species, and a worldwide distribution.
Hippeastrinae is a subtribe of plants classified under the tribe Hippeastreae. It belongs to the subfamily Amaryllidoideae of the Amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae).
Phycella is a genus of herbaceous, perennial bulbous flowering plants belonging to the family Amaryllidaceae, subfamily Amaryllidoideae. The genus consists of five species distributed from central Chile to northwestern Argentina.
ZephyrantheaeSalisb. is a now obsolete tribe within the American clade of family Amaryllidaceae, containing five genera.
Pancratieae are a small European tribe of subfamily Amaryllidoideae, consisting of two genera including the type genus, Pancratium.
Traubiinae is a subtribe of plants classified under the tribe Hippeastreae. It belongs to the subfamily Amaryllidoideae of the Amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae).
Famatina was a small genus of South American bulbous plants identified by the Chilean botanist Ravenna in 1972. Five species have been described. Molecular phylogenetic studies suggested the genus was polyphyletic, and species have been moved to other genera.
Eustephieae is a flowering plant tribe in the family Amaryllidaceae, subfamily Amaryllidoideae. It forms part of the Andean clade, one of two clades in The Americas.
Stenomesseae was a tribe, where it forms part of the Andean clade, one of two American clades. The tribe was originally described by Traub in his monograph on the Amaryllidaceae in 1963, as Stenomessae based on the type genus Stenomesson. In 1995 it was recognised that Eustephieae was a distinct group separate from the other Stenomesseae. Subsequently, the Müller-Doblies' (1996) divided tribe Eustephieae into two subtribes, Stenomessinae and Eustephiinae.
Eucharideae is a tribe of plants within the family Amaryllidaceae. It was augmented in 2000 by Meerow et al. following a molecular phylogenetic study that revealed that many elements of the tribe Stenomesseae segregated with it, rather than separately, and were subsequently submerged in it. Further revisions were made in 2020, when three genera were merged. It forms one of the tribes of the Andean subclade of the American clade of the subfamily.
Haemanthinae is a small subtribe of Haemantheae, and therefore within the African clades of Amaryllidoideae. It consists of two genera, Haemanthus, and Scadoxus.
Gethyllidinae is a small subtribe within the amaryllis family. It is within tribe Haemantheae, and therefore within the African clades of Amaryllidoideae. It contains two genera, Gethyllis and Apodolirion, both are endemic to southern Africa.