Pancratium (plant)

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Pancratium
Pacratium maritimum Paestum.jpg
Pancratium maritimum
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Amaryllidaceae
Subfamily: Amaryllidoideae
Genus: Pancratium
Dill. ex L.
Synonyms [1]
  • HalmyraHerb.
  • TiaranthusHerb.
  • ZouchiaRaf.
  • BollaeaParl.
  • AlmyraSalisb.
  • ChapmanolirionDinter
  • MizoniaA.Chev.

Pancratium is a genus of African and Eurasian perennial, herbaceous and bulbous plants in the Amaryllis family, subfamily Amaryllidoideae [2] [3] [4]

Contents

The flowers are large, white and fragrant. The perianth tube and the corona are present. It differs from the similar Hymenocallis in its numerous seeds with a thin black skin. [5] Plants belonging to the genus Pancratium have been found in prehistoric Cretan frescoes. [6]

Etymology

The name "Pancratium" is derived from the Greek and means "all-strength", probably referring to the strength of a plant that can tolerate extreme climates. Pancratium species often inhabit extremely dry and sandy areas. [7]

Species

Many species have been published using the name Pancratium, but most have been transferred to other genera (Clinanthus, Hymenocallis, Ismene, Proiphys and Stenomesson). [1] Only a few species are cultivated. P. maritimum and P. illyricum being the hardiest for outdoor cultivation, but shy flowering in cool areas. P. zeylanicum is sometimes grown as a hothouse container plant.[ citation needed ]

As of June 2023, Plants of the World Online of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew accepted 24 species in the genus: [1]

Additionally, further species have been recently described:

Ecology

Pollination ecology

Pancratium tenuifolium and Pancratium maritimum is pollinated by the moth species Agrius convolvuli . [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] In Pancratium maritimum pollination by bees, namely Xylocopa violacea , Apis mellifera , and Anthophora bimaculata , has also been reported. [14] However, it has been stated that bees are not effective pollinators of this species and that it fully depends on hawkmoths for effective pollination. [15]

Herbivory

The moth species Brithys crini feeds on Pancratium maritimum in the larval stage. [16]

Related Research Articles

<i>Agrius cingulata</i> Species of moth

Agrius cingulata, the pink-spotted hawkmoth or sweetpotato hornworm, is a moth in the family Sphingidae. The species was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775.

<i>Agrius convolvuli</i> Species of moth

Agrius convolvuli, the convolvulus hawk-moth, is a large hawk-moth. It is common throughout Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and New Zealand, partly as a migrant. In New Zealand, it is also known as the kumara moth, and in the Māori language as hīhue.

<i>Hymenocallis</i> Genus of flowering plants

Hymenocallis (US) or (UK) is a genus of American plants in the amaryllis family.

<i>Pancratium maritimum</i> Species of plant

Pancratium maritimum, or sea daffodil, is a species of bulbous plant native to the Canary Islands and both sides of the Mediterranean region and Black Sea from Portugal, Morocco and the Balearic Islands east to Turkey, Syria, Israel and the Caucasus. In the parts of its range on the south Bulgarian and north Turkish and Georgian coasts of Black Sea. It is also naturalized in southern California, Bermuda and the Azores.

The Koninklijke Algemeene Vereniging voor Bloembollencultuur, translated from Dutch as the Royal General Association for Bulb Culture, but more commonly known world-wide by the acronym of KAVB, is a trade association for the bulb horticulture sector, and was established in 1860. The association has a rural organization, within which regional groups and departments are active.

<i>Hymenocallis coronaria</i> Species of aquatic plant

Hymenocallis coronaria, commonly known as the Cahaba lily, shoal lily, or shoals spider-lily, is an aquatic, perennial flowering plant species of the genus Hymenocallis. It is endemic to the Southeastern United States, being found only in Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina and parts of North Carolina. Within Alabama, it is known as the Cahaba lily; elsewhere it is known as the Shoal lily or Shoals spider-lily.

<i>Eucrosia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Eucrosia is a genus of herbaceous, perennial and bulbous plants in the Amaryllis family distributed from Ecuador to Peru. The name is derived from the Greek eu, beautiful, and krossos, a fringe, referring to the long stamens. As circumscribed in 2020, the genus contains six species. Phaedranassa and Rauhia are the genera most closely related to Eucrosia.

<i>Sternbergia</i> Genus of flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae

Sternbergia is a genus of Eurasian and North African plants in the Amaryllis family, subfamily Amaryllidoideae.

<i>Brithys crini</i> Species of moth

Brithys crini, the amaryllis borer, crinum borer, lily borer or Kew arches, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is a garden pest in parts of its range, as their larvae damage the stems and leaves of lilies, especially lilies of the family Amaryllidaceae.

<i>Griffinia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Griffinia is a genus of Brazilian plants in the Amaryllis family, subfamily Amaryllidoideae. It includes 23 known species which are endemic to Brazil. The most closely related genus to it is the monotypic Worsleya.

<i>Basiothia schenki</i> Species of moth

Basiothia schenki, the brown striped hawk, is a moth of the family Sphingidae. The species was first described by Heinrich Benno Möschler in 1872. It is known from Zimbabwe and South Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amaryllidoideae</span> Subfamily of flowering plants

Amaryllidoideae is a subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae, order Asparagales. The most recent APG classification, APG III, takes a broad view of the Amaryllidaceae, which then has three subfamilies, one of which is Amaryllidoideae, and the others are Allioideae and Agapanthoideae. The subfamily consists of about seventy genera, with over eight hundred species, and a worldwide distribution.

<i>Hymenocallis occidentalis</i> Species of flowering plant

Hymenocallis occidentalis is a plant species native to the southern United States. It is known along the Gulf Coast from South Carolina to Texas, and in the Mississippi Valley as far north as southern Illinois and Indiana. It is also cultivated as an ornamental elsewhere because of its showy, sweet-smelling flowers. Common names include woodland spider-lily, hammock spider-lily or northern spider-lily.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pancratieae</span> Tribe of flowering plants

Pancratieae are a small European tribe of subfamily Amaryllidoideae, consisting of two genera including the type genus, Pancratium.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eucharideae</span> Tribe of flowering plants

Eucharideae is a tribe of plants within the family Amaryllidaceae. It was augmented in 2000 by Meerow et al. following a molecular phylogenetic study that revealed that many elements of the tribe Stenomesseae segregated with it, rather than separately, and were subsequently submerged in it. Further revisions were made in 2020, when three genera were merged. It forms one of the tribes of the Andean subclade of the American clade of the subfamily.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cliviinae</span> Subtribe of flowering plants

Cliviinae is a small subtribe of Haemantheae, and therefore within the African clades of Amaryllidoideae. It consists of two genera, Clivia, and Cryptostephanus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haemanthinae</span> Subtribe of flowering plants

Haemanthinae is a small subtribe of Haemantheae, and therefore within the African clades of Amaryllidoideae. It consists of two genera, Haemanthus, and Scadoxus.

<i>Crinum lorifolium</i> Species of flowering plant

Crinum lorifolium is a species of flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae. It is found in India and Myanmar.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Pancratium Dill. ex L." Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  2. ↑ Stevens, P. F., Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: Asparagales: Amaryllidoideae
  3. ↑ Altervista Flora Italiana, genere Pancratium
  4. ↑ El-Hadidy, Azza; Abd El-Ghani, Monier; Amer, Wafaa; Hassan, Rania (26 April 2011). "Systematic Revision of the Genus Pancratium L. (Amaryllidaceae) in Egypt with a New Addition". Nolulae Scientia Biologicae. 3 (2): 24–38. doi: 10.15835/NSB325612 .
  5. ↑ Synge, P. M. (1961). Collins Guide to Bulbs. Collins. ISBN   0-00-214016-0.
  6. ↑ Kandeler, R.; Ullrich, W. R. (6 January 2009). "Symbolism of plants: examples from European-Mediterranean culture presented with biology and history of art: FEBRUARY: Sea-daffodil and narcissus". Journal of Experimental Botany. 60 (2): 353–355. doi:10.1093/jxb/erp012. PMID   19264756.
  7. ↑ Walters, S. M. (1986). The European Garden Flora, Vol. 1. Pteridophyta; Gymnospermae; Angiospermae — Alismataceae to Iridaceae. ISBN   0-521-24859-0.
  8. ↑ Snijman, D.A. & Victor, J.E. 2004. Pancratium tenuifolium Hochst. ex A.Rich. National Assessment: Red List of South African Plants version 2014.1. Accessed on 2015/04/07
  9. ↑ Prameela, R., Padal, S. B., & Rao, M. S. (2022). A new species of Pancratium Dill. ex L.(Amaryllidaceae) from Eastern Ghats of India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 14(3), 20801-20804.
  10. ↑ Martins, D. J., & Johnson, S. D. (2013). "Interactions between hawkmoths and flowering plants in East Africa: polyphagy and evolutionary specialization in an ecological context." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 110(1), 199-213.
  11. ↑ Martins, D. J., & Johnson, S. D. (2007). "Hawkmoth pollination of aerangoid orchids in Kenya, with special reference to nectar sugar concentration gradients in the floral spurs." American journal of botany, 94(4), 650-659.
  12. ↑ Furió-Vita, D., & Miñana, M. D. M. A. (2022). "Conceptualización del proyecto de El Bosque: Una experiencia concebida por capas: del pensamiento teórico a su representación visual." TECHNO REVIEW. International Technology, Science and Society Review/Revista Internacional de Tecnología, Ciencia y Sociedad, 11(2.2), 1-14.
  13. ↑ Kwembeya, E. G. (2021). Tracking biological footprints of climate change using flowering phenology of the geophytes: Pancratium tenuifolium and Scadoxus multiflorus. International Journal of Biometeorology, 65(4), 577-586.
  14. 1 2 Kahraman, B. (2016). "İzmir ili Pancratıum maritimum L.(Amaryllidaceae)(Kum zambağı) popülasyonlarının belirlenmesi ve tozlaşma biyolojisi" (Master's thesis, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü).
  15. ↑ Eisikowitch, D., & Galil, J. (1971). Effect of Wind on the Pollination of Pancratium maritimum L. (Amaryllidaceae) by Hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Journal of Animal Ecology, 40(3), 673–678. https://doi.org/10.2307/3444
  16. ↑ Zilli, A., PERIA, E., BALDI, G., & PAVESI, F. (2014). "The Macromoths of a coastal marsh habitat in Central Italy." Monitoring of rock partridge (Alectoris graeca) in Latium Lepidoptera italica.
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